AP European History Unit 4 Quiz

AP‌‌European‌‌History‌‌Unit‌‌4‌‌Quiz‌ 1. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌was‌‌NOT‌‌a‌‌means‌‌that‌‌helped‌‌Enlightenment‌‌ideas‌‌spread‌‌beyond‌ the‌‌elite‌‌social‌‌classes?‌ a. Printing‌‌press‌ b. Salons‌ c. Lending‌‌libraries‌ d. Traveling‌‌preachers‌ 2. With‌‌the‌‌rising‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌science‌‌and‌‌spread‌‌of‌‌scientific‌‌ideas,‌‌philosophers‌‌began‌‌to‌ regard‌‌God‌‌as‌‌intertwined‌‌with‌‌the‌‌natural‌‌world.‌‌Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌religions‌‌is‌ considered‌‌a‌‌natural‌‌religion?‌ a. Pietism‌ b. Calvinism‌ c. Catholicism‌ d. Deism‌ 3. In‌‌1609,‌‌Johannes‌‌Kepler‌‌published‌‌his‌‌book‌‌The‌‌New‌‌Astronomy‌,‌‌which‌‌creates‌‌a‌‌model‌ of‌‌planetary‌‌movement‌‌based‌‌on‌‌collected‌‌data.‌‌Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌beliefs‌‌listed‌‌above‌‌did‌‌he‌ disprove?‌ I. II. III. The‌‌solar‌‌system‌‌is‌‌heliocentric‌ The‌‌Earth‌‌did‌‌not‌‌move‌ Planets‌‌rotate‌‌in‌‌epicycles‌ a. I,‌‌II,‌‌and‌‌III‌ b. II‌‌only‌ c. II‌‌and‌‌III‌ d. I‌‌and‌‌III‌ 4. “I‌‌think‌‌therefore‌‌I‌‌am”‌‌is‌‌a‌‌famous‌‌quote‌‌associated‌‌with‌‌the‌‌philosopher‌‌Rene‌‌Descartes.‌ What‌‌method‌‌of‌‌scientific‌‌reasoning‌‌did‌‌he‌‌promote?‌ a. Inductive‌‌reasoning‌ b. Rationalism‌ c. Empiricism‌ d. Skepticism‌ 5. Which‌‌of‌‌Greek‌‌physician‌‌Galen’s‌‌teachings‌‌did‌‌Enlightenment‌‌scientist‌‌William‌‌Harvey‌ prove‌‌incorrect?‌ I. Two‌‌systems‌‌of‌‌blood‌‌in‌‌which‌‌the‌‌arteries‌‌hold‌‌the‌‌blood‌‌for‌‌muscles‌‌while‌‌veins‌ hold‌‌the‌‌blood‌‌for‌‌the‌‌digestive‌‌system‌ II. III. Four‌‌humors:‌‌blood,‌‌yellow,‌‌black‌‌bile,‌‌phlegm‌ Treatments‌‌of‌‌bleeding‌‌and‌‌purging‌ a. II‌‌only‌ b. I‌‌and‌‌II‌ c. II‌‌and‌‌III‌ d. I,‌‌II,‌‌III‌ 6. What‌‌answer‌‌choice‌‌identifies‌‌the‌‌correct‌‌order‌‌of‌‌philosophers‌‌that‌‌matches‌‌up‌‌each‌ statement‌‌about‌‌the‌‌state‌‌of‌‌nature‌‌above‌‌to‌‌the‌‌philosopher‌‌that‌‌believed‌‌it?‌ I. II. Humans‌‌were‌‌compassionate‌‌to‌‌each‌‌other‌ III. Humans‌‌were‌‌always‌‌in‌‌conflict‌ Humans‌‌live‌‌in‌‌chaos,‌‌but‌‌not‌‌good‌‌or‌‌evil‌ a. Jean-Jacques‌‌Rousseau,‌‌Thomas‌‌Hobbes,‌‌John‌‌Locke‌ b. John‌‌Locke,‌‌Thomas‌‌Hobbes,‌‌Jean-Jacques‌‌Rousseau‌ c. Thomas‌‌Hobbes,‌‌John‌‌Locke,‌‌Jean-Jacques‌‌Rousseau‌ d. John‌‌Locke,‌‌Jean-Jacques‌‌Rousseau,‌‌Thomas‌‌Hobbes‌ 7. Keeping‌‌in‌‌mind‌‌his‌‌view‌‌on‌‌the‌‌social‌‌contract‌‌and‌‌the‌‌nature‌‌of‌‌man,‌‌what‌‌did‌‌Thomas‌ Hobbes‌‌believe‌‌was‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌the‌‌government?‌ a. Protect‌‌natural‌‌rights‌ b. Control‌‌the‌‌people‌ c. Follow‌‌the‌‌will‌‌of‌‌the‌‌people‌ d. Unify‌‌the‌‌people‌ 8. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌governmental‌‌actions‌‌would‌‌Enlightenment‌‌economist‌‌Adam‌ Smith‌‌have‌‌agreed‌‌with?‌ a. Banning‌‌foreign‌‌spice‌‌trade‌ b. Place‌‌tariffs‌‌on‌‌textile‌‌exports‌ c. Deregulation‌‌of‌‌alcohol‌‌industry‌ d. Providing‌‌subsidies‌‌to‌‌farmers‌ “Once‌‌it‌‌is‌‌demonstrated‌‌that‌‌man‌‌and‌‌woman‌‌are‌‌not,‌‌and‌‌should‌‌not‌‌be‌‌constituted‌‌the‌ same,‌‌either‌‌in‌‌character‌‌or‌‌in‌‌temperament,‌‌it‌‌follows‌‌that‌‌they‌‌should‌‌not‌‌have‌‌the‌‌same‌ education.‌‌In‌‌following‌‌the‌‌directions‌‌of‌‌nature‌‌they‌‌must‌‌act‌‌together‌‌but‌‌they‌‌should‌‌not‌‌do‌‌the‌ same‌‌things;‌‌their‌‌duties‌‌have‌‌a‌‌common‌‌end,‌‌but‌‌the‌‌duties‌‌themselves‌‌are‌‌different‌‌and‌ consequently‌‌also‌‌the‌‌tastes‌‌that‌‌direct‌‌them.