University:
Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
Course:
AP Environmental Science
Academic year:

2013
Views:

106

Pages:

221
Author:

Khloe George

What is geography ? If "When?" is the realm of history, then "Where?" is the primary focus of geographic inquiry. HERE ARE SOME DEFINITIONS FOUND IN VARIOUS TEXTS Geography --- deBlij “Geography is concerned with the analysis of the physical and human characteristics of the Earth’s surface from a spatial perspective”. deBlij Human Geography, A-21. Human Geography -- Fellmann “The spatial analysis of human populations, their cultures, their activities and behaviors, and their relationship with and impact on the physical landscapes they occupy”. Fellmann, Human Geography, p 553. Geography -- Rubenstein “The scientific study of the location of people and activities across Earth, and the reasons for their distribution”. Rubenstein Human Geography, p 2. ____________________________________ Human geography -- Rubenstein “The study of where and why human activities are located where they are”. Rubenstein, p. 4 IN OTHER WORDS…… Why what is where. Why what is where. Can be anything tall buildings fast food restaurants slums volcanoes Why what is where. Spatial component Why what is where. tallest buildings fast food restaurants slums volcanoes Why what is where. tallest buildings center of city fast food restaurants grouped together slums Outskirts of cities volcanoes edge of plates AP Human Geography Topics        Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives Population & Migration Cultural Patterns and Processes Political Organization of Space Agricultural and Rural Land Use Industrialization and Economic Development Cities and Urban Land Use Human Geography: Five Themes      Location – the space that is occupied in the universe (absolute/relative). Place – physical and human characteristics: space after humans. Human/Environment Interactions – how humans depend, modify, and adapt to their environments. Movement – how humans interact on earth, the diffusion of religion or trade patterns through connections of peoples. Regions – an area with one or more shared characteristics.     Vocabulary Tests Map Tests Multiple Choice Tests Free Response Questions (FRQs) Notes, notes, everywhere and not a thought to think Homework: Read Key Issue 1 (pp. 6-14) and complete SQ3R Debra Troxell, NBCT Three sources of map distortion    Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller. Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane. Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps. Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and distance on earth’s surface  Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance.  1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet.  Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.  A large-scale map depicts a small area with great detail.  A small-scale map depicts a larger area with little detail. Distortion is especially severe here. A. B. C. D. Which is the largescale map? Which map scale shows the most detail? a. 1:250,000 b. 1:24,000 c. 1:100,000 d. 1:62,500 1. 2. a. b. c. d. e. A map with a large scale usually shows a large amount of land space a small amount of land space physical features only of a land space the local-global continuum political boundaries between countries only the other Scale   Refers to at what scale a process occurs – For example, while the storm didn’t make the national news, at the local scale it was a major story. Evolution of Mapmaking   Babylonians – 2300 BC earliest surviving maps written on clay tablets. Aristotle – 384-322 BC demonstrated earth was spherical through maps. Evolution of Mapmaking    Eratosthenes – 276-194 BC first person to use the word geography. Also the first person to correctly divide earth into 5 climatic regions. Ptolemy – 100-170 AD Guide to Geography Age of Exploration – by the 17th century, most continents and oceans were accurately displayed. 1. Who demonstrated the Earth was round using maps? a. Ptolemy c. Eratosthenes 2. b. Aristotle d. Sauer Who coined the word geography? a. Ptolemy c. Eratosthenes b. Aristotle d. Sauer Debra Troxell, NBCT GeoSpatial Revolution  Episode 1 http://geospatialrevolution.psu.edu/episod e1 Contemporary Mapping    GIS (geographic information systems) GPS (global positioning system) Remote Sensing Satellites GIS Layers Use of GIS in Emergencies Remote Sensing   The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface remotely such as from an airplane or satellite orbiting the planet. Primarily environmental mapping – vegetation, surface cover, winter ice cover, deforestation Satellite images of the north-east coast of Japan before (left) and after the earthquake and tsunami. Water is black or dark blue and the thin green line in the 'after' image indicates the shoreline. Photograph: Nasa  http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/13/world/asia/satellite-photos-japan-before-and-after-tsunami.html?