Uber’s Impact on College Enrollment and Attainment

Figures Figure 2: Total Enrollment By Institution Type 36 Figure 3: Uber Entry Year Histogram 37 Figure 4: Uber Entry Year by Enrollment Level and Enrollment Growth 38 Figure 5: Mapping of Uber Entry Dates 39 Figure 6: Annual Enrollment by Institution Type. Confidence Intervals are at the 95% level. 40 Figure 7: Full time Enrollment at Community Colleges by Age Group. Confidence Intervals are at the 95% level. 41 Figure 8: Part time Enrollment at Community Colleges by Age Group. Confidence Intervals are at the 95% level. 42 Figure 9: Graduation Rates at Community Colleges by Graduation Time. Confidence Intervals are at the 95% level. 43 Tables Table 2: Summary Statistics of Undergraduate Institutions in 2010 Enrollment Completions Graduation Rate in 100% of Expected Time Graduation Rate in 150% of Expected Time Graduation Rate in 200% of Expected Time Count Private 2-Year Public 2-Year Private 4-Year Public 4-Year 1835.01 (3094.36) 162.44 (316.06) 0.35 (0.25) 0.46 (0.25) 0.47 (0.25) 379 11473.67 (12463.54) 555.5 (587.45) 0.12 (0.11) 0.22 (0.12) 0.27 (0.12) 1015 2408.93 (4635.68) 285.89 (491.98) 0.4 (0.24) 0.53 (0.22) 0.55 (0.22) 2102 9829.92 (9281.5) 1197.43 (1677.7) 0.26 (0.17) 0.47 (0.18) 0.5 (0.18) 880 Notes: Standard errors are reported in parentheses. 2010 is chosen as a baseline year since it is right before Uber expands to any markets. Source: IPEDS, 2005-2019. Table 3: Summary Statistics of 2-Year Colleges by Uber Entry Year Year Entry 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Never Entered Enrollment 20317 (10995) 474 (267) 0.11 (0.12) 0.25 (0.13) 0.33 (0.13) 22 16325 (10026) 854 (615) 0.08 (0.09) 0.19 (0.10) 0.24 (0.09) 79 20907 (13629) 746 (479) 0.09 (0.05) 0.19 (0.08) 0.25 (0.09) 97 17325 (14853) 815 (686) 0.07 (0.05) 0.17 (0.08) 0.23 (0.09) 54 16686 (15821) 829 (872) 0.10 (0.12) 0.19 (0.13) 0.24 (0.13) 218 12138 (16974) 567 (524) 0.11 (0.10) 0.20 (0.13) 0.25 (0.13) 55 7339 (4780) 462 (330) 0.16 (0.10) 0.24 (0.09) 0.29 (0.10) 28 8590 (6914) 571 (450) 0.15 (0.09) 0.24 (0.10) 0.28 (0.10) 57 5167 (2822) 350 (153) 0.08 (0.06) 0.12 (0.01) 0.20 (0.01) 2 3363 (2870) 166 (128) 0.15 (0.10) 0.35 (0.19) 0.40 (0.17) 10 4837 (3692) 280 (202) 0.16 (0.12) 0.25 (0.12) 0.30 (0.12) 393 Completions Graduation Rate in 100% of Expected Time Graduation Rate in 150% of Expected Time Graduation Rate in 200% of Expected Time Count Notes: Standard errors are reported in parentheses. 2010 is chosen as a baseline year since it is right before Uber expands to any markets. Source: IPEDS, 2005-2019. 44 Table 4: Educational Outcomes by Institution Type Educational Outcomes: Model: Annual Enrollment Entering Enrollment Completions (1) (2) (3) Completion Rate (4) I. All Institutions Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 0.0203 (0.0158) 0.0017 (0.0227) 0.0028 (0.0232) -0.0011 (0.0020) 11,789 0.98921 11,789 0.96749 11,780 0.98018 11,789 0.93190 II. Public Bachelors Colleges Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 0.0324 (0.0261) 0.0560 (16.52) 0.0053 (0.0291) -0.0024 (0.0026) 2,316 0.99331 2,316 0.98415 2,316 0.99483 2,316 0.94492 III. Community Colleges Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 -0.0096 (0.0170) -0.0105 (0.0325) 