‌‌After‌‌having‌‌tried‌‌to‌‌form‌‌the‌‌natural‌‌man,‌‌let‌‌us‌‌also‌ see,‌‌in‌‌order‌‌not‌‌to‌‌leave‌‌our‌‌work‌‌incomplete,‌‌how‌‌the‌‌woman‌‌is‌‌to‌‌be‌‌formed‌‌who‌‌suits‌‌this‌ man.”‌ -‌‌Jean-Jacques‌‌Rousseau,‌‌Emile,‌‌or‌‌On‌‌Education‌ 9. Refer‌‌to‌‌the‌‌passage‌‌above.‌‌Which‌‌figure‌‌from‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌published‌‌a‌‌book‌‌that‌ contained‌‌a‌‌rebuttal‌‌to‌‌Rousseau's‌‌view‌‌on‌‌women?‌ a. Mary‌‌Wollstonecraft‌ b. Margaret‌‌Cavendish‌ c. Maria‌‌Cunitz‌ d. Maria‌‌Margaretha‌‌Winckelmann‌‌(or‌‌Kirch)‌ 10. As‌‌the‌‌Agricultural‌‌Revolution‌‌allowed‌‌more‌‌crops‌‌to‌‌be‌‌grown‌‌with‌‌less‌‌manpower,‌‌less‌ human‌‌labor‌‌was‌‌needed‌‌on‌‌farms.‌‌These‌‌extra‌‌workers‌‌began‌‌moving‌‌into‌‌cities‌‌to‌‌find‌ work.‌‌Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌a‌‌common‌‌characteristic‌‌observed‌‌of‌‌these‌‌cities?‌ a. Poor‌‌sanitation‌ b. Increased‌‌awareness‌‌of‌‌poverty‌‌as‌‌a‌‌social‌‌issue‌ c. Few‌‌illegitimate‌‌births‌ d. Degradation‌‌of‌‌communal‌‌values‌ 11. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌an‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌the‌‌emergence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌middle‌‌class‌‌during‌‌the‌ Enlightenment‌‌era?‌ a. Luxury‌‌consumerism‌ b. Emergence‌‌of‌‌the‌‌suburbs‌ c. Leisure‌‌time‌ d. Efforts‌‌for‌‌poverty‌‌relief‌ 12. What‌‌was‌‌the‌‌biggest‌‌theme‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Neoclassicist‌‌art‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌period?‌ a. Catholic‌‌imagery‌ b. Leisure‌ c. Public‌‌life‌ d. Abstract‌‌scenes‌ 13. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌figures‌‌mainly‌‌depicted‌‌the‌‌elite‌‌in‌‌their‌‌artistic‌‌works?‌ a. Jacques-Louis‌‌David‌ b. Denis‌‌Diderot‌ c. Rembrandt‌‌Harmenszoon‌‌van‌‌Rijn‌ d. George‌‌Frideric‌‌Handel‌ 14. Which‌‌reform‌‌carried‌‌out‌‌by‌‌Joseph‌‌II‌‌of‌‌Austria‌‌did‌‌his‌‌mother,‌‌Maria‌‌Theresa,‌‌oppose‌ during‌‌her‌‌reign?‌ a. Religious‌‌toleration‌ b. Expansion‌‌of‌‌primary‌‌education‌ c. Limiting‌‌the‌‌power‌‌of‌‌the‌‌nobles‌ d. Aiding‌‌the‌‌serfs‌ 15. Although‌‌considered‌‌an‌‌Enlightened‌‌absolute‌‌ruler,‌‌what‌‌Enlightenment‌‌ideals‌‌did‌ Catherine‌‌the‌‌Great‌‌refuse‌‌to‌‌encourage‌‌in‌‌Russia?‌ a. Increase‌‌of‌‌education‌ b. Abolition‌‌of‌‌serfdom‌ c. Modernization‌‌of‌‌agriculture‌ d. The‌‌arts‌‌(theatre,‌‌painting,‌‌music)‌ 16. What‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌a‌‌reason‌‌that‌‌Frederick‌‌the‌‌Great‌‌of‌‌Prussia‌‌was‌‌such‌‌a‌‌successful‌ Enlightened‌‌monarch?‌ a. Strong‌‌Prussian‌‌military‌ b. Loyal‌‌nobles‌ c. Support‌‌from‌‌intellects‌ d. Elimination‌‌of‌‌Junkers‌ 17. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌choices‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌commonly‌‌attributed‌‌to‌‌the‌‌start‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Scientific‌ Revolution‌‌and,‌‌subsequently,‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment?‌ a. Revival‌‌of‌‌Ancient‌‌Greek‌‌and‌‌Romans‌‌works‌ b. Increased‌‌focus‌‌on‌‌following‌‌traditions‌ c. John‌‌Locke’s‌‌idea‌‌of‌‌natural‌‌rights‌ d. Concept‌‌of‌‌applying‌‌empiricism‌‌to‌‌all‌‌parts‌‌of‌‌life‌ 18. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌ideas‌‌is‌‌most‌‌prominently‌‌associated‌‌with‌‌Baron‌‌de‌‌Montesquieu?‌ a. Condemnation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌death‌‌penalty‌ b. Separation‌‌of‌‌powers‌ c. Separate‌‌spheres‌‌for‌‌the‌‌sexes‌ d. Religious‌‌tolerance‌ “It‌‌does‌‌not‌‌require‌‌great‌‌art,‌‌or‌‌magnificently‌‌trained‌‌eloquence,‌‌to‌‌prove‌‌that‌‌Christians‌‌should‌ tolerate‌‌each‌‌other.