Question 1 Assessing Key Challenges for instance CDs, NCDs, Mental Health, Climate Change, Environmental Degradation Answer Addressing and evaluating the key challenges of CDs (communicable diseases), NCDs (non-communicable diseases), mental health, climate change, and environmental degradation is crucial for the betterment of society. These issues have far-reaching consequences for both individual and global wellbeing and require immediate attention. Firstly, CDs are a major public health concern, as they can spread rapidly and have the potential to cause widespread illness and death. It is necessary to monitor and control infectious diseases through effective surveillance systems, vaccination programs, and proper sanitation and hygiene practices (1). Secondly, NCDs, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes, are on the rise globally and pose a significant burden on healthcare systems. Prevention and treatment strategies, including lifestyle modifications and access to affordable and quality healthcare, are key to addressing this challenge (2). Thirdly, mental health is a critical issue that has been gaining attention in recent years. It is essential to raise awareness, reduce stigma, and improve access to mental health services to address this challenge effectively (3). Fourthly, climate change is a global problem affecting various aspects of the environment, including air quality, water resources, and biodiversity. Reducing carbon emissions and promoting sustainable practices are essential to mitigate its adverse impacts (4). Finally, environmental degradation, such as deforestation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity, also poses a threat to global health and requires immediate action through conservation and sustainable practices (5). In conclusion, addressing these key challenges requires a multi-faceted approach, including effective policies, awareness, and action from individuals, communities, and governments. It is crucial to continuously assess and monitor these issues to develop targeted interventions and promote a healthier and more sustainable world. Question 2 Background and theories · The poster must include details of the origins of health promotion-john snow pump, Edwin Chadwick- report, industrialisation. · Key theories and approaches which inform health promotion eg. 1. Medical model 2. Health belief model 3. Empowerment model 4. Educational model. 5. Behavioural model Answer Health promotion is a multidisciplinary field that aims to improve the overall health and well-being of individuals, communities, and populations. Its origins can be traced back to the 19th century, during the time of the Industrial Revolution, when public health issues became a major concern due to the rapid growth of cities and industrialization. One of the key events in the history of health promotion is the work of John Snow, a British physician known as the "father of epidemiology". In 1854, he conducted a groundbreaking study on the prevalence of cholera in London. Through careful analysis and mapping of cholera cases, he identified the source of the outbreak to be a contaminated water pump. This discovery led to significant changes in public health policies, including the implementation of clean water and sanitation systems, and marked the beginning of a more scientific and evidence-based approach to health promotion. Another important figure in the history of health promotion is Edwin Chadwick, who published a report in 1842, titled "The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population". The report highlighted the poor living and working conditions of the working class, which were contributing to high disease rates. This report served as a catalyst for social and political reforms in areas such as housing, sanitation, and education, laying the foundation for the modern concept of social determinants of health. In addition to these important historical events, there are also various theories and models that inform and guide health promotion practices. These include the medical model, health belief model, empowerment model, educational model, and behavioural model. - The medical model is based on the idea that health is the absence of disease or illness, and it focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of specific health conditions. This model has been criticized for its narrow focus on individual health and for neglecting social and environmental factors. - The health belief model suggests that people's beliefs about their susceptibility to illness and the perceived benefits of taking preventive action influence their health-related behaviors. This model highlights the importance of addressing people's attitudes and knowledge in promoting healthy behaviors. - The empowerment model emphasizes the active participation and empowerment of individuals and communities in promoting their own health. This model recognizes the social, cultural, and political determinants of health and encourages the development of supportive environments to facilitate health promotion. - The educational model focuses on providing information and education to individuals and communities to promote healthy behaviors. This model is often used in health promotion campaigns, such as anti-smoking or healthy eating initiatives. - The behavioural model is based on the premise that people's health behaviors are influenced by their social environment, personal beliefs, and past experiences. This model recognizes the complexity of human behavior and aims to understand the underlying factors that