Brief history of Latin, the, so called “dead” language. Latin was the language of the Roman Empire which conquered and adopted the many cultural principles of the Greeks: philosophy, pantheism, history, medicine, drama and literature, mathematics, civic responsibility and representative democracy, military strategy, art, law, science and much more. Romans did not adopt the Greek language. However, they spread, via conquest of Europe, parts of Africa and most of Asia Minor, the culture of Ancient Greece as well as their own language. Once the Christian church began to flourish, it took Latin as its official language. This was done primarily because Latin was spoken and used throughout the Empire. The Roman Catholic Church maintains its use of Latin in its services to this day (although no longer required as of 1960). Latin remained the language of academics at least through the 1700’s…..Sir Issac Newton and man other mathematicians and scientists communicated their ideas in Latin and relied on the writings of the ancient Greek and Roman thinkers which were prevalently written in Latin. While the Romans had conquered the British Isles during the days of the Empire, it was primarily the indirect influence of the introduction of the sister language French via the Norman conquest of England by William in 1066 that created a melding of Latin and Anglo Saxon languages to make English about 60% Latin. Catholic monks in England also contributed Latin directly to the language through the liturgy of the church……most scholarly writings were maintained by monastics writing in Latin, (because it was the language of the church and was universally understood in Europe and elsewhere, especially by academicians). French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese are sister languages of Latin, the “Romance” languages and are spoken throughout the world today by as many as one out of six people. The “sister” languages are considered to be Modern Latin since they are each derived from and obviously similar to Old Latin. It was French, in particular, which influenced English, however. It is often overlooked, but much of our grammatical structures of English have their origin in Latin….conjugation of verbs, declension of nouns and pronouns, and basic syntactical structures such as not using double negatives or ending sentences with a preposition. Today, Latin is directly used in science (taxonomy of plant and animal kingdoms, geologic time periods, constellations, periodic table of elements……), in law (habeas corpus (L. “you are to have the body”)….provides that an authority must prove before a court that it has good reason to detain a person); ex post facto (L “from after the action”) refers to laws that change prior situations and could allow authority to criminalize what was not previously criminal….the US Constitution prohibits ex post facto laws; amicus curiae (L. friend of the court); juris prudence caveat emptor (L. “let the buyer beware”) provides protection for a seller against buyers making claims of fraud after a legitimate sale; corpus delicti (L. “body of crime”) requires that it must be proven that a law was broken/ a crime committed before someone can be accused of the crime; alibi (L. “ in another place” ; Quid pro quo , (L. “something for something the idea that equal values are exchanged in any situation; verdict (L.”to say the truth”); pro bono (L. “for good). In medicine we need go no further than anatomy: all the bones and muscles are named using Latin terminology: humerus, ulna, radius, femur, patella, carpals, sternum, cranium, etc quadriceps, biceps, trapezius, tricep, latissimus dorsi… The laws of our nation and our nation itself are built off of concepts derived directly or indirectly from Ancient Rome and Greece. Today our coins still have “e. pluibus unum” minted into each one (from many one); one dollar bills have “annuit coeptis” generally accepted to mean “smile on endeavors” and below that is “novus ordo seclorum” meaning a “new order of the ages” interestingly, at the base of the pyramid on the back of the one dollar bill are the Roman numerals MDCCLXXVI (1776)! Metric Prefixes To help the SI units apply to a wide range of phenomena, the 19th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1991 extended the list of metric prefixes so that it reaches from yotta- at 1024 (one septillion) to yocto- at 10-24 (one septillionth). Here are the metric prefixes, with their numerical equivalents stated in the American system for naming large numbers: yotta- (Y-) 1024 1 septillion zetta- (Z-) 1021 1 sextillion exa- (E-) 1018 