‌‌I,‌‌however,‌‌am‌‌going‌‌further:‌‌I‌‌say‌‌that‌‌we‌‌should‌‌regard‌‌all‌‌men‌‌as‌‌our‌ brothers.‌‌What?‌‌The‌‌Turk‌‌my‌‌brother?‌‌The‌‌Chinaman‌‌my‌‌brother?‌‌The‌‌Jew?‌‌The‌‌Siam?‌‌Yes,‌ without‌‌doubt;‌‌are‌‌we‌‌not‌‌all‌‌children‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same‌‌father‌‌and‌‌creatures‌‌of‌‌the‌‌same‌‌God?”‌ 19. What‌‌philosopher‌‌most‌‌likely‌‌wrote‌‌the‌‌passage‌‌above?‌ a. Voltaire‌ b. Mary‌‌Wollstonecraft‌ c. David‌‌Hume‌ d. Adam‌‌Smith‌ 20. The‌‌emergence‌‌of‌‌linens‌‌for‌‌home‌‌decoration,‌‌boudoirs‌‌(private‌‌sitting‌‌rooms‌‌for‌‌women),‌ and‌‌theatres‌‌reflects‌‌the‌‌emphasis‌‌and‌‌availability‌‌of‌‌what‌‌aspect‌‌of‌‌life‌‌that‌‌arose‌‌during‌ the‌‌Scientific‌‌Revolution‌‌and‌‌Enlightenment‌‌period?‌ a. Working‌‌in‌‌a‌‌capitalistic‌‌society‌ b. Education‌‌of‌‌classes‌‌beyond‌‌the‌‌elite‌ c. Leisure‌‌and‌‌luxury‌‌for‌‌the‌‌middle‌‌class‌ d. Abandonment‌‌of‌‌religion‌ Explanations‌ 1. D‌ Although‌‌traveling‌‌preachers‌‌were‌‌not‌‌a‌‌very‌‌common‌‌phenomenon‌‌during‌‌this‌ period,‌‌they‌‌most‌‌likely‌‌would‌‌not‌‌have‌‌been‌‌spreading‌‌the‌‌ideas‌‌of‌‌the‌ Enlightenment.‌‌The‌‌Enlightenment‌‌rejected‌‌many‌‌“revealed‌‌religions”,‌‌so‌‌these‌ preachers‌‌would‌‌most‌‌likely‌‌be‌‌condemning‌‌Enlightenment‌‌ideas.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌ A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌printing‌‌press‌‌allowed‌‌mass‌‌copies‌‌of‌‌books‌‌by‌ Enlightenment‌‌authors‌‌to‌‌be‌‌published‌‌and‌‌distributed.‌‌The‌‌greater‌‌number‌‌of‌‌total‌ copies‌‌allowed‌‌the‌‌books‌‌to‌‌be‌‌purchased‌‌by‌‌people‌‌besides‌‌the‌‌elite.‌‌Answer‌ choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌salons‌‌allowed‌‌many‌‌French‌‌Enlightenment‌‌elite‌‌to‌ converse‌‌amongst‌‌themselves‌‌and‌‌commoners‌‌to‌‌spread‌‌and‌‌discuss‌‌the‌‌ideas‌‌of‌ the‌‌Enlightenment.‌‌Additionally,‌‌women‌‌would‌‌host‌‌these‌‌events‌‌and‌‌regulate‌‌the‌ conversations.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌lending‌‌libraries‌‌allowed‌ commoners‌‌to‌‌consume‌‌books‌‌because‌‌they‌‌were‌‌able‌‌to‌‌get‌‌them‌‌for‌‌free.‌ Otherwise,‌‌they‌‌would‌‌have‌‌used‌‌that‌‌money‌‌for‌‌a‌‌different‌‌priority.‌ 2. D‌ The‌‌Enlightenment‌‌brought‌‌many‌‌philosophers‌‌(e.g.‌‌Voltaire,‌‌Isaac‌‌Newton,‌ Benedict‌‌Spinoza)‌‌to‌‌reject‌‌“revealed‌‌religions”‌‌or‌‌religions‌‌that‌‌had‌‌been‌‌passed‌ to‌‌humans‌‌through‌‌divine‌‌intervention.‌‌Instead,‌‌they‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌nature‌‌was‌‌the‌ source‌‌of‌‌religion.‌‌Answer‌‌choices‌‌A,‌‌B,‌‌and‌‌C‌‌are‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌they‌‌are‌‌all‌ revealed‌‌religions.‌ 3. C‌ Kepler‌‌proved‌‌that‌‌Earth‌‌was‌‌not‌‌fixed‌‌in‌‌place‌‌and‌‌that‌‌planetary‌‌rotation‌‌was‌‌not‌ circular‌‌(epicycle),‌‌but‌‌in‌‌an‌‌oval‌‌shape.‌‌He‌‌also‌‌proved‌‌that‌‌the‌‌sun‌‌is‌‌the‌‌center‌ of‌‌the‌‌solar‌‌system‌‌(heliocentric).‌‌Therefore,‌‌answers‌‌A,‌‌B,‌‌and‌‌D‌‌are‌‌incorrect.‌ 4. B‌ Rationalism‌‌involves‌‌creating‌‌theories‌‌based‌‌on‌‌reason‌‌and‌‌login.‌‌Rousseau's‌ quote,‌‌“I‌‌think‌‌therefore‌‌I‌‌am”,‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌him‌‌trusting‌‌nothing‌‌but‌‌his‌‌own‌‌mind.‌ Answer‌‌choices‌‌A‌‌and‌‌C‌‌both‌‌refer‌‌to‌‌similar‌‌concepts‌‌that‌‌use‌‌the‌‌5‌‌senses‌‌or‌ evidence‌‌to‌‌create‌‌and‌‌test‌‌a‌‌theory.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌the‌‌uncertainty‌ about‌‌whether‌‌or‌‌not‌‌religion‌‌is‌‌real.