University:
Whitman College
Course:
MATH-367 | Introduction to Partial Differential Equations
Academic year:

2023
Views:

430

Pages:

2
Author:

Niko Nguyen

Extra Practice: Exercise 4.4.3 Consider a slightly damped vibrating string that satisfies: ρ0 utt = T0 uxx − βut 1. Briefly explain why β > 0. Extra HINT: Look at the how the acceleration and u are related by considering ρ0 utt = −βut SOLUTION: We see here that with β > 0, the force of acceleration is acting in the opposite direction as the velocity, so this is friction. 2. Assume that ρ0 , T0 and β are constants, and determine the solution by separation of variables that satisfy the given conditions: BCs ICs u(0, t) = 0 u(L, t) = 0 u(x, 0) = f (x) ut (x, 0) = g(x) And assume that β is small, β 2 < 4π 2 ρ0 T0 /L2 . SOLUTION: Let u = XT as usual, and substitute into the PDE to get ρ0 XT 00 = T0 X 00 T − βXT 0 ρ0 XT 00 + βXT 0 = T0 X 00 T ⇒ With the boundary conditions, it might be easiest to keep the constants with T . To do that, divide both sides by T0 XT to get: X 00 ρ0 T 00 + βT 0 = = −λ T0 T X Analyzing the spatial ODE first, we get our familiar BVP X 00 + λX = 0, X(0) = 0 X(L) = 0 so that λ = 0, λ < 0 lead us to the trivial solution, and the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are: nπ 2 nπ λn = Xn (x) = sin x L L Now we solve the time-dependent ODE ρ0 T 00 + βT 0 = −λT0 T ⇒ ρ0 T 00 + βT 0 + λT0 T = 0 The characteristic equation is, and solve using the quadratic formula: p −β ± β 2 − 4λT0 ρ0 2 ρ0 r + βr + λT0 = 0 ⇒ r = 2ρ0 Using the assumption (and the definition of λn ), we can show that the roots are complex: β2 < n2 π 2 4π 2 ρ0 T0 < 4 ρ0 T0 L2 L2 for n = 1, 2, 3, · · · Therefore, the discriminant is negative, and the roots are complex. We also don’t want to get hung up in the notation, so let’s make a couple of substitutions: p β 4λn T0 ρ0 − β 2 r=− ± i = γ ± ωn i 2ρ0 2ρ0 1 (note that ω depends on λn , thus the ωn notation). Using this substitution, the solutions in time are the following, and for future reference, the derivative is given as well: Tn (t) = eγt (An cos(ωn t) + Bn sin(ωn t)) with Tn0 (t) = γeγt (An cos(ωn t) + Bn sin(ωn t)) + eγt (−An ωn sin(ωn t) + Bn ωn cos(ωn t)) Taking the superposition: u(x, t) = ∞ X eγt (An cos(ωn t) + Bn sin(ωn t)) sin n=1 nπ x L To find An , Bn , we use the initial position and velocity: ∞ X nπ u(x, 0) = f (x) = An sin x L n=1 2 An = L ⇒ Z L f (x) sin 0 nπ x dx L And differentiating, we get the following (the derivative was computed earlier): ut (x, 0) = g(x) = ∞ X n=1 Tn0 (0) sin ∞ nπ nπ X x = (γAn + ωn Bn ) sin x L L n=1 Notice that the An have already been computed. With this, we can solve for the Bn : 2 (γAn + ωn Bn ) = L L Z g(x) sin 0 with γ 2 B n = − An + ωn ωn L Z nπ x dx L L g(x) sin 0 nπ x dx L A little commentary: As nasty as this may look, adding friction (β) ended up just multiplying our previous solution(s) by −β eγt = e 2ρ0 t which dampens out the oscillations. Adding the dampening also affected the natural frequencies as well, but this was expected- the same thing happened in Math 244 in our analysis of the mass-spring system: mu00 + γu0 + ku = 0 where γ was friction, k was the spring constant, m was mass. 2

Differential Equations Extra Practice: Exercise 4.4.3

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