Competition, Gatekeeping, and Health Care Access (Tables)

Table 1: Descriptives Variable Definition Variables at the municipality or market level #OPEN Nnumber of GPs who accept new patients #OPEN/CAPITA Number of GPs per 10,000 inhabitants who accept new patients HERFINDAHL Herfindahl‐index LOGHERFINDAHL Ln(HERFINDAHL) ACCESSPRIV Access indicator: private specialists ACCESSPUB Access indicator: public hospital physicians Variables at the level of individual CONSULT GP Dummy=1 if visited a GP during previous 12 months #CONSULT GP Number of GP visits given number of visits > 0 CONSULT PRIV. SPEC. Dummy=1 if visited a private specialist during previous 12 months #CONSULT PRIV. SPEC. Number of visits given number of visits > 0 CONSULT PUB. SPEC. Dummy=1 if visited a public specialist during previous 12 months #CONSULT PUB. SPEC. Number of visits given number of visits > 0 CONSULT SPEC. CARE Dummy=1 if visited specialist health service during previous 12 months #CONSULT SPEC. CARE Number of visits given number of visits > 0 MALE Dummy=1 if male YOUNG Dummy=1 if 16 years ≤ Age ≤ 25 years MIDDLE1 Dummy=1 if 25 years ≤ Age ≤ 45 years MIDDLE2 Dummy=1 if 45 years ≤ Age ≤67 years OLD Dummy=1 if 67 years ≤ Age VGOODHEALTH Dummy=1 if very good self‐assessed health GOODHEALTH Dummy=1 if good self‐assessed health CHRONIC Dummy=1 if at least one chronic disease INCOME Gross household income in NOK 1,000 HINC Dummy=1 if INCOME > Median of INCOME HIGHEDU Dummy=1 if > 14 years of education N Mean Std.dev. Min Max 6416 6416 6213 6213 6425 6425 37.80 3.89 0.11 ‐3.20 0.70 1.80 66.23 2.72 0.18 1.50 1.12 3.71 0 0 0.00 ‐5.96 ‐1.53 ‐1.59 213 24.30 1 0 2.21 11.78 6447 5311 6447 1279 6447 1726 6447 2553 6447 6447 6447 6447 6447 6447 6447 6435 6430 6447 6447 0.83 4.16 0.20 2.07 0.27 2.46 0.40 2.70 0.49 0.14 0.34 0.37 0.15 0.36 0.44 0.40 639 0.49 0.35 0.37 5.53 0.40 3.95 0.44 3.50 0.49 4.29 0.50 0.35 0.47 0.48 0.35 0.48 0.50 0.49 347 0.50 0.48 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ‐1460 0 0 1 130 1 100 1 55 1 102 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1460 1 1 Table 2: Referral to private specialists and public specialists: Results from logit regressions Marg. eff. (Std.Err) 0.000 (0.000) Private Specialist Marg. eff. (Std.Err) Marg. eff. (Std.Err) Marg. eff. (Std.Err) 0.000 (0.000) Public Specialist Marg. eff. (Std.Err) Marg. eff. (Std.Err) #OPEN #OPEN/CAPITA ‐0.001 (0.002) 0.003 (0.002) LOGHERFINDAHL ‐0.009** (0.005) 0.007 (0.005) ACCESSPRIV 0.028*** (0.005) 0.030*** (0.005) 0.025*** (0.006) ACCESSPUB ‐0.008 (0.007) ‐0.002 (0.002) ‐0.001 (0.002) Control variables MALE ‐0.082*** (0.009) ‐0.082*** (0.009) ‐0.081*** (0.009) ‐0.053*** (0.010) ‐0.053*** (0.010) ‐0.053*** (0.010) YOUNG ‐0.051*** (0.015) ‐0.051*** (0.015) ‐0.050*** (0.015) ‐0.011 (0.016) ‐0.011 (0.016) ‐0.011 (0.017) MIDDLE2 0.019 (0.012) 0.019 (0.013) 0.018 (0.013) 0.026* (0.015) 