‌ 5. D‌ All‌‌three‌‌of‌‌the‌‌options‌‌listed‌‌were‌‌proven‌‌false‌‌by‌‌William‌‌Harvey‌‌through‌‌his‌ experimentation‌‌and‌‌exploration‌‌of‌‌human‌‌anatomy.‌‌He‌‌is‌‌most‌‌known‌‌for‌‌his‌ discovery‌‌of‌‌the‌‌circulation‌‌of‌‌blood.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌vastly‌‌different‌‌from‌‌Galen’s‌ teachings,‌‌and‌‌stated‌‌that‌‌all‌‌blood‌‌is‌‌in‌‌one‌‌system‌‌and‌‌flows‌‌in‌‌one‌‌direction‌ through‌‌the‌‌heart.‌‌Answer‌‌choices‌‌A,‌‌B,‌‌and‌‌C‌‌can‌‌be‌‌proven‌‌incorrect‌‌using‌‌the‌ information‌‌stated‌‌previously.‌ 6. A‌ Jean-Jacques‌‌described‌‌humans‌‌in‌‌nature‌‌(without‌‌society)‌‌as‌‌“noble‌‌savages”.‌ This‌‌meant‌‌that‌‌although‌‌they‌‌did‌‌not‌‌understand‌‌right‌‌from‌‌wrong‌‌(morals),‌‌they‌ still‌‌cared‌‌for‌‌other‌‌humans.‌‌Thomas‌‌Hobbes,‌‌on‌‌the‌‌other‌‌hand,‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌the‌ state‌‌of‌‌nature‌‌was‌‌“nasty,‌‌brutish,‌‌and‌‌short”.‌‌He‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌because‌‌men‌ naturally‌‌wanted‌‌to‌‌dominate‌‌each‌‌other,‌‌they‌‌were‌‌in‌‌a‌‌constant‌‌state‌‌of‌‌warfare.‌ Finally,‌‌John‌‌Locke‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌in‌‌nature‌‌mankind‌‌was‌‌free,‌‌but‌‌this‌‌freedom‌‌led‌ to‌‌both‌‌kindness‌‌and‌‌fighting.‌‌Locke‌‌advocated‌‌that‌‌in‌‌order‌‌for‌‌people‌‌to‌‌live‌‌in‌‌a‌ civilized‌‌manner,‌‌it‌‌was‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌form‌‌governments.‌‌The‌‌advantages‌‌of‌‌a‌ civilized‌‌society‌‌were‌‌that‌‌man‌‌gained‌‌natural‌‌rights,‌‌so‌‌it‌‌was‌‌the‌‌role‌‌of‌‌the‌ government‌‌to‌‌protect‌‌them.‌‌Answer‌‌choices‌‌B,‌‌C,‌‌and‌‌D‌‌do‌‌not‌‌correctly‌‌match‌ up‌‌each‌‌philosopher‌‌with‌‌their‌‌ideas.‌ 7. B‌ Thomas‌‌Hobbes‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌man‌‌was‌‌evil‌‌by‌‌nature‌‌and‌‌constantly‌‌fighting‌‌each‌ other.‌‌Therefore,‌‌he‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌the‌‌government‌‌was‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌control‌‌them‌ and‌‌create‌‌laws‌‌to‌‌bring‌‌peace.‌‌He‌‌was‌‌a‌‌big‌‌proponent‌‌of‌‌absolute‌‌monarchies.‌ Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌aligns‌‌with‌‌philosopher‌‌John‌‌Locke’s‌‌belief‌‌of‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌ government,‌‌because‌‌he‌‌believed‌‌in‌‌representative‌‌governments.‌‌This‌‌was‌‌due‌‌to‌ his‌‌belief‌‌that‌‌by‌‌entering‌‌a‌‌civilized‌‌society,‌‌man‌‌gave‌‌up‌‌many‌‌personal‌ freedoms,‌‌but‌‌gained‌‌natural‌‌rights.‌‌Therefore,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌the‌‌role‌‌of‌‌government‌‌to‌ secure‌‌these‌‌natural‌‌rights.‌‌Answer‌‌choices‌‌C‌‌and‌‌D‌‌align‌‌with‌‌the‌‌beliefs‌‌of‌ Jean-Jacques‌‌Rousseau‌‌who‌‌believed‌‌in‌‌democracies.‌ 8. C‌ Adam‌‌Smith‌‌believed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌policy‌‌of‌‌laissez-faire,‌‌or‌‌a‌‌“hands-off”‌‌approach‌‌to‌ government.‌‌He‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌the‌‌“invisible‌‌hand”‌‌of‌‌the‌‌free‌‌market‌‌would‌‌bring‌ about‌‌the‌‌greatest‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌public‌‌good‌‌and‌‌economic‌‌growth.‌‌This‌‌theory‌ suggests‌‌that‌‌individuals‌‌working‌‌in‌‌their‌‌own‌‌self-interest‌‌involuntarily‌‌help‌ others.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌the‌‌only‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌answer‌‌choices‌‌that‌‌involves‌ reduced‌‌government‌‌involvement‌‌in‌‌the‌‌economy.‌‌Answer‌‌choices‌‌A,‌‌B,‌‌and‌‌D‌ are‌‌all‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌government‌‌is‌‌exerting‌‌greater‌‌influence‌‌over‌‌the‌ market‌‌in‌‌those‌‌scenarios.