_r=0  http://eijournal.com/2011/disaster-response-in-japan-2 a. Remote Sensing c. GIS b. GPS d. DTM 1. Layers of geographical information that can be selected or deselected when viewing a map 2. Can immediately scan the Earth’s surface to determine changes in geography Subway: Know Where You’re Going Homework: The Subway Geographic Activity 1 Homework: Read Key Issue 3 (pp. 30-39) and complete SQ3R Class Work: The Subway Geographic Activity 2 Distribution •Density •Concentration •Pattern Distribution definition  The arrangement of something across earth’s surface Rank 1 Country China Population 1,313,661,696 2 India 1,129,866,154 3 United States 300,535,217 4 Indonesia 241,973,879 5 Brazil 186,112,794 6 Pakistan 162,419,946 7 Bangladesh 144,319,628 8 Russia 143,420,309 Rank Country Area – km2 1 Russia 17,098,242 3 China 9,640,821 4 United States 9,629,091 5 Brazil 8,514,877 7 India 3,287,263 16 Indonesia 1,904,569 36 Pakistan 880,254 94 Bangladesh 143,998 Population Density What factors affect population distribution?     Economic Social Political Environmental Population Density Asia Density of Population, 2005 Brazil Australia, 1997 1 dot = 1000 people India Population Density Spatial Distribution  Definition: The regular arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth’s surface.    Density: The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area. Concentration: The spread of something over a given study area Pattern: The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area Describing Distributions Describing Distributions Land Ordinance of 1785 location, direction, distance site and situation Toponym  Place Name! Some Vocab:    Absolute Direction Absolute Distance Absolute Location    Relative Direction Relative Distance Relative Location Absolute location mathematical location  Clemmons is:    36⁰ 01’ 17.30” N (longitude) 80 ⁰ 22’ 55.15” W (latitude) West Forsyth High   1735 Lewisville-Clemmons Rd. Clemmons, NC Site physical attributes   (includes absolute location, but includes the physical setting; especially in urban geography) What are the relevant site features of Clemmons?      Landforms Climate Soil quality Availability of water Vegetation Relative location regional position relative to other places       (general spatial interconnection and interdependence) Clemmons is in the northwest piedmont section of Forsyth County Davidson County is to the south Davie County (Advance) is to the west Winston-Salem is 10 miles to the east Exit off I-40 & Hwy 421 Situation location attributes  (external relations, a type of relation location that refers to items of significance, especially in urban geography)  Suburb of Winston-Salem, a bedroom community for persons working in the medical, bio technical/medical and aeronautical businesses in the Triad I-40 and US 421, major transportation  Absolute direction cardinal points N-S-E-W  Clemmons is southwest of Winston-Salem. Relative direction culturally based, not necessarily an accurate cardinal point   Clemmons is in the “South”. Clemmons is … Absolute distance mathematical space between 2 points  Clemmons is 10 miles (16km) from Winston-Salem. Relative distance meaningful space measurement   Clemmons is about 15 minutes from Winston-Salem. Clemmons is one hour from Mt. Airy. Use the terms… 1. Describe the absolute location, absolute direction and absolute distance of a place of your choice. 2. Describe the relative location, relative direction and relative distance of the same place. 3. Describe the site. 4. Describe the situation. Which of the following is not a measure of relative distance? a. 2,339 cm b. 35 seconds c. $2.50 cab ride d. 216 footsteps e. 15 minutes 1. 2. a. b. c. d. e. Relative location is an important geographic concept mainly because it locates places according to longitude and latitude defines a place in terms of how central or isolated it is to other places defines patterns of natural environment helps cartographers to develop more accurate maps illustrates how local, regional and global factors interact within the local-global continuum Homework: The Subway Geographic Activity 3 Homework: Read Key Issue 2 (pp. 14-30) and complete SQ3R Diffusion The process by which an idea or innovation is transmitted from one individual or group to another across space Fellman  People move to a new area and take their culture with them – examples include- crops, culture, farming techniques, building styles  Information about an innovation may spread through a society – examples include Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a religious creed. Possibly through mass media advertisement— Known as Known as Relocation Diffusion Expansion Diffusion Relocation Diffusion Type of Expansion Diffusion    Contagious Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion Contagious Diffusion    Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but not necessarily applying only to diseases! Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from the source region Examples – influenza, ideas on the world wide web; agriculture (like hybrid seeds), Buddhism (but not all religions), breaking news, Domino Theory Hierarchical Diffusion   The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, styles of clothing, music Stimulus Diffusion   A fundamental idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative behavior Examples – creation of a unique Cherokee written language, Beta vs. VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated cattle) Cultural Hearths •An area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits diffuse. •Examples – Islam, agriculture, Diffusion?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRkmt bWURwo  Types of Diffusion are not speed specific – no type of diffusion is particularly fast or slow Vocabulary    Time-Space Convergence (or Compression) Time-Distance Decay (or Distance Decay) Friction of Distance Time-Distance Decay •The farther the place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted. •The acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters. •Cultural barriers work against diffusion. S-Curve Diffusion of innovations •3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 68% majority, 16% laggards • • Which of the following type of diffusion spreads the quickest? a. b. c. d. e. Contagious Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion Relocation Diffusion None of the answers  Rap music first appeared in New York in the 1970’s. Later, it spread to large cities with vibrant AfricanAmerican populations – such as Los Angeles, Oakland, Chicago, and Detroit – without being absorbed by the smaller cities and rural areas in between. This type of spatial diffusion is called a. relocation potential b. hierarchical diffusion c. contagious diffusion d. cultural diffusion e. cascade diffusion  Which of the following is not a good example of a barrier to spatial diffusion? a. A mountain range b. A different language c. A different dietary preference d. A highway system e. A strict religious system The Spanish-language concentration of Little Havana in Miami is an example of what type of diffusion? a. relocation diffusion b. expansion diffusion c. stimulus diffusion d. hierarchical diffusion Class Work: The Subway Geographic Activity 4 “City of 2 Million” article FRQ Practice – NO Notes Define and Give an example of • – – – – Relocation Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion Contagious Diffusion (diseases not allowed) Map Grid     Latitude /Longitude Tropics Equator Prime Meridian /International Date Line Gain a Day Skip a Day Gain a Day Skip a Day If it is 10pm on Tuesday in Moscow, what day and time is it in Sydney? Example   If I am about to take off on my Wed. 10pm flight home from Sydney and I call my friend in LA, what day and time would it be? If the flight is 15 hours, what time will my flight land in LA?  Immediately to the left of the International Date Line, the date is always one day ahead of the date immediately to the right of the International Date Line. On the time and date codes shown below, note that Tonga and Samoa have the exact same time, but are actually one day apart, as Samoa is in the Western Hemisphere (to the east of the dateline) and Tonga is in the Eastern Hemisphere. In summary, travel west across the International Date Line and you will gain a day, travel east across it and you will lose a day. All Maps should Have     Cartographer Title Scale Key How to Lie with maps     A map is a generalization or representation of the real world. Cartography – the science of mapmaking. All maps lie flat and all maps lie. They contain distortions. You cannot represent the three-dimensional earth on a flat surface without distorting reality. Any useful map is selective in what is put in and left out. Example: road or subway map. Is this a correct map of London? Is this a correct map of London? Which map would be useful to tour London? Three sources of map distortion    Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller. Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane. Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps. Reference Maps  General map which shows physical features, transportation routes Thematic Map – you can display the same information on different maps  Types of maps:      Dot – each dot represents some frequency Isoline – connects points of equal value Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Dot – each dot represents some frequency Chart Map Isoline – connects points of equal value Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each region Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds to the magnitude of the mapped feature http://www.worldmapper.org/ Other Thematic Maps- spatial distribution of one or more specific themes What kind of map is this? What kind of map is this? What kind of map is this? What kind of map is this? Other types of visual images:  Mental map = map of an area in your mind A B D C Proportional Symbol? E A B D C Dot Map? E A B D C Isoline? E A B D C Cartogram? E A B D C Choropleth? E A B D C Good for showing points of equal value? E How can such different looking maps show the same variable?  