1 quintillion peta- (P-) 1015 1 quadrillion tera- (T-) 1012 1 trillion giga- (G-) 109 1 billion mega- (M-) 106 1 million kilo- (k-) 103 1 thousand hecto- (h-) 102 1 hundred deka- (da-)** 10 1 ten deci- (d-) 10-1 1 tenth centi- (c-) 10-2 1 hundredth milli- (m-) 10-3 1 thousandth micro- (µ-) 10-6 1 millionth nano- (n-) 10-9 1 billionth pico- (p-) 10-12 1 trillionth femto- (f-) 10-15 1 quadrillionth atto- (a-) 10-18 1 quintillionth zepto- (z-) 10-21 1 sextillionth yocto- (y-) 10-24 1 septillionth Prefix Meaning Example a, an without, not asexual, amoral, anarchy, anhydrous, Anabaptist, anachronism ab, abs, a apart, away from abnormal, abduct, abductor (muscle), abscission .See ad in Prefixes, ad toward adhere, adductor (muscle) . See ab in Prefixes section), adumbrate agere act agent, agency, agenda amphi, ambi round, both sides amphitheater, amphibian, ambidextrous, ambivalent ante before antedate, anteroom, antecedent, anterior anthro man anthropology, anthropomorphic anti against antipathy, antitank, anticlimax aqua water aquarium, aqueous archaios ancient archeology, archetype, archaic, archeozoic archos leader, first, chief monarchy, oligarchy, anarchy, archetype, architect audio hear audiophile, audiometer, auditory auto self automatic, automaton, auto-immune bi two bi-partisan, bisexual, biennial, binary, bicuspid, bivalve bene well, favorable benefit, benevolent, benefactor, beneficent bible book bibliography, Bible, bibliophile bio life biology, biography, bio-active caco Bad cacophony cide kill homicide, parricide, germicidal, ecocide circum around circumference, circumlocution, circumnavigate constitutus stand constitution, statute corpus body corpse, corporeal punishment, corpus callosum cracy rule democracy, theocrat, technocracy credo belief credit, (see also roots section) demos people democracy, demographic di two, double dimorphism, dicotyledon, diatomic dia across, through diagonal, dialectic, dialogue, diagnosis dis not, apart disperse, disinherit, disenfranchise, distend dominus lord dominant, dominion dynasthai be able dynamic, dynamo, dynasty, dynamite ego I, self ego, egomaniac, egocentric, epi upon, over epidermis, epidemic, epigram, epitaph, epithet, epiphyte, epistasis, epinephrine, epiphysis ex out exotic, exterior, extraneous, extemporaneous, exophalmic, exogenous, exothermic, exoskeleton federis (see also Roots section) league, pact federation, confederate frater brother fraternize, fraternity, fraternal, fratricide geo earth geology, geography, geocentric, geomancy graph (see also Roots write, record graphic, graphite, graphology, section) hetero mixed, unlike heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodox, heterodont, hetero atom, heterocyclic, heterozygous, homo same, alike homogeneous, homogenized, homozygous, homolytic fission, Homo sapiens, homonid, homeostasis idem the same identity, idiopathic, I, individual ideo idea ideology, ideation, ideal idios one's own idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiopathic in in incarcerate, incorporate, inculcate, induction, inductance, indigenous, indicator, inspiration in, im not incredible, ignoble, inglorious, inhospitable, infinite, infinitesimal, immoral inter between interact, interstellar, interpret, interstitial legis (lex) law legal, legislature lexis word lexicon, lexicography liber free, book liberty, library, liberal locus place locality, local, circumlocution macro large macroeconomics, macroscopic, macrophage mania (see Roots section also) obsession maniac, Beatlemania meter (see Roots section also) measure metronome, speedometer, odometer micro small microscope, micron, micrometer, microorganism mittere, mitto (see Roots section also) send mission, transmit, remit mono one, single monocle, monopoly, monogamy, monovalent, monomania, monarchy mortis death mortician, mortuary, moribund, morbid nomen name noble, ignominy, nomenclature, nominal olig few oligarchy, oligopoly pater father paternal, paternity, patricide ped (see Roots section also) foot pedestrian, pedal, pedicure, podiatrist peri around peripatetic, periscope, perineum, peritoneum phage (see Roots section also) eat phagocyte, phagocytosis philo love philosophy, philanthropy polein sell monopoly polis (see Roots section also) city political, metropolitan poly (see Roots section also) many polygamy, polyphonic, hoi polloi porto carry porter, export post after post script (p.s.), ex post facto, post hoc, post-mortem pre before premier, preview, premium, prescient pro before, in favor of project, projectile, psyche mind, soul psychology publicus people public, republic, pub, publican