‌ 9. A‌ In‌‌1792,‌‌Wollstonecraft‌‌published‌‌Vindication‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Rights‌‌of‌‌Women,‌‌in‌‌which‌ she‌‌outlines‌‌her‌‌feminist‌‌view‌‌on‌‌the‌‌role‌‌of‌‌women‌‌in‌‌society‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌the‌ importance‌‌of‌‌female‌‌education.‌‌Included‌‌in‌‌the‌‌book‌‌are‌‌several‌‌arguments‌ against‌‌writings‌‌of‌‌Enlightenment‌‌philosophers‌‌such‌‌as‌‌Rousseau‌‌who‌‌believed‌ women‌‌do‌‌not‌‌need‌‌to‌‌be‌‌educated.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌ although‌‌Cavendish‌‌helped‌‌bring‌‌women‌‌into‌‌the‌‌sciences‌‌by‌‌being‌‌the‌‌only‌ woman‌‌from‌‌the‌‌17‌th‌‌ ‌century‌‌allowed‌‌in‌‌a‌‌Royal‌‌Society‌‌of‌‌London‌‌meeting,‌‌her‌ writings‌‌were‌‌mostly‌‌of‌‌natural‌‌philosophy.‌‌Answer‌‌choices‌‌C‌‌and‌‌D‌‌are‌‌incorrect‌ because‌‌these‌‌women’s‌‌achievements‌‌and‌‌writings‌‌were‌‌related‌‌to‌‌astronomy,‌‌not‌ women’s‌‌rights.‌ 10. C‌ As‌‌people‌‌moved‌‌into‌‌the‌‌cities,‌‌traditional‌‌morals‌‌began‌‌to‌‌fade.‌‌The‌‌number‌‌of‌ illegitimate‌‌births‌‌increased‌‌as‌‌a‌‌whole‌‌during‌‌the‌‌18‌th‌‌ ‌century,‌‌but‌‌most‌ prominently‌‌in‌‌cities.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌cities‌‌often‌‌did‌‌not‌ have‌‌proper‌‌sewer‌‌systems,‌‌so‌‌cities‌‌were‌‌unable‌‌to‌‌maintain‌‌a‌‌standard‌‌of‌ sanitation.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌increased‌‌prominence‌‌of‌‌the‌ city‌‌populations‌‌brought‌‌about‌‌awareness‌‌for‌‌the‌‌issue.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌ incorrect‌‌because‌‌people‌‌living‌‌in‌‌cities‌‌did‌‌not‌‌feel‌‌a‌‌sense‌‌of‌‌community‌‌that‌ people‌‌living‌‌in‌‌rural‌‌areas‌‌did.‌‌For‌‌this‌‌reason,‌‌they‌‌often‌‌viewed‌‌those‌‌living‌ around‌‌them‌‌as‌‌strangers‌‌and‌‌were‌‌far‌‌less‌‌compassionate‌‌to‌‌each‌‌other.‌ 11. B‌ The‌‌concept‌‌of‌‌suburbs‌‌did‌‌not‌‌come‌‌into‌‌existence‌‌until‌‌the‌‌20‌th‌‌ ‌century,‌‌so‌‌they‌ were‌‌not‌‌a‌‌significant‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌the‌‌middle‌‌class‌‌during‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment.‌‌Answer‌ choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌having‌‌a‌‌wider‌‌middle-class‌‌audience‌‌willing‌‌to‌ purchase‌‌goods‌‌allowed‌‌manufacturers‌‌to‌‌create‌‌luxury‌‌goods‌‌aimed‌‌at‌‌the‌‌group.‌ This‌‌led‌‌to‌‌the‌‌development‌‌and‌‌popularization‌‌of‌‌luxury‌‌consumerism‌‌as‌ middle-class‌‌families‌‌consumed‌‌goods‌‌in‌‌an‌‌attempt‌‌to‌‌copy‌‌the‌‌lifestyle‌‌of‌‌the‌ elite‌‌class.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌aimed‌‌to‌‌use‌ reason‌‌and‌‌logic‌‌in‌‌science‌‌to‌‌make‌‌the‌‌average‌‌person’s‌‌life‌‌easier.‌‌New‌ innovations‌‌and‌‌reform‌‌opened‌‌up‌‌more‌‌hours‌‌common‌‌people‌‌could‌‌spend‌‌as‌ leisure‌‌time.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌developing‌‌middle‌‌class‌ was‌‌able‌‌to‌‌see‌‌first-hand‌‌the‌‌suffering‌‌of‌‌those‌‌in‌‌poverty.‌‌For‌‌almost‌‌all‌‌of‌ history,‌‌the‌‌elite‌‌had‌‌been‌‌detached‌‌from‌‌the‌‌lives‌‌of‌‌the‌‌lower‌‌classes,‌‌but‌ middle-class‌‌families‌‌were‌‌more‌‌willing‌‌to‌‌provide‌‌aid‌‌to‌‌those‌‌suffering.‌ 12. C‌ Until‌‌1750,‌‌most‌‌Baroque‌‌art‌‌contained‌‌royalty‌‌or‌‌religious‌‌subjects.‌‌However,‌‌the‌ influence‌‌of‌‌Enlightenment‌‌ideas‌‌caused‌‌a‌‌new‌‌era‌‌of‌‌artwork‌‌–‌‌Neoclassicism.‌ Neoclassicism‌‌focused‌‌on‌‌everyday‌‌people‌‌and‌‌public‌‌morals‌‌in‌‌accordance‌‌with‌ Enlightenment‌‌focus‌‌on‌‌a‌‌more‌‌secular‌‌society.