Types of Solutions

Chemistry SOLUTION & COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES TYPES OF SOLUTIONS BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF SOLUTION: Definition of Solution A solution is formed when two or more substances that do not chemically react with each other are mixed to create a homogeneous mixture. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE: If a solution consists of only two chemical substances, it is referred to as a binary solution. Likewise, it is termed a ternary solution if composed of three components, and a quaternary solution if made up of four components Solution = Solute + Solvent Solute: Generally, the constituent present in a solution in a lesser quantity than the other component is referred to as the solute. Solvent: Generally, the component that surpasses any or all other components in quantity is termed the solvent. * Physical state of solvent and solution is same. Ex. In a syrup (liquid solution) containing 60% sugar (a solid) and 40% water (a liquid - same aggregation as solution), water is termed as the solvent. Dilute Solution: A solution characterized by the dissolution of a relatively small amount of solute in a substantial amount of solvent is termed a dilute solution. Concentrated solution: A solution characterized by the presence of a relatively large amount of solute is referred to as a concentrated solution. Saturated solution: The maximum quantity of solute, measured in grams, that can be dissolved in 100 g of a solvent at a specific temperature is known as the solubility of the solute. A solution exhibiting this maximum solubility is called a saturated solution. Super saturated solution: A solution containing an excess amount of solute beyond the saturation point for a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature is termed a supersaturated solution. * It is unstable system. 1 Chemistry SOLUTION AND ITS TYPE: TYPES OF SOLUTIONS S.NO. SOLUTE SOLVENT TYPES OF SOLUTIONS EXAMPLES SOLID SOLUTIONS 1 Solid Solid Solid in solid 2 Liquid Solid Liquid in solid 3 Gas Solid Gas in solid All alloys like brass, bronze, an alloy of copper and gold, etc. Amalgam of mercury with Na, CuSO4.5H2O. FeSO4.7H2O Solution of H2 in Pd, dissolved gases in minerals. LIQUID SOLUTIONS 4 Solid Liquid Solid in liquid 5 Liquid Liquid Liquid in liquid 6 Gas Liquid Gas in liquid Sugar solution, salt solution, I2 in CCl4 Benzene in toluene, alcohol in water. CO2 in water, NH3 in water etc. GAS IN LIQUID 7 Solid Gas Solid in gas 8 Liquid Gas Liquid in gas 9 Gas Gas Gas in gas Iodine vapours in air, camphor vapours in N2. Water vapours in air, CHCl3 vapours in N2. Air (O2 + N2) Sp. Note: The dissolution of a liquid in a gas or a solid in a gas is not feasible as the components cannot create a homogeneous mixture. Properties of a solution (i) A solution is characterized by a single phase, making it a monophasic system. (ii) Being uniform throughout, a solution exhibits consistent properties such as density, refractive index, etc. (iii) The size of solute particles in a solution fall within the order of 107 - 108 cm. (iv) Components of a solution are not easily separable through physical methods. (v) The properties of a solution are reflective of its components; thus, the components retain their individual properties. (vi) The composition of a solution is not fixed but can vary within specific limits. (vii) Certain solution properties, including density, viscosity, surface tension, boiling point, and freezing point, vary with the solution's composition. 2