riparia river riparian scope examine microscope, oscilloscope scribo (see Roots section also) write transcribe, scribe, script solus alone solo, solitary subter under, secret subterfuge, subtle, subaltern, subterranean sin (sys before b, p, or m) together, with synchronize, symphony, sympathy, syncretic, syncope tele distance telegraph, telephone, teleology phobos (see Roots section) phon (see Roots section) trans across transport, transcend, transmogrify utilis useful utility, utilitarian vide, visibil, vis see video, vision, visible Root Meaning Examples acer, acid, acri bitter, sour, sharp acerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony acu sharp acute, acupuncture, accurate ag, agi, ig, act do, move, go agent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous, action ali, allo, alter other alias, alibi, alien, alloy, alter, alter ego, altruism alt(us) high, deep altimeter, altitude am, amor love, liking amiable, amorous, enamoured Anni, annu, enni year anniversary, annually, centennial anthrop man anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropy anti(co) old antique, antiquated, antiquity arch chief, first, rule archangel, architect, archaic, monarchy, matriarchy, patriarchy, Archeozoic era aster, astr star aster, asterisk, asteroid, astronomy, astronaut aud, aus hear, listen audiology, auditorium, audio, audition, ausculate aug, auc increase augur, augment, auction auto, aut self automobile, autograph, automatic belli war rebellion, belligerent, casus belli, bellicose bibl book Bible, bibliography, bibliomania bio life biology, biometrics, biome, biosphere brev short abbreviate, brief cad, cas to fall cadaver, cadence, cascade calor heat calorie, caloric, calorimeter cap, cip, cept take capable, intercept, forceps, capture, except, reciprocate capit, capt head decapitate, capital, captain, caption carn flesh carnivorous, incarnate, reincarnation, carnal caus, caut burn, heat caustic, cauldron, cauterize cause, cuse, cus cause, motive because, excuse, accusation ced, ceed, cede, cess move, yield, go, surrender procedure, proceed, cede, concede, recede, precede, accede, success cenetri center concentric, centrifugal, centripetal, eccentric chrom color chrome, chromosome, polychrome, chromatic chron time chronology, chronometer, synchronize cide, cise cut down, kill homicide, exorcise, germicide, incision, scissors cit call, start incite, citation, cite civ citizen civic, civil, civilian, civilization clam, claim cry out exclamation, clamor, proclamation, reclamation, acclaim clud, clus, claus shut include, conclude, recluse, claustrophobia, occlusion, occult cognoac, gnosi know recognize, prognosis, cognoscenti, incognito, agnostic cord, cor, cardi heart cordial, concord, discord, courage, encourage corp body corporation, corporal punishment, corpse, corpulent, corpus luteum cosm universe, world cosmos, microcosm, cosmopolitan, cosmonaut crat, cracy rule autocrat, aristocrat, theocracy, technocracy crea create creature, recreation, creation cred believe creed, credo, credence, credit, credulous, incredulous, incredible cresc, cret, crease, cru rise, grow crescendo, concrete, increase, decrease, accrue crit separate, choose critical, criterion, hypocrite cur, curs run current, concurrent, concur, incur, recur, occur, courier, precursor, cursive cura care curator, curative, manicure cycl, cyclo wheel, circular Cyclops, unicycle, bicycle, cyclone, cyclic deca ten decade, decalogue, decathlon, decahedron dem people democracy, demography, epidemic dent, dont tooth dental, denture, orthodontist, periodontal derm skin hypodermic, dermatology, epidermis, taxidermy dict say, speak dictation, dictionary, dictate, dictator, Dictaphone, edict, predict, verdict, contradict, benediction doc, dokein teach doctrine, indoctrinate, document, dogma, dogmatic domin master dominate, dominion, predominant, domain don give donate, condone dorm sleep dormant, dormitory dox opinion, praise orthodox, heterodox, paradox, doxology drome run, step syndrome (run together), hippodrome (place where horses run) duc, duct lead induce, seduce (lead aside), produce, reduce dura hard, lasting durable, duration, endure dynam power dynamo, dynamic, dynamite, hydrodynamics endo within endorse, endocardial, endoskeletal, endoskeleton, endosperm equi equal equinox, equilibrium, equipoise erg work energy, erg, allergy, ergometer, ergograph, ergophobia fac, fact, fic, fect do, make factory, fact, manufacture, amplification, confection fall, fals deceive fallacy, falsify, fallacious fer bear, carry ferry, coniferous, fertile, defer, infer, refer, transfer