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌ because‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌brought‌‌forth‌‌the‌‌idea‌‌that‌‌religion‌‌was‌‌a‌‌private‌‌matter‌ and‌‌often‌‌rejected‌‌revealed‌‌religions,‌‌therefore‌‌the‌‌Neoclassicist‌‌art‌‌of‌‌the‌ Enlightenment‌‌period‌‌tended‌‌to‌‌shy‌‌away‌‌from‌‌religion‌‌as‌‌a‌‌subject.‌‌Answer‌ choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌themes‌‌such‌‌as‌‌leisure‌‌and‌‌family‌‌life‌‌were‌‌more‌ associated‌‌with‌‌Rococo‌‌art‌‌than‌‌Neoclassicist‌‌art.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌ because‌‌the‌‌Abstract‌‌art‌‌movement‌‌did‌‌not‌‌begin‌‌until‌‌around‌‌the‌‌1940s.‌ 13. D‌ George‌‌Frideric‌‌Handel‌‌was‌‌a‌‌famous‌‌Baroque‌‌composer‌‌who‌‌was‌‌known‌‌for‌‌his‌ performances‌‌in‌‌front‌‌of‌‌royalty‌‌and‌‌nobility.‌‌He‌‌did‌‌not‌‌present‌‌his‌‌art‌‌to‌‌the‌ common‌‌man.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌Jacques-Louis‌‌David‌‌was‌‌a‌ painter‌‌who‌‌primarily‌‌painted‌‌historical‌‌scenes‌‌that‌‌did‌‌not‌‌have‌‌the‌‌same‌‌frivolity‌ found‌‌in‌‌art‌‌pieces‌‌commissioned‌‌for‌‌the‌‌elite.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌ because‌‌Denis‌‌Diderot‌‌wrote‌‌Encylopedie‌‌‌(1751)‌‌to‌‌compile‌‌knowledge‌‌so‌‌that‌ the‌‌people‌‌could‌‌educate‌‌themselves.‌‌It‌‌was‌‌not‌‌targeted‌‌towards‌‌the‌‌elite.‌‌Answer‌ choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌Rembrandt‌‌Harmenszoon‌‌van‌‌Rijn‌‌often‌‌created‌ portraits‌‌that‌‌depicted‌‌commoners.‌ 14. A‌ Although‌‌Joseph‌‌II‌‌of‌‌Austria‌‌was‌‌a‌‌more‌‌radical‌‌Enlightened‌‌absolute‌‌monarch‌ than‌‌his‌‌mother‌‌Maria‌‌Theresa‌‌of‌‌Austria,‌‌he‌‌mostly‌‌took‌‌a‌‌more‌‌radical‌‌approach‌ to‌‌the‌‌reforms‌‌she‌‌began.‌‌She‌‌began‌‌the‌‌expansion‌‌of‌‌primary‌‌education‌‌(choice‌ B)‌‌and‌‌he‌‌continued‌‌her‌‌reforms‌‌with‌‌additions‌‌such‌‌as‌‌offering‌‌scholarships‌‌for‌‌a‌ select‌‌few‌‌poor‌‌students.‌‌Maria‌‌Theresa‌‌began‌‌limiting‌‌the‌‌power‌‌of‌‌the‌‌nobles‌‌by‌ increasing‌‌the‌‌authority‌‌of‌‌the‌‌bureaucracy‌‌(answer‌‌choice‌‌C)‌‌during‌‌her‌‌reign‌‌and‌ Joseph‌‌II‌‌extended‌‌this‌‌reform‌‌by‌‌placing‌‌land‌‌taxes‌‌on‌‌the‌‌nobles.‌‌Maria‌‌Theresa‌ limited‌‌how‌‌much‌‌labor‌‌the‌‌nobles,‌‌who‌‌owned‌‌the‌‌estates‌‌upon‌‌which‌‌the‌‌serfs‌ worked,‌‌could‌‌require‌‌them‌‌to‌‌do.‌‌Joseph‌‌II,‌‌in‌‌turn,‌‌abolished‌‌the‌‌serfdom‌‌system‌ (feudal‌‌system).‌‌However,‌‌Maria‌‌Theresa‌‌was‌‌a‌‌devout‌‌Catholic‌‌who‌‌refused‌‌to‌ extend‌‌religious‌‌freedoms‌‌during‌‌her‌‌reign.‌‌Joseph‌‌II,‌‌on‌‌the‌‌other‌‌hand,‌ implemented‌‌policies‌‌of‌‌religious‌‌toleration‌‌such‌‌as‌‌allowing‌‌schools‌‌for‌‌the‌ Jewish.‌ 15. B‌ Catherine‌‌the‌‌Great‌‌was‌‌considered‌‌an‌‌Enlightened‌‌absolutism‌‌monarch‌‌due‌‌to‌‌her‌ interest‌‌in‌‌Enlightenment‌‌philosophes‌‌(i.e.‌‌Voltaire,‌‌Diderot)‌‌and‌‌Enlightenment‌ teachings.‌‌However,‌‌the‌‌“reforms”‌‌she‌‌implemented‌‌in‌‌her‌‌country‌‌often‌‌did‌‌not‌ acknowledge‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌belief‌‌in‌‌improving‌‌the‌‌lives‌‌of‌‌the‌‌common‌ people.‌‌Her‌‌changes‌‌to‌‌Russian‌‌society‌‌were‌‌more‌‌an‌‌attempt‌‌to‌‌“modernize”‌ Russia‌‌in‌‌accordance‌‌with‌‌European‌‌nations‌‌than‌‌for‌‌the‌‌purpose‌‌of‌‌improving‌‌the‌ lives‌‌of‌‌the‌‌people.‌‌As‌‌a‌‌result,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌seen‌‌that‌‌Catherine‌‌the‌‌Great‌‌did‌‌not‌‌attempt‌‌to‌ abolish‌‌serfdom,‌‌the‌‌feudal‌‌system‌‌in‌‌which‌‌workers‌‌are‌‌forever‌‌bound‌‌to‌‌the‌‌lord‌ of‌‌the‌‌estate,‌‌during‌‌her‌‌reign.