0.0317 (0.0328) 0.0015 (0.0020) 4,016 0.98899 4,016 0.96061 4,012 0.97981 4,016 0.91643 Clustered Institution standard-errors in parentheses Signif. Codes: ***: 0.01, **: 0.05, *: 0.1 Notes: Models (1)-(3) are logged outcome variables so the interpretation of coefficients is percent changes. All models include the full set of controls, namely institution fixed effects, state by year fixed effects, baseline 2009 county unemployment rate and median household income time trends, county college age population (15-29), county 8th grade standardized math scores, and regional gas prices. Source: IPEDS, 2005-2019. Table 5: Full/Part Time Enrollment and Graduation Rates at Public Associates Programs Outcome Variables: Model: Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 Full Time Enrollment all ages (1) 18-19 (2) 20-21 (3) -0.0508∗∗ (0.0247) 0.0317 (0.0370) -0.0777∗∗ (0.0308) 3,327 0.98509 3,327 0.97194 3,327 0.97863 Part Time Enrollment 25+ (4) all ages (5) 20-21 (7) 25+ (8) -0.0252 -0.0151 0.0058 (0.0317) (0.0247) (0.0411) -0.0089 (0.0344) 0.0165 (0.0285) 0.0002 -0.0085 (0.0084) (0.0078) -0.0087∗ (0.0050) 3,327 0.97496 3,326 0.98587 3,326 0.98718 3,059 0.86227 3,059 0.72113 3,327 0.98758 18-19 (6) Graduation Rate 3,322 0.97325 2 Year (9) 3 Year (10) 3,059 0.89307 2-3 Year (11) Clustered Institution standard-errors in parentheses Signif. Codes: ***: 0.01, **: 0.05, *: 0.1 Notes: Models (1)-(8) are logged outcome variables so the interpretation of coefficients is percent changes. All models include the full set of controls, namely institution fixed effects, state by year fixed effects, baseline 2009 county unemployment rate and median household income time trends, county college age population (15-29), county 8th grade standardized math scores, and regional gas prices. Source: IPEDS, 2005-2019. 45 Table 6: Educational Outcomes by Subgroups at Public Associates Programs Annual Enrollment Subgroup: Model: Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 3 Year Grad Rate Male (1) Female (2) Male (3) -0.0015 (0.0204) -0.0136 (0.0177) -0.0111 -0.0089 (0.0092) (0.0090) 4,016 0.98712 4,016 0.98921 3,059 0.87670 Annual Enrollment Female (4) White (5) Asian (7) Hispanic (8) Native (9) -0.0182 -0.0182 (0.0221) (0.0290) -0.0207 (0.0613) 0.0168 (0.0394) -0.0757 (0.0571) 4,016 0.97749 4,014 0.97871 4,010 0.98552 4,012 0.95138 3,059 0.86188 Black (6) 4,016 0.98908 Clustered Institution standard-errors in parentheses Signif. Codes: ***: 0.01, **: 0.05, *: 0.1 Notes: Models (1),(2), and (5)-(9) are logged outcome variables so the interpretation of coefficients is percent changes. All models include the full set of controls, namely institution fixed effects, state by year fixed effects, baseline 2009 county unemployment rate and median household income time trends, county college age population (15-29), county 8th grade standardized math scores, and regional gas prices. Source: IPEDS, 2005-2019. Table 7: Income and Educational Outcomes Regression Dependent Variables: Model: Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 Within R2 Income (1) Weekly Hours Wage/Salary % Undergrad Enrollment (2) (3) (4) % College Dropout (5) -0.0099 (0.0152) -0.0114∗ (0.0063) -0.0258 (0.0186) -0.0031 (0.0038) 0.0026 (0.0049) 3,071 0.80125 