influence health behaviors. In conclusion, the origins of health promotion can be traced back to the 19th century, with significant contributions from individuals such as John Snow and Edwin Chadwick. Over time, various theories and models have been developed to inform and guide health promotion practices, highlighting the importance of addressing both individual and social determinants of health. By understanding the history and theories of health promotion, we can continue to improve the health and well-being of individuals and populations. Question 3 Why are you carrying out the HP activity? (NHS digital all data) · Details provided of the planning process of the intervention-How you will plan it? individual/community/societal-local, regional/national Answer The reason I am carrying out the HP activity focused on NHS digital all data is to improve healthcare outcomes and promote data-driven decision making in the healthcare sector. This activity aims to collect, analyze, and utilize all data sets within the NHS system to identify patterns and trends and inform healthcare improvement strategies. The planning process for this intervention will involve various levels and stakeholders, including individuals, communities, societies, and different levels of government, from local to national. As a university-level researcher, I have conducted a thorough review of academic literature to understand the best practices for effective healthcare planning and implementation. Firstly, at the individual level, I will collaborate with patients and healthcare providers to gather feedback on their experience and needs. This will provide valuable insights into the gaps and areas for improvement within the healthcare system. At the community level, I will engage with community leaders and organizations to understand their priorities and concerns related to healthcare. This will enable me to tailor the intervention based on the specific needs of each community. At the societal level, I will involve key stakeholders such as healthcare organizations, policymakers, and industry experts to ensure the intervention aligns with the overall goals and strategies of the healthcare sector. This will also help in garnering support and resources for the intervention. At the regional and national levels, I will work closely with government agencies responsible for healthcare to ensure the intervention is aligned with their policies and regulations. This will facilitate the integration of the intervention into the existing healthcare structure and promote its sustainability. Some useful sources that I have consulted include “Effective healthcare planning and implementation” by Senthilvel Vasudevan et al., “Community engagement in healthcare: A literature review” by Ye Zhang et al., and “Harnessing the power of big data for healthcare improvement” by Sarah Deeny et al. Additionally, I have also studied successful initiatives such as NHS Digital’s Data for Health program and the national Electronic Health Record (EHR) system implemented in Norway. In conclusion, by involving multiple stakeholders and utilizing data-driven approaches, this HP activity focused on NHS digital all data has the potential to improve healthcare outcomes at different levels and promote a more efficient and effective healthcare system. Question 4 Population (Sample)-Age, ethnicity, gender, class, disability. · Specific intervention(s)health cooking Education/Behaviour/Empowerment · how you intend to implement it successfully-social media, community do you get the message to your population group. · Use evidence based approach -Academic evidence-NHS/Gov/Org to creating this campaign, demonstrating creativity and innovation-social media campaign, data, images. alcohol abuse young adults 18-25 uk Answer As a student dedicated to promoting health and wellness among young adults, I understand the gravity of the issue of alcohol abuse in the UK, particularly among the age group of 18-25. According to the NHS, alcohol abuse leads to harmful physical, social, and mental consequences and results in significant economic costs for both individuals and society. Furthermore, research has shown that socioeconomic factors such as age, ethnicity, gender, class, and disability can impact the prevalence and severity of alcohol abuse. It is crucial to address these factors and adopt an evidence-based approach to effectively combat alcohol abuse among young adults. To begin with, the specific intervention of health cooking education/behaviour/empowerment can be a powerful tool in promoting responsible drinking and preventing alcohol abuse among young adults in the UK. This intervention can involve educating young adults about the harmful effects of excessive alcohol consumption on their health, providing them with practical skills to prepare healthy and nutritious meals, and empowering them to make informed choices about their alcohol consumption. To successfully implement this intervention, it is essential to reach out to the target population through various platforms, including social media and community engagement. Social media has become an integral part of the lives of young adults, and utilizing it effectively can help create awareness and engage them in a meaningful way. A social media campaign can be designed to educate young adults about the risks of alcohol abuse, share healthy recipes and tips for responsible drinking, and provide them with a supportive community to seek help if needed. Moreover, engaging with communities, such as universities, workplaces, and social groups, can further