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌Catherine‌ attempted‌‌to‌‌increase‌‌education‌‌throughout‌‌Russia,‌‌but‌‌was‌‌only‌‌able‌‌to‌‌increase‌ the‌‌number‌‌of‌‌primary‌‌and‌‌secondary‌‌schools‌‌in‌‌the‌‌country.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌C‌‌is‌ incorrect‌‌because‌‌Catherine’s‌‌implementation‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Free‌‌Economic‌‌Society‌ helped‌‌modernize‌‌agriculture‌‌in‌‌Russia.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌ Catherine‌‌strove‌‌to‌‌make‌‌the‌‌city‌‌of‌‌St.‌‌Petersburg‌‌as‌‌alluring‌‌as‌‌Louis‌‌XIV’s‌ Versailles‌‌Palace,‌‌so‌‌she‌‌encouraged‌‌arts‌‌such‌‌as‌‌theatre,‌‌painting,‌‌and‌‌music.‌ 16. D‌ The‌‌Junkers‌‌were‌‌the‌‌Prussian‌‌nobility‌‌that‌‌owned‌‌large‌‌estates.‌‌Frederick‌‌was‌ able‌‌to‌‌succeed‌‌in‌‌many‌‌of‌‌his‌‌reforms‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌fact‌‌that‌‌the‌‌Junkers‌‌supplied‌‌the‌ military.‌‌In‌‌fact,‌‌Frederick‌‌was‌‌unable‌‌to‌‌reduce‌‌the‌‌suffering‌‌of‌‌serfs‌‌to‌‌the‌‌extent‌ he‌‌wished‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌‌maintain‌‌his‌‌relationship‌‌with‌‌the‌‌Junkers.‌‌The‌‌Junkers‌‌used‌ the‌‌Prussian‌‌serfs‌‌to‌‌run‌‌and‌‌work‌‌in‌‌their‌‌estates.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌ because‌‌the‌‌strength‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Prussian‌‌military‌‌allowed‌‌Frederick‌‌the‌‌Great‌‌to‌‌win‌ several‌‌battles‌‌and‌‌prevent‌‌uprisings‌‌when‌‌he‌‌implemented‌‌reforms.‌‌Answer‌ choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because,‌‌as‌‌established,‌‌the‌‌Prussian‌‌nobility‌‌was‌‌critical‌‌to‌ Frederick‌‌the‌‌Great’s‌‌success.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌Frederick‌‌the‌ Great‌‌supported‌‌many‌‌intellects‌‌(ex.‌‌Voltaire)‌‌and‌‌in‌‌response,‌‌these‌‌intellectuals‌ supported‌‌his‌‌reforms.‌ 17. B‌ A‌‌major‌‌part‌‌of‌‌both‌‌the‌‌Scientific‌‌Revolution‌‌and‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌was‌ rejecting‌‌tradition‌‌and‌‌forming‌‌new‌‌ideas‌‌about‌‌the‌‌world.‌‌This‌‌idea‌‌can‌‌be‌‌seen‌‌in‌ the‌‌rejection‌‌of‌‌the‌‌old‌‌“revealed‌‌religions”‌‌amongst‌‌philosophers‌‌and‌‌the‌ popularization‌‌of‌‌“natural‌‌religions”‌‌in‌‌the‌‌movement.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌ incorrect‌‌because‌‌many‌‌of‌‌the‌‌ideas‌‌that‌‌influenced‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌came‌‌from‌ Ancient‌‌Greek‌‌and‌‌Roman‌‌writings.‌‌The‌‌works‌‌of‌‌Aristotle,‌‌for‌‌example,‌ influenced‌‌philosophers‌‌to‌‌apply‌‌logic‌‌to‌‌their‌‌thinking‌‌to‌‌discover‌‌new‌ information.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌popularization‌‌of‌‌the‌‌idea‌ of‌‌natural‌‌rights‌‌suggested‌‌that‌‌improving‌‌human‌‌life‌‌on‌‌Earth‌‌should‌‌be‌‌a‌‌focus‌ of‌‌society,‌‌not‌‌just‌‌the‌‌afterlife.‌‌This‌‌influenced‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌ideals‌‌of‌‌reform‌ and‌‌religious‌‌toleration.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌idea‌‌of‌ empiricism‌‌strengthened‌‌the‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌data‌‌and‌‌evidence‌‌as‌‌proof‌‌for‌ scientific‌‌ideas,‌‌which‌‌brought‌‌about‌‌many‌‌new‌‌discoveries.‌‌This‌‌same‌‌concept‌ was‌‌applied‌‌to‌‌other‌‌aspects‌‌of‌‌life‌‌such‌‌as‌‌religion.‌ 18. B‌ In‌‌1748,‌‌Montesquieu‌‌wrote‌‌The‌‌Spirit‌‌of‌‌Laws‌‌‌which‌‌discussed‌‌how‌‌the‌‌British‌ government’s‌‌separation‌‌of‌‌powers‌‌was‌‌an‌‌important‌‌concept‌‌that‌‌should‌‌be‌ promoted‌‌in‌‌other‌‌governments‌‌as‌‌well.