James Madison (Basically, The War of 1812) James Madison (1809-1817) • Who is he? • Friend of TJ • Virginian • Democratic Republican • Father of Constitution • 2nd National Bank (1816) • Also president for 2 terms • Activity: Life Look Up War of 1812 • Why it happened: • 1. Impressment and seizure of ships • 2. British encouragement of Native skirmishes Reaction to Impressment • What did the Jefferson do in reaction to impressment? • Madison tries something similar. • 1st: 1809 The NonIntercourse Act • US will resume trade with whichever country lifted trade restrictions • 2nd: Macon’s Bill #2 • Restored trade with GB/F Tecumseh and Tippecanoe • US blamed the British for trouble with the Native Americans (not entirely true) • Tecumseh- Shawnee leader, refused to sign Treaty of Greenville, united Native Americans with help of his brother “the Prophet” • Wanted to stop expansion, preserve NA culture • William Henry Harrison- Governor of Indiana Territory, decides to attack Tecumseh-Battle of Tippecanoe • By War of 1812, Americans are pushing into Canada. Tecumseh helps British, killed in battle by Americans War Hawks • Who wants war? • The WAR HAWKS • Located in the South and West; strong nationalists • South: no market to buy their Cash Crops • West: believe GB is encouraging violence with the Native Americans • John C. Calhoun (SC), Henry Clay (KY) 1812 WAR IS DECLARED News Reporter • How did Madison present the issues in his State of the Union Address? • How did he present the issues to Congress? • Compare and contrast: as a newspaper reporter, give the summary of the situation. Then write about how this could received by the public-give your opinion. How could this turn out? Predictions? Party Politics? Review! • Define and explain the significance of the following terms: • 1. Marbury v. Madison • 2. Impressment • 3. Rule of Law • 4. Explain the relationship: ChesapeakeLeopard Act / Embargo Act of 1807 Republicans vs. Federalists • Support for the War: Republicans • Madison urges Congress in June 1812 • Many Federalists see no benefit in this war-why? • “Mr. Madison’s War” • Madison barely wins reelection • Disunited, unprepared, small army/navy Attack on Canada • TJ advises Madison to attack Canada; 8 million US vs 250,000 Canadians: “A mere battle of marching” • The US attacks Canada 3 times in a row: Each attempt is unsuccessful (militia=untrained) • Ex: General Hull loses Detroit to a smaller British army & Tecumseh because he can’t hold onto his militia • Battle on Lake Erie: US forces build a fleet of 4 ships by Lake Erie and defeat the British on the lake, take back Detroit • Beating Native Americans; 1813 kill Tecumseh/supporters • 1814: A. Jackson defeats Creek Indians in AL, received their lands and continued to pillage through Florida British Strengthen • 1814: Napoleon’s troops are defeated by the British, British can now focus on war with US • Begin raids on US cities: attack ME, NY, DC, LA • James Madison flees the White House-burn it down • The British raid Baltimore but are unsuccessfulFort Henry and the Star Spangled Banner • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YaxGNQE5 ZLA The War Winds Down • The Treaty of Ghent: December 24, 1814 Negotiators sign the Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812 • essentially agreeing to pretend the war never happened (Victory?) • “A noble defense of the US against British aggression” • SURGE OF NATIONALISM! Battle of New Orleans • It takes a while for the news of the Treaty of Ghent to reach all the soldiers • January of 1815 (after the war is technically over) 7,500 British troops attack New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson uses cotton bales as shields for his men and then wins the battle • US Casualties: 71 British: 2,036 • Stirred up nationalism; “Jackson forced the British to make peace” Hartford Convention • Americans giddy with relief and nationalism • Who opposed the war? • Dec. 1814: New England Federalists meet (Hartford, CT) to consider secession and making separate peace with British • News reaches DC same time as news of the peace treaty…by 1820 the Federalist party is dead Outcome Most Indian resistance east of Miss. Rive done New settlements open up: bigger, stronger union • 1816: Indiana • 1817: Mississippi • 1818: Illinois • 1819: Alabama Nationalism • What is Nationalism? 3-5 Words • A feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries • WRITING ASSIGNMENT: Using our historical knowledge and this definition, do you think modern day Americans experience nationalism? Where do you see examples of this nationalism or lack of nationalism?