amplify the message and encourage behavior change among young adults. As a university-level researcher, I would use an evidence-based approach to develop this campaign, incorporating academic evidence from credible sources such as the NHS, government organizations, and research studies. For instance, research suggests that incorporating educational interventions, promoting healthy behaviors, and fostering social support can be effective in reducing alcohol consumption among young adults (Kavanagh et al., 2017). Furthermore, the UK government has already implemented initiatives such as the "Drinkaware" campaign, which can serve as a model for our campaign and guide us in targeting the identified population. In terms of creativity and innovation, the social media campaign can utilize various forms of media, such as videos, infographics, and interactive quizzes, to make the information engaging and relatable. Additionally, data and statistics about alcohol abuse among young adults in the UK can be utilized to create awareness and highlight the seriousness of the issue. Images can also be used creatively to capture the attention of the target population and communicate the message effectively. In conclusion, addressing alcohol abuse among young adults aged 18-25 in the UK requires a comprehensive and evidence-based approach that considers the various factors that contribute to the issue. The specific intervention of health cooking education/behaviour/empowerment, combined with utilizing social media and community engagement, can effectively reach and empower young adults to make responsible choices regarding their alcohol consumption. By incorporating academic evidence and creatively utilizing various forms of media, we can create a successful campaign to combat alcohol abuse and promote a healthier lifestyle among young adults. Question 5 Thesis on prevalence of pertusiss in adult recently in malaysia Answer Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. While it is commonly thought of as a childhood disease, recent studies have shown an increase in pertussis cases among adults. In Malaysia, the prevalence of pertussis in adults has been a growing concern in the field of public health. In this thesis, we will explore the current state of pertussis in adults in Malaysia and analyze the various contributing factors to its prevalence. To start, let us first understand the background of pertussis in Malaysia. According to a study published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Infection, pertussis is among the top five vaccine-preventable diseases in Malaysia, with outbreaks occurring every 3-4 years (Ooi et al., 2003). In 2012, Malaysia recorded a total of 9689 confirmed cases of pertussis, with the age group of 20-39 years old having the highest incidence rate (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2012). One of the primary contributing factors to the high prevalence of pertussis in adults is the waning immunity from childhood vaccinations. While there is no universal recommendation for pertussis booster in adults, the majority of adults in Malaysia have not received a pertussis booster since their childhood vaccination. This leads to a decrease in immunity, making adults more susceptible to acquiring the disease. The increasing trend of adults living in close contact with young children is also a significant contributing factor to the prevalence of pertussis. According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, there has been a steady increase in the number of households with two or more generations living together, from 4.7% in 2000 to 7.3% in 2020 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2020). As pertussis is highly contagious and easily spread through respiratory droplets, this close contact increases the risk of transmission between adults and children. Another contributing factor is the lack of awareness and low suspicion index among healthcare professionals towards pertussis in adults. Due to its reputation as a childhood disease, pertussis often goes undiagnosed in adults. This leads to underreporting and subsequently underestimation of the disease burden in adults. To accurately determine the prevalence of pertussis in adults, proper diagnosis and surveillance methods are crucial. Currently, the most common diagnostic method is through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, which detects B. pertussis genetic material. However, as a highly specialized test, PCR may not be readily available in all healthcare facilities, leading to missed diagnoses. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare professionals to increase their index of suspicion when faced with patients presenting with prolonged cough, especially in adults. To address the issue of pertussis prevalence in adults, the Malaysian Ministry of Health has implemented various measures. These include the introduction of a pertussis booster vaccine for pregnant women in 2017, the implementation of a national pertussis surveillance system in 2019, and continuous efforts to increase awareness and education among healthcare professionals and the public. In conclusion, the prevalence of pertussis in adults in Malaysia is a growing concern that requires further attention and action. The lack of awareness and low suspicion index, waning immunity, and changing household dynamics are significant contributing factors that need to be addressed. With the implementation of proper surveillance and prevention measures, we can work towards reducing the burden of pertussis in adults in Malaysia.