fid, fide, feder(is) faith, trust confidante, fidelity, confident, infidelity, infidel, federal, confederacy, semper fi fila, fili thread filigree, filament, filter, filet, filibuster fin end, ended, finished final, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define, finale fix fix fix, fixation, fixture, affix, prefix, suffix flex, flect bend flex, reflex, flexible, flexor, inflexibility, reflect, deflect flu, fluc, fluv flowing influence, fluid, flue, flush, fluently, fluctuate form form, shape form, uniform, conform, formulary, perform, formal, formula fort, forc strong fort, fortress, fortify, forte, fortitude fract, frag break fracture, infraction, fragile, fraction, refract gam marriage bigamy, monogamy, polygamy gastr (o) stomach gastric, gastronomic, gastritis, gastropod gen birth, race, produce genesis, genetics, eugenics, genealogy, generate, genetic, antigen, pathogen geo earth geometry, geography, geocentric, geology germ vital part germination, germ, germane gest carry, bear congest, gestation gloss, glot tongue glossary, polyglot, epiglottis glu, glo lump, bond, glue glue, agglutinate, conglomerate grad, gress step, go grade, gradual, graduate, progress, graduated, egress graph, gram write, written graph, graphic, autograph, photography, graphite, telegram grat pleasing congratulate, gratuity, grateful, ingrate grav heavy, weighty grave, gravity, aggravate, gravitate greg herd gregarious, congregation, segregate, gregarian hypn sleep hypnosis, hypnotherapy helio sun heliograph, heliotrope, heliocentric hema, hemo blood hemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemostat here, hes stick adhere, cohere, cohesion, inherent, hereditary hetero different heterogeneous, heterosexual, heterodox homo same homogeneous, homonym, homogenize hum, human earth, ground, man humus, exhume, humane hydr, hydra, hydro water dehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobia ignis fire ignite, igneous, ignition ject throw deject, inject, project, eject, interject join, junct join adjoining, enjoin, juncture, conjunction, injunction, conjunction juven young juvenile, rejuvenate lau, lav, lot, lut wash launder, lavatory, lotion, ablution, dilute leg law legal, legislate, legislature, legitimize levi light alleviate, levitate, levity liber, liver free liberty, liberal, liberalize, deliverance liter letters literary, literature, literal, alliteration, obliterate loc, loco place locality, allocate, locomotion log, logo, ology word, study, speech catalog, prologue, dialogue, logogram (symbol representing a word), zoology loqu, locut talk, speak eloquent, loquacious, colloquial, circumlocution luc, lum, lus, lun light translucent, luminary, luster, luna (moon goddess) macr-, macer lean emaciated, meager magn great magnify, magnificent, magnanimous, magnate, magnitude, magnum man hand manual, manage, manufacture, manacle, manicure, manifest, maneuver, emancipate mand command mandatory, remand, mandate mania madness mania, maniac, kleptomania, pyromania mar, mari, mer sea, pool marine, marsh, maritime, mermaid matri mother matrimony, maternal, matriarchate, matron medi half, middle, between, halfway mediate, medieval, Mediterranean, mediocre, medium mega great megaphone, megalopolis, megacycle (a million cycles), megaton mem remember memo, commemoration, memento, memoir, memorable meter measure meter, voltammeter, barometer, thermometer micro small microscope, microfilm, microcard, microwave, micrometer migra wander migrate, emigrant, immigrate mit, miss send emit, remit, submit, admit, commit, permit, transmit, omit, intermittent, mission, missile mob, mot, mov move mobile, motionless, motor mon warn, remind monument, admonition, monitor, premonition mor, mort mortal, death mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary morph form amorphous, dimorphic, metamorphosis, morphology multi many, much multifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply nat, nasc to be from, to spring forth innate, natal, native, renaissance neo new Neolithic, nuveau riche, neologism, neophyte, neonate neur nerve neuritis, neuropathic, neurologist, neural, neurotic nom law, order autonomy, astronomy, gastronomy, economy nomen, nomin name nomenclature, nominate, ignominious nov new novel, renovate, novice, nova, innovate nox, noc night nocturnal, equinox, noctilucent numer number numeral, numeration, enumerate, innumerable numisma coin numismatics oligo few, little Oligocene, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic, oligarchy omni all, every omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, omnivorous