Cartographic reasons    Different slicing values Different levels of spatial aggregation Geographical reasons   Uneven distribution of minorities at the state scale as well as at the national scale Concentration of minorities in cities, particularly in northern states Percent of Population White (not Hispanic) Percent of Population White (not Hispanic) Histogram How often does a value set appear in data Frequency  X X X 40 45 X X X 50 55 60 X 65 70 75 X 80 85 90 95 100 Different ways of “slicing” data  The Data {42, 50, 55, 57, 61, 77, 79, 97}   Equal interval  Three classes based on range 40 to 100  {42, 50, 55, 57} {61, 77, 79} {97}   Quartile  Quartiles (lowest 1/4 of observations, next 1/4, …)  {42, 50} {55, 57} {61, 77} {79, 97} Different ways of “slicing” data  Natural breaks  {428505552574616772791897}  {42} {50, 55, 57, 61} {77, 79} {97}  Standard deviations  Mean = 64.75, Std. Dev. = 15.977  {42} {50, 55, 57, 61} {77, 79} {97} mean -2 32.79517 -1 48.77259 64.75 1 80.72741 2 96.70483 Natural Breaks Equal Interval Quintiles (quantiles based on division into 5 classes) Which map would be preferred by each of the following users? • The ACLU • The KKK • A geographer studying the relationship between ethnicity and poverty • A spokesman for the Georgia branch of a charitable assistance association targeting minorities  Site: local conditions    Situation    Climate, soil, landforms, minerals Age, education, savings, buildings Natural transportation corridors Roads, railroads, airport, internet New Orleans: great situation, terrible site Map projection is the way we fit earth’s three-dimensional surface onto flat paper or a screen Debra Troxell, NBCT  On a map, when lines of latitude and longitude cross what is the resulting angle? Pencils Down – The following information is for background knowledge only. Map Projections  Think of an transparent globe w/ an imagined light source inside  What type of shadow would be cast? Shadow cast would depend on light location…    Gnomonic – light source at center Stereographic – light at point opposite of tangent of globe meeting map Orthographic – light source at infinity Onto What do you project  An azimuth is the angle formed at the beginning point of a straight line, in relation to the meridian Position of the surface The Math…  Derivation of the Projection:     cosφ=dR⇒d=Rcosφ cosλ=p2d⇒p2=dcosλ=Rcosφcosλ sinλ=p1d⇒p1=dsinλ=Rcosφsinλ Derivation of the Inverse:    d=∥p∥ cosλ=p2∥p∥⇒λ=cos-1(p2∥p∥) cosφ=dR⇒φ=cos-1(∥p∥R) Just Kidding  The Most Common:     Conformal (i.e., angles are preserved) Equal Area (i.e., areas are in constant proportion) Equidistant (i.e., distances are in constant proportion) An Important Mathematical Result:  A single projection can not be both conformal and equal area Polar Azimuthal Orthographic Sinusodial Projection Equatorial Cylindrical Equal Area Equatorial Cylindrical Conformal Conical Equal Area Three sources of map distortion    Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller. Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plane. Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps. Medieval “T&O” map What common words in the English language reflect this tradition of mapping? • Orientation • Oriented Now…You need to know the following projections! Mercator Projection  Distorts size not shape Mercator Projection      Stretches the poles from one length to the size of the equator. The north-south scale is constant, but east-west scale increases to twice the north-south scale at 60 degrees N and infinitely at the poles. Shapes are correct for all areas, and map has correct directional relationships. Look at the size of Greenland and Antarctica. Map exaggerates the distance between Chicago and Stockholm, both in northern latitudes. Created in 1569 Equal Area Projection  Distorts shapes, not area Equal Area Projection   Represents areas correctly, but distorts shapes. If South America is 8 times larger than Greenland on the globe, it will be 8 times bigger on the map. Robinson Projection  Does not preserve size, area or shape Robinson Projection     Frequently used. Distorts both size and shape, but not too much. The major benefit of the Robinson projection is that oceans are uninterrupted. This projection is useful in depicting patterns of global interaction. Considered a compromise projection Goode’s Projection   Goode’s projection interrupts the oceans and tucks Australia and New Zealand farther west than in reality. Therefore, land masses appear relatively large compared to the oceans. Minimized distortion in the shape of the various land masses and the size of one land mass compared to other land masses.  