0.026* (0.015) 0.027* (0.016) OLD 0.055*** (0.018) 0.055*** (0.019) 0.058*** (0.019) 0.027 (0.017) 0.026 (0.017) 0.025 (0.018) VGOODHEALTH ‐0.063*** (0.014) ‐0.063*** (0.014) ‐0.064*** (0.014) ‐0.175*** (0.017) ‐0.174*** (0.017) ‐0.171*** (0.017) GOODHEALTH ‐0.026** (0.013) ‐0.025* (0.013) ‐0.025* (0.013) ‐0.106*** (0.016) ‐0.105*** (0.016) ‐0.100*** (0.016) CHRONIC 0.064*** (0.010) 0.064*** (0.010) 0.065*** (0.010) 0.132*** (0.013) 0.132*** (0.013) 0.136*** (0.013) HINC 0.028** (0.011) 0.028** (0.011) 0.029** (0.012) 0.007 (0.011) 0.008 (0.011) 0.003 (0.011) HIGHEDU 0.029*** (0.010) 0.030*** (0.010) 0.028*** (0.011) 0.032*** (0.011) 0.033*** (0.011) 0.035*** (0.011) NO. MUNICIPALITIES 176 176 172 176 176 172 OBS PER MUNICIPALITY MIN 1 1 1 1 1 1 AVG 36 36 36 36 36 36 MAX 743 743 738 743 743 738 N 6404 6404 6201 6404 6404 6201 P 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Estimates with ‫ ))כככ(( )ככ(כ‬indicate that the parameter is significantly different from zero at the ten (five) ((one)) percent level for a two‐tailed test. Table 3: Utilization of private specialists and public specialists: Results from negative binomial regressions Marg. eff. (Std.Err) 0.000*** (0.000) Private Specialist Marg. eff. (Std.Err) Marg. eff. (Std.Err) Marg. eff. (Std.Err) 0.001 (0.001) Public Specialist Marg. eff. (Std.Err) Marg. eff. (Std.Err) #OPEN #OPEN/CAPITA ‐0.010 (0.008) 0.007 (0.008) LOGHERFINDAHL ‐0.046*** (0.011) ‐0.001 (0.018) ACCESSPRIV 0.061*** (0.018) 0.084*** (0.015) 0.040** (0.018) ACCESSPUB ‐0.011 (0.023) ‐0.000 (0.004) ‐0.000 (0.006) Control variables MALE ‐0.101** (0.039) ‐0.103*** (0.038) ‐0.102** (0.040) ‐0.092** (0.039) ‐0.092** (0.039) ‐0.087** (0.040) YOUNG ‐0.113*** (0.042) ‐0.118*** (0.040) ‐0.108*** (0.040) 0.072 (0.092) 0.070 (0.091) 0.083 (0.096) MIDDLE2 ‐0.086*** (0.031) ‐0.092*** (0.031) ‐0.085*** (0.031) 0.018 (0.064) 0.017 (0.064) 0.020 (0.065) OLD ‐0.031 (0.037) ‐0.035 (0.036) ‐0.028 (0.036) 0.019 (0.070) 0.017 (0.070) 0.017 (0.071) VGOODHEALTH ‐0.231***(0.041) ‐0.232***(0.039) ‐0.235*** (0.040) ‐0.530*** (0.062) ‐0.528*** (0.063) ‐0.520*** (0.064) GOODHEALTH ‐0.049 (0.042) ‐0.045 (0.041) ‐0.046 (0.042) ‐0.319*** (0.050) ‐0.319*** (0.050) ‐0.308***(0.050) CHRONIC 0.189***(0.074) 0.189***(0.049) 0.194*** (0.045) 0.400*** (0.062) 0.400*** (0.062) 0.407*** (0.063) HINC 0.001 (0.040) ‐0.006 (0.040) ‐0.000 (0.040) 0.004 (0.048) 0.006 (0.048) ‐0.014 (0.049) HIGHEDU 0.070** (0.030) 0.080** (0.031) 0.055* (0.029) 0.034 (0.035) 0.036 (0.036) 0.045 (0.036) NO. MUNICIPALITIES 176 176 172 176 176 172 OBS PER MUNICIPALITY 1 1 1 1 1 1 MIN 36 36 36 36 36 36 AVG 743 743 738 742 742 737 N 6393 6393 6192 6393 6393 6190 P 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Estimates with ‫ ))כככ(( )ככ(כ‬indicate that the parameter is significantly different from zero at the ten (five) ((one)) percent level for a two‐tailed test.