onym name anonymous, pseudonym, antonym, synonym oper work operate, cooperate, opus ortho straight, correct orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, unorthodox pac peace pacifist, pacify, pacific ocean paleo old Paleozoic, Paleolithic, paleomagnetism, paleopsychology pan all Pan-American, pan-African, panacea, pandemonium (place of all the demons), pater, patr father paternity, patriarch, patriot, patron, patronize path, pathy feeling, suffering pathos, sympathy, antipathy, apathy, telepathy ped, pod foot pedal, impede (get feet in a trap), pedestrian, centipede, tripod, podiatry, antipode pedo child orthopedic, pedagogue, pediatrics pel, puls drive, urge compel, dispel, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse, pulsate, compulsory, expulsion, repulsive pend, pens, pond hang, weigh pendant, pendulum, suspend, appendage, pensive phage eat macrophage, bacteriophage phil love philosophy, philanthropy, philharmonic, bibliophile phlegma inflammation phlegm, phlegmatic phobia, phobos fear phobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia, aquaphobia, ergophobia, homophobia phon sound phonograph, phonetic, symphony, homophone, euphonious photo light photograph, photoelectric, photogenic, photosynthesis plac, plais please placid, placebo, placate, complacent plu, plur, plus more plural, pluralist, plus pneuma, pneumon breath pneumatic, pneumonia, poli city metropolis, police, politics, Indianapolis, megalopolis, acropolis poly many polysaccharide, polyandrous, polytheistic pon, pos, pound place, put postpone, component, opponent, proponent, expose, impose, deposit, posture, position, expound, impound pop people population, populous, popular port carry porter, portable, transport, report, export, import, support, transportation portion part, share portion, proportion pot power potential, potentate, impotent prehendere seize, grasp apprehend, comprehend, comprehensive, prehensile prim, prime first primacy, prima donna, primitive, primary, primal, primeval proto first prototype, protocol, protagonist, protozoan, Proterozoic, protoindustrial pod (see ped) psych mind, soul psyche, psychiatry, psychology, psychosis punct point, dot punctual, punctuation, puncture, acupuncture, punctuation reg, recti straighten regiment, regular, rectify, correct, direct, rectangle ri, ridi, risi laughter deride, ridicule, ridiculous, derision, risible rog, roga ask prerogative, interrogation, derogatory rupt break rupture, interrupt, abrupt, disrupt, ruptible sacr, sanc, secr sacred sacred, sacrosanct, sanction, consecrate, desecrate salv, salu safe, healthy salvation, salvage, salutation sat, satis enough satient (giving pleasure, satisfying), saturate, satisfy sci, scientia know science, conscious, omniscient, cognocienti scope see, watch telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope, stethoscope scrib, script write scribe, scribble, inscribe, describe, subscribe, prescribe, manuscript sed, sess, sid sit sediment, session, obsession, possess, preside, president, reside, subside sen old senior, senator, senile senescere to grow old senescence, evanescent sent, sens feel sentiment, consent, resent, dissent, sentimental, sense, sensation, sensitive, sensory, dissension sequ, secu, sue follow sequence, consequence, sequel, subsequent, prosecute, consecutive, second, ensue, pursue serv save, serve servant, service, subservient, servitude, preserve, conserve, reservation, deserve, conservation, observe sign, signi sign, mark, seal signal, signature, design, insignia, significant simil, simul like, resembling similar, assimilate, simulate, simulacrum, simultaneous sist, sta, stit stand assist, persist, circumstance, stamina, status, state, static, stable, stationary, substitute solus alone solo, soliloquy, solitaire, solitude solv, solu loosen solvent, solve, absolve, resolve, soluble, solution, resolution, resolute, dissolute somnus sleep insomnia, somnambulist soph wise sophomore (wise fool), philosophy, sophisticated spec, spect, spic look specimen, specific, spectator, spectacle, aspect, speculate, inspect, respect, prospect, retrospective, introspective, expect, conspicuous sphere ball, sphere sphere, stratosphere, hemisphere, spheroid spir breath spirit, conspire, inspire, aspire, expire, perspire, respiration string, strict draw tight stringent, strict, restrict, constrict, boa constrictor stru, struct build construe (build in the mind, interpret), structure, construct, instruct, obstruct, destruction, destroy sume, sump take, use, waste consume, assume (to take, to use), sump pump presumption (to take or