Unprojected vs. Lambert Peter’s Projection   The Peters Projection World Map is one of the most stimulating, and controversial, images of the world. When this map was first introduced by historian and cartographer Dr. Arno Peters at a Press Conference in Germany in 1974 it generated a firestorm of debate. The first English-version of the map was published in 1983, and it continues to have passionate fans as well as staunch detractors. The earth is round. The challenge of any world map is to represent a round earth on a flat surface. There are literally thousands of map projections. Each has certain strengths and corresponding weaknesses. Choosing among them is an exercise in values clarification: you have to decide what's important to you. That is generally determined by the way you intend to use the map. The Peters Projection is an area accurate map. http://www.petersmap.com/page2.html West Wing video clip Compare projections image Mercator projection Why did my plane from Paris go so far out of the way to get to Chicago? Mollweide Projection Maybe it didn’t go too far out of the way… Azimuthal projection (north pole) That explains it! Remember that every projection is a distortion. How is this projection distorted? A C B D On which map is the size of Greenland distorted the most? A C B D Which map is best for navigation? A C B D Which map best corrects most of the distortions associated with map projection? A C B D Mercator Projection What is bad about this projection? a. Shape b. Size c. Distance d. direction 1.What is bad about this projection? a. Shape b. Size c. Distance d. direction 2.What is best about this projection? a. Shape b. Size c. Distance d. direction 1. a. b. c. d. e. 2. a. d. Map projections attempt to correct for errors in transferability relative size, distance, scale & proportion relative size, distance, shape, & direction distance, proximity, and topology distance, shape, and lines of latitude and longitude The Mercator projection preserves size b. area c. shape scale e. distance Goode’s Projection What is bad about this projection? a. Shape b. Size c. Distance d. direction REGION defined: A region constitutes an area that shares similar characteristics – de Blij Debra Troxell, NBCT  Regions are an artificial construct that geographers use to divide the world into sections to be compared or studied. http://www.eoearth.org/article/region Formal or Uniform Region  Can be defined by physical criteria, Governmental, or by cultural traits Functional or Nodal Region   The product of interaction, of movement; not necessarily homogenous, rather the people of the region function together – politically, socially, or economically Will operate around a node   The surrounding area of a city A newspaper circulation area Functional Region   Core area – it characterizing features are most clearly defined Periphery – characteristics become less prominent toward the region’s margins WXII-Greensboro/WinstonSalem WNCNRaleigh/Durham WECTWilmington WYFF Asheville WCNCCharlotte NBC Viewing Areas Newspaper circulation Perceptual or Vernacular  Primarily in the minds of people – how people think about regions Kuby Activity  http://bcs.wiley.com/hebcs/Books?action=resource&bcsId=5266& itemId=0470484799&resourceId=20033& chapterId=53467 What are some other commonly perceived vernacular regions?       Midwest, PA Dutch Country, Rust belt, Snow Belt, Sun Belt, neighborhood. 1.     2.     Nodes, or central points where activities are coordinated and directed, are a common characteristic of a a. functional culture region b. formal culture region c. vernacular culture region d. multiple-trait area Clearly defined borders are a common feature of a a. functional culture region b. formal culture region c. vernacular culture region d. multiple-trait area 1. Newspaper delivery areas are an example of which type of region?  a. formal b. functional  c. perceptual d. graphical e. vernacular 2. A vernacular culture region is often considered to be a region  a. clearly demarcated on a map  b. having strong functional and formal features  c. perceived to exist by its inhabitants  d. with traditional structural traits  e. none of the above Little Italy Definitions- Baltimore, Md A “Web” definition “Little Italy” Definition- Baltimore, Md Sergio’s definition Sergio’s “Little Italy” “Little Italy” Definitions--Baltimore, Md A “Web” definition Sergio’s definition Practice – No Notes  Define & Give an example of    Functional Region Vernacular Region Formal Region Learn to Write an FRQ  1. 2. 3. Example – Space and Place Identify what you knew about this space beforehand and how you knew this (for example, perhaps you looked the place up in an atlas or heard someone describe it.) Describe the process whereby that space became a place for you. Identify in what ways you learned how to “read” this place. In other words, how did you learn to see this particular location as a three-dimensional, meaningful place that is different from what you knew of it as a space. Do you have to live in a place to really “know” it? Must one experience a space for it to become a place? FRQ Homework  Map Projections