‌‌He‌‌especially‌‌emphasized‌‌how‌‌separation‌ of‌‌powers‌‌would‌‌function‌‌in‌‌the‌‌judicial‌‌branch‌‌(i.e.‌‌suggesting‌‌a‌‌greater‌‌degree‌‌of‌ justice).‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌commonly‌‌attributed‌‌to‌‌Cesare‌‌Beccaria‌‌from‌‌his‌ book‌‌On‌‌Crimes‌‌and‌‌Punishments‌‌‌(1764).‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌attributed‌‌to‌ Jean-Jacques‌‌Rousseau‌‌in‌‌his‌‌book‌‌Emile‌‌‌(1762)‌‌in‌‌which‌‌he‌‌explained‌‌that‌‌men‌ and‌‌women‌‌have‌‌different‌‌roles‌‌in‌‌society,‌‌and‌‌that‌‌women‌‌should‌‌be‌‌submissive‌ to‌‌men.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌‌mostly‌‌credited‌‌to‌‌Voltaire‌‌in‌‌his‌‌books‌‌Candide‌ (1759)‌‌and‌‌Treatise‌‌on‌‌Toleration‌‌‌(1763).‌ 19. A‌ Voltaire‌‌was‌‌a‌‌strong‌‌advocate‌‌of‌‌universal‌‌tolerance.‌‌Although‌‌he‌‌was‌‌highly‌ critical‌‌of‌‌religion‌‌(especially‌‌Catholicism),‌‌he‌‌still‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌in‌‌order‌‌to‌ promote‌‌free‌‌thought‌‌for‌‌everyone‌‌it‌‌was‌‌necessary‌‌to‌‌allow‌‌people‌‌to‌‌believe‌‌in‌ anything‌‌they‌‌wanted‌‌to‌‌believe.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌not‌‌correct‌‌because‌‌Mary‌ Wollstonecraft‌‌was‌‌more‌‌widely‌‌recognized‌‌for‌‌her‌‌advocacy‌‌of‌‌women’s‌‌rights.‌ Scholars‌‌still‌‌debate‌‌about‌‌her‌‌exact‌‌position‌‌on‌‌religion‌‌and‌‌toleration.‌‌Answer‌ choice‌‌C‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌David‌‌Hume‌‌was‌‌a‌‌philosopher‌‌mostly‌‌known‌‌for‌ his‌‌adamant‌‌belief‌‌in‌‌empiricism‌‌and‌‌his‌‌skepticism‌‌of‌‌religion.‌‌As‌‌a‌‌result,‌‌he‌ mostly‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌religious‌‌toleration‌‌should‌‌be‌‌based‌‌on‌‌the‌‌religion’s‌‌effect‌‌on‌ the‌‌peace‌‌in‌‌society.‌‌However,‌‌this‌‌viewpoint‌‌often‌‌excluded‌‌most‌‌religions‌‌from‌ toleration.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌‌not‌‌correct‌‌because‌‌Adam‌‌Smith‌‌is‌‌more‌‌famous‌ for‌‌his‌‌economic‌‌ideas.‌‌He‌‌supported‌‌capitalism,‌‌so‌‌he‌‌believed‌‌that‌‌religious‌ toleration‌‌in‌‌society‌‌would‌‌arise‌‌with‌‌increased‌‌competition‌‌between‌‌religions.‌ However,‌‌he‌‌did‌‌not‌‌explicitly‌‌state‌‌his‌‌belief‌‌in‌‌religious‌‌toleration.‌ 20. C‌ All‌‌of‌‌the‌‌items‌‌listed‌‌in‌‌the‌‌question‌‌are‌‌used‌‌for‌‌leisure‌‌or‌‌are‌‌luxury‌‌items.‌‌Prior‌ to‌‌the‌‌Scientific‌‌Revolution,‌‌many‌‌working‌‌class‌‌families‌‌were‌‌not‌‌able‌‌to‌‌afford‌ luxury‌‌items‌‌or‌‌spend‌‌time‌‌doing‌‌activities‌‌outside‌‌of‌‌work‌‌or‌‌religion.‌‌New‌ capitalist‌‌manufacturers‌‌focused‌‌on‌‌providing‌‌goods‌‌to‌‌the‌‌middle‌‌class‌‌while‌ philosophers‌‌of‌‌the‌‌Enlightenment‌‌emphasized‌‌the‌‌importance‌‌of‌‌private‌‌life,‌ which‌‌culminated.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌A‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌although‌‌the‌‌emergence‌ of‌‌capitalism‌‌was‌‌relevant‌‌to‌‌the‌‌luxury‌‌items‌‌consumed‌‌by‌‌middle‌‌class‌‌families,‌ it‌‌did‌‌not‌‌relate‌‌to‌‌how‌‌they‌‌spent‌‌their‌‌leisure‌‌time‌‌(ex.‌‌boudoirs‌‌and‌‌theatres).‌ Answer‌‌choice‌‌B‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌while‌‌there‌‌was‌‌a‌‌focus‌‌on‌‌educating‌‌the‌ lower‌‌classes,‌‌education‌‌levels‌‌did‌‌not‌‌relate‌‌to‌‌the‌‌purchase‌‌of‌‌luxury‌‌items‌‌by‌‌the‌ middle‌‌class.‌‌Answer‌‌choice‌‌D‌‌is‌‌incorrect‌‌because‌‌the‌‌middle‌‌class‌‌did‌‌not‌ completely‌‌abandon‌‌religion‌‌at‌‌this‌‌time,‌‌they‌‌simply‌‌participated‌‌to‌‌a‌‌lesser‌ extent.‌ Works‌‌Cited‌ Rousseau,‌‌Jean-Jacques.‌‌Emile,‌‌or‌‌On‌‌Education‌.‌‌1763.‌ Voltaire.‌‌Treatise‌‌on‌‌Toleration‌.‌‌1763.‌