use before knowing all the facts tact, tang, tag, tig, ting touch tactile, contact, intact, intangible, tangible, contagious, contiguous tele far telephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope, television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy tempo time tempo, temporary, extemporaneously, contemporary, pro tem, temporal ten, tin, tain hold tenacious, tenant, tenure, untenable, detention, retentive, content, pertinent, continent, obstinate, contain, abstain, pertain, detain tend, tent, tens stretch, strain tendency, extend, intend, contend, pretend, superintend, tender, extent, tension, pretense terra earth terrain, terrarium, territory, terrestrial test to bear witness testament, detest, testimony, attest the, theo God, a god monotheism, polytheism, atheism, theology therm heat thermometer, theorem, thermal, thermos bottle, thermostat, hypothermia thesis, thet place, put antithesis, hypothesis, synthesis, epithet tom cut atom (not cuttable), appendectomy, tonsillectomy, dichotomy, anatomy tort, tors twist torture (twisting to inflict pain) retort, extort, distort, contort, torsion, tortuous, torturous tox poison toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin tract, tra draw, pull tractor, attract, subtract, tractable, abstract, subtrahend tom cut atom (not cutable, smallest particle of matter), appendectomy, tonsillectomy, dichotomy, anatomy tort, tors twist torture (twisting to inflict pain), retort, extort (twist out), distort, contort, torsion tox poison toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin tract, tra draw, pull tractor, attract, traction, subtract, tractable, abstract (to draw away), subtrahend (the number to be drawn away from another). trib pay, bestow tribute, contribute, attribute, retribution, tributary turbo disturb turbulent, disturb, turbid, turmoil typ print type, prototype, typical, typography, typewriter, typology, typify ultima last ultimate, ultimatum umber, umbraticum shadow umbra, penumbra, (take) umbrage, adumbrate uni one unicorn, unify, university, unanimous, universal vac empty vacate, vacuum, evacuate, vacation, vacant, vacuous vale, vali, valu strength, worth equivalent, valiant, validity, evaluate, value, valor ven, vent come convene, intervene, venue, convenient, avenue, circumvent, invent, convent, venture, event, advent, prevent ver, veri true very, aver, verdict, verity, verify, verisimilitude vert, vers turn avert, divert, invert, introvert, convertible, reverse, controversy, versatile vic, vicis change, substitute vicarious, vicar, vicissitude vict, vinc conquer victor, evict, convict, convince, invincible vid, vis see video, evident, provide, providence, visible, revise, supervise, vista, visit, vision viv, vita, vivi alive, life revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vitality, vivisection voc call vocation, avocation, convocation, invocation, evoke, provoke, revoke, advocate, provocative, vocal vol will malevolent, benevolent, volunteer, volition volcan fire volcano, vulcanize, Vulcan volvo turn about, roll revolve, voluble (easily turned about or around or talkative), voluminous, convolution vor eat greedily voracious, carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous, devour zo animal zoo (short for zoological garden), zoology, zoomorphism (attributing animal form to god), zodiac (circle of animal constellations), protozoan Suffix Meaning Example able, ible able, capable capable, agreeable, edible, visible ade result of action blockade age act of, state of, result of storage, wreckage, damage al relating to gradual, manual, natural algia pain neuralgia, nostalgia, myalgia an, ian native of, relating to African, riparian, ance, ancy action, process, state assistance, allowance, defiance ary, ery, ory relating to, quality, place where aviary, bravery, dormitory cian possessing a specific skill or art magician, physician, cy action, function hesitancy, prophecy, normalcy cule, ling very small molecule, ridicule, animalcule, duckling, sapling dom quality, realm freedom, kingdom, wisdom ee one who receives the action refugee, nominee, lessee en made of, to make silken, frozen, wooden ence, ency action, state of, quality difference, confidence, urgency, agency er, or one who, that which baker, miller, professor escent in the process of adolescent, senescence, putrescence ese a native of, the language of Javanese, Japanese, Balinese esis, osis action, process, condition genesis, hypnosis, neurosis, osmosis ess female goddess, lioness, actress et, ette small one, group midget, baronet, sextet, lorgnette fic making, causing