Classification Of Drugs

Drug: A drug is any substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed. a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Classification Of Drugs : 1. Classification based on chemical structure 2. Classification based on mechanism of action (pharmacological classification) 3. Classification based on mode of action (anatomical & functional change) 4. Therapeutic classification CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHEMICAL STRUCTURE Class Beta Lactam antibiotics Molecular structure Have beta lactam ring Benzodiazepine Have fusion of benzene ring and diazepine ring Cardiac glycoside consists of a steroid molecule attached to a sugar (glycoside) and an R group Fibrate A class of amphipathic carboxylic acids Opioid Actions/uses Kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. First such antibiotic was penicillin. Diazepam is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures. It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures Cardiac glycosides are medicines for treating heart failure and certain irregular heartbeats. Examples Penicilline Cephalosporins Augmentin Most commonly prescribed to reduce triglyceride levels clofibrate (Atromid-S) gemfibrozil (Lopid) fenofibrate (Triglide) Dizepam (valium) clonazepam (Klonopin) digoxin, digitoxin Regarded as broadspectrum lipid lowering drugs Act on the nervous system to relieve pain Thiazide diuretics sulfur-containing organic molecules To treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure Steroids molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings. The main treatment for certain inflammatory conditions, such as systemic vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) and myositis (inflammation of muscle). They may also be used selectively to treat inflammatory conditions Codeine, Morphine Chlorothiazide (Diuril) Chlorthalidone. prednisone prednisolone prednisone such as rheumatoid arthritis, , or gout. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION(pharmacological classification) CLASS 5-Alpha Reductase inhibitor Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist Beta Blockers Dopamine Agonist Dopamine Antagonist MECHANISM USES A group of medicines that block the action of 5-alphareductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. may be used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate gland) and male-pattern hair loss (androgenic alopecia). ARBs are used for controlling high blood pressure, treating heart failure, and preventing kidney failure in people with diabetes or high blood pressure. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications that block the action of angiotensin II by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors on the muscles surrounding blood vessels. As a result, blood vessels enlarge (dilate) and blood pressure is reduced. Reduced blood pressure makes it easier for the heart to pump blood and can improve heart failure Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are medications that reduce your blood pressure. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline They bind to proteins on the neurons called dopamine receptors. There are several types of dopamine receptors and particular subtypes are more involved in movement. The dopamine agonists can be designed by chemists to bind to and activate particular dopamine receptors on neurons. A type of drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism. (anti-dopaminergic) Proton Pump Inhibitors(PPIs) inhibits gastric acid secretion by inhibiting the K+/H+ pump (potassium pump) located on the apical membrane of the gastric parietal cell, inhibiting secretion of H+ into the stomach. EXAMPLES eta blockers are used to prevent, treat or improve symptoms in people who have: Avodart Proscar Propecia Telmisartan (Micardis ) Propranolol (Inderal) Irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) Heart failure Chest pain (angina) Heart attacks Migraine Certain types of tremors most often used treat Parkinson's disease to They have found use in treating schizophrenia, [ halluci nations (often hearing voices), delusions (having beliefs not shared by others), and disorganized thinking] Several other dopamine antagonists are antiemetics used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Proton pump inhibitors are used for the prevention and treatment of acid-related conditions such as: Esophageal duodenal and stomach ulcers NSAID-associated ulcer Ulcers Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Neupro Mirapex Droperidol (an antipsychotic and antiemetic) omeprazole esomeprazole CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MODE OF ACTION (Anatomical & Functional change) CLASS Diuretics MODE OF ACTION USES A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine. to treat heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension, influenza, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases. Positive inotropes are used to support cardiac function in conditions such as decompensated congestive heart failure. Negative inotropes weaken the heart's contractions and slow the heart rate. These medicines are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). Bronchodilators are used for treating: Asthma. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Demadex Microzide allergies sinusitis. Vicks (oxymetazoline) pseudoephedrine Antithrombotics can be used therapeutically for prevention (primary prevention, secondary prevention) or treatment of a dangerous blood clot (acute thrombus). prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Most antimicrobials fall into one of four main categories, based on their site of activity. These include inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or disruption of cell membrane integrity. aspirin, glycoprotein Inotrope An inotrope is an agent that alters the force or energy of muscular contractions. Negatively inotropic agents weaken the force of muscular contractions. Positively inotropic agents increase the strength of muscular contraction Bronchodilator A bronchodilator or broncholytic is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. A decongestant, or nasal decongestant, is a type of pharmaceutical drug that is used to relieve nasal congestion in the upper respiratory tract. An antithrombotic agent is a drug that reduces the formation of blood clots (thrombi). Decongestant Antithrombotics Anti-fungal Anti-microbials An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis An ANTIMICROBIAL is any substance of natural, semisynthetic or synthetic origin that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host. EXAMPLES Positive inotropes Digoxin. Berberine. Calcium. Negative inotropes Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers Quinidine Vilanterol glycopyrronium clotrimazole. econazole. miconazole. All antibiotics are antimicrobials, but not all antimicrobials are antibiotics Therapeutic CLASSIFICATION Class Analgesics Therapeutic Effect An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain. Analgesic drugs act in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous systems. Antibiotic An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections. Antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Anticoagulant Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. Antidepressant Antidepressants are medications used to treat major depressive disorder, some anxiety disorders, some chronic pain conditions, and to help manage some addictions. Antipsychotic Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, are a class of medication primarily used to manage psychosis including delusions, hallucinations etc. Antiviral Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones.Most antivirals are used for specific viral infections, while a broad-spectrum antiviral is effective against a wide range of viruses. Sedative They are CNS depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which are brain chemicals performing communication between brain cells. Antidiabetic Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by lowering the glucose level in the blood.