0.05647 3,071 0.58052 0.03846 3,071 0.77845 0.05019 1,994 0.86293 0.03610 1,994 0.79798 0.04215 Clustered CBSA standard-errors in parentheses Signif. Codes: ***: 0.01, **: 0.05, *: 0.1 Note: Models (1)-(3) are logged outcome variables so the interpretation of coefficients is percent changes. All models include the full set of controls, namely CBSA fixed effects, state by year fixed effects, baseline 2009 CBSA unemployment rate and median household income time trends, county college age population (15-29), county 8th grade standardized math scores, and regional gas prices. Source: 1-yr American Community Survey, 2009-2019 Table 8: Income Measures by Highest Degree Highest Education Level Dependent Variables: Model: Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 Within R2 Associates Bachelors No Degree Income (1) Wage/Salary (2) Weekly Hours (3) Income (4) Wage/Salary (5) Weekly Hours (6) Income (7) Wage/Salary (8) Weekly Hours (9) -0.0227 (0.0467) -0.0138 (0.0595) -0.0212 (0.0190) -0.0252 (0.0489) -0.0214 (0.0464) -0.0221∗∗ (0.0100) 0.0054 (0.0223) 0.0196 (0.0331) 0.0144 (0.0104) 2,903 0.40455 0.03222 2,903 0.37794 0.03363 2,898 0.40718 0.05283 2,903 0.41565 0.02891 2,903 0.41875 0.02930 2,902 0.39126 0.06972 2,903 0.73106 0.03985 2,903 0.68549 0.03374 2,903 0.63712 0.02753 Clustered CBSA standard-errors in parentheses Signif. Codes: ***: 0.01, **: 0.05, *: 0.1 Note: All models are logged outcome variables so the interpretation of coefficients is percent changes. All models include the full set of controls, namely CBSA fixed effects, state by year fixed effects, baseline 2009 CBSA unemployment rate and median household income time trends, county college age population (15-29), county 8th grade standardized math scores, and regional gas prices. Source: 1-yr American Community Survey, 2009-2019 46 Table 9: Income Regressions by Enrollment By Age Group Enrolled Dependent Variables: Model: Family Income (1) Not Enrolled Weekly Hours (2) Wage/Salary Family Income Weekly Hours (3) (4) (5) Wage/Salary (6) I. Ages 21-25 Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 0.0536 (0.0888) 0.0177 (0.0467) -0.1238 (0.1785) -0.0076 (0.0449) 0.0056 (0.0129) 0.0084 (0.0389) 1,875 0.59392 2,784 0.39554 2,841 0.39486 2,630 0.57407 2,840 0.50661 2,841 0.54534 II. Ages 31-35 Variables Uber Fit statistics Observations R2 -0.1459 (0.1003) -0.1032 (0.0647) 0.0287 (0.3652) 0.0069 (0.0290) -0.0215∗∗ (0.0102) -0.0607∗ (0.0337) 2,440 0.39410 2,618 0.36672 2,808 0.33883 2,841 0.59327 2,841 0.43444 2,841 0.61075 Clustered CBSA standard-errors in parentheses Signif. Codes: ***: 0.01, **: 0.05, *: 0.1 Notes: All models are logged outcome variables so the interpretation of coefficients is percent changes. All models include the full set of controls, namely CBSA fixed effects, state by year fixed effects, baseline 2009 CBSA unemployment rate and median household income time trends, county college age population (15-29), county 8th grade standardized math scores, and regional gas prices. Source: 1-yr American Community Survey, 2009-2019 47 References Atkin, David. 2016. “Endogenous skill acquisition and export manufacturing in Mexico.” American Economic Review 106 (8): 2046–85. 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