scientific, specific ful full of frightful, careful, helpful fy make beautify, fortify, simplify hood order, condition, quality manhood, adulthood ic nature of, like metallic, acidic, bucolic, simplistic ice condition, state, quality justice, malice id, ide a thing connected with or belonging to fluid, fluoride, bromide ile relating to, suited for, capable of juvenile, senile, purile, missile ine nature of feminine, genuine, medicine ion, sion, tion act, result, or state of cancellation, contagion, infection, crenellation ish origin, nature, resembling foolish, Irish, clownish, impish ism system, manner, condition, characteristic alcoholism, communism, capitalism, ist one who, that which artist, dentist, flautist ite nature of, quality of, mineral product prelate, Mennonite, dynamite, graphite, Israelite ity, ty state of, quality celebrity, captivity, clarity, poverty ive causing, making abusive, exhaustive, abortive ize, ise make emphasize, exercise, bowdlerize, bastardize, idolize, fanaticize logy study, science, theory biology, anthropology, geology, neurology ly like, manner of carelessly, fearlessly, hopelessly ment act of, state or, result containment, contentment, amendment ness state of carelessness, restlessness nomy law autonomy, economy, taxonomy oid resembling asteroid, spheroid, rhomboid, anthropoid ous full of, having gracious, nervous, pompous, ship state of, office, quality assistantship, friendship, authorship some like, apt, tending to lonesome, lissome, threesome, gruesome tude state of, condition of gratitude, aptitude, multitude ure state of, act, process, rank culture, literature, rupture, rapture ward in the direction of eastward, downward, backward y inclined to, tend to cheery, crafty, faulty Common Phrases Semper Fidelis Always faithful. Carpe diem sieze the day Circa About Ex libris In toto from the books of altogether In vino veritas In memoriam in wine is truth in memory of Magna cum laude with great honor Mea culpa Non sequitor my fault a statement that does not follow logically Pax vobiscum peace be with you Per capita per head Per annum per year Tabula rasa a clean slate Terra firma solid ground Via media the middle way Et cetera = (L. and the rest of such things) and other things; and so forth Et al = (L. et alii) and others; E.g. = (L. “exempli gratia”) for example; I.e. = (L. id est) that is; Ibid = (L. ibidem, from the same place) referring to something mentioned previously, particularly used for footnotes; Ergo = therefore, hence.  Use 'i.e.' to mean 'that is' or 'in other words'. 'i.e.' actually stands for 'id est', which means 'it is' or 'that is', so it's pretty much a literal translation. Memory Aid: Think of 'i.e.' as standing for 'it es', i.e., pronounce 'is' a little funny.  2 Use 'e.g.' when you want to mean 'for example' or 'such as'. 'e.g' stands for 'exemplum gratia', which more or less means 'for example. Memory Aid: Think of 'e.g.' as standing for 'example gratis' (free example) or 'e.g.zample'.  3 Use 'et al.' when you want to mean 'and others'. This is an abbreviation for 'et alii/alia', which literally means 'and others'. This abbreviation is used most often when you want to shorten a list of people, often authors of an article, e.g., 'Jones et al. found that global warming is happening.' Notice that adding 'et al.' to Jones's name means 'Jones and some other people he worked with', so you have to make sure your verb is plural to agree with the subject. Notice that 'et' is not an abbreviation and does not have a period after it.  4 Use 'etc.' sparingly in formal writing. You probably know that 'etc.' stands for 'et cetera', literally 'and the rest'; figuratively 'and so on'. Students and lazy writers often make the mistake of using 'etc.' when they can't think of a third item to put in a series. You should come up with concrete examples to fill out your list rather than use 'etc.' If you do use 'etc.', it should be at the end of a list of at least two, better three, items. Example 'bread, soda, milk, etc.'. Never mention one thing and add 'etc.' because although 'etc.' means 'and so on' it should only be used to imply the next item in a logical series. Therefore saying 'milk etc.' doesn't give you enough of an idea of what to expect next.  5 Always use a comma after 'i.e.' and 'e.g.' when used in a sentences. Because of what they mean, 'i.e.' and 'e.g.' are parenthetical phrases that need to be followed up with a comma.  6 Typically, you should italicize 'i.e.', 'e.g.', and 'et al.', but not 'etc.'. This rule may vary based on what discipline, genre, or medium you are writing for or in.