AP Comparative Government and Politics Unit 1 Quiz

AP‌‌Comparative‌‌Government‌‌and‌‌Politics‌‌Unit‌‌1‌‌Quiz‌ 1. Throughout‌ ‌much‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌behavioral‌ ‌revolution,‌ ‌the‌ ‌study‌ ‌of‌ ‌comparative‌ ‌politics‌ ‌was‌ focused‌‌on‌ A. distinguishing‌‌correlation‌‌from‌‌causation.‌ B. gathering‌‌qualitative‌‌data‌‌to‌‌eliminate‌‌normative‌‌statements.‌ C. establishing‌‌scientific‌‌study‌‌methods‌‌to‌‌make‌‌generalizations‌‌about‌‌politics.‌ D. creating‌ ‌data‌ ‌collection‌ ‌resources‌ ‌to‌ ‌objectively‌ ‌describe‌ ‌different‌ ‌nations’‌ circumstances.‌ 2. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌data‌‌collection‌‌resources‌‌can‌‌overcome‌‌the‌‌limitations‌‌of‌‌GDP‌‌per‌ capita‌‌through‌‌accounting‌‌for‌‌income‌‌inequality?‌ A. The‌‌Human‌‌Development‌‌Index‌‌(HDI)‌ B. Gini‌‌Index‌‌or‌‌Gini‌‌Coefficient‌ C. Freedom‌‌House‌ D. Failed‌‌States‌‌Index‌ 3. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌requirements‌‌for‌‌a‌‌state?‌ A. A‌‌permanent‌‌population.‌ B. Governing‌‌institutions.‌ C. Control‌‌over‌‌a‌‌defined‌‌territory.‌ D. Free‌‌and‌‌fair‌‌elections.‌ 4. The‌‌most‌‌institutionalized‌‌of‌‌the‌‌political‌‌organizations‌‌is‌ A. a‌‌regime.‌ B. a‌‌state.‌ C. a‌‌nation.‌ D. a‌‌government.‌ 5. An‌‌authoritarian‌‌state‌‌is‌‌more‌‌likely‌‌than‌‌a‌‌democratic‌‌state‌‌to‌ A. exercise‌‌control‌‌over‌‌the‌‌media.‌ B. hold‌‌free‌‌and‌‌fair‌‌elections.‌ C. increase‌‌their‌‌transparency‌‌in‌‌governmental‌‌decision‌‌making.‌ D. exercise‌‌rule‌‌of‌‌law,‌‌not‌‌rule‌‌by‌‌law.‌ 6. Why‌ ‌do‌ ‌branches‌ ‌of‌ ‌government‌ ‌tend‌ ‌to‌ ‌be‌ ‌more‌ ‌independent‌ ‌in‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌states‌ compared‌‌to‌‌authoritarian‌‌states?‌ A. In‌‌order‌‌to‌‌encourage‌‌collaboration.‌ B. In‌‌order‌‌to‌‌make‌‌decisions‌‌more‌‌efficiently.‌ C. In‌‌order‌‌to‌‌create‌‌division‌‌of‌‌power.‌ D. In‌‌order‌‌to‌‌account‌‌for‌‌citizens’‌‌opinions.‌ 7. Creating‌‌gender‌‌or‌‌cultural‌‌quotas‌‌in‌‌electoral‌‌systems‌‌and‌‌lowering‌‌vote‌‌thresholds‌‌can‌‌be‌ a‌‌part‌‌of‌ A. modernization.‌ B. gaining‌‌political‌‌power.‌ C. gerrymandering.‌ D. democratization.‌ 8. Democratization‌‌can‌‌be‌‌stalled‌‌or‌‌reversed.‌‌Therefore,‌‌it‌‌is‌‌important‌‌to‌ A. undergo‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌consolidation,‌ ‌because‌ ‌reverting‌ ‌to‌ ‌authoritarianism‌ ‌will‌ become‌‌more‌‌difficult‌‌and‌‌thus‌‌more‌‌unlikely.‌ B. undergo‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌consolidation,‌ ‌because‌ ‌a‌ ‌collective‌ ‌agreement‌ ‌to‌ ‌democratize‌ will‌‌put‌‌pressure‌‌on‌‌the‌‌government.‌ C. create‌ ‌systems‌‌of‌‌accountability,‌‌because‌‌reverting‌‌to‌‌authoritarianism‌‌will‌‌become‌ more‌‌difficult‌‌and‌‌this‌‌more‌‌unlikely.‌ D. create‌‌systems‌‌of‌‌accountability,‌‌because‌‌a‌‌collective‌‌agreement‌‌to‌‌democratize‌‌will‌ put‌‌pressure‌‌on‌‌the‌‌government.‌ 9. China‌ ‌and‌ ‌Iran‌ ‌are‌ ‌both‌ ‌authoritarian‌ ‌states,‌ ‌but‌ ‌they‌ ‌have‌ ‌different‌ ‌sources‌ ‌of‌ ‌power.‌ Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌is‌‌most‌‌correct?‌ A. The‌ ‌Chinese‌ ‌government’s‌ ‌power‌ ‌is‌ ‌backed‌ ‌by‌ ‌Chinese‌ ‌entrepreneurs,‌ ‌while‌ ‌the‌ Iranian‌‌government‌‌is‌‌supported‌‌by‌‌military‌‌violence.‌ B. The‌ ‌Chinese‌ ‌government‌ ‌rules‌ ‌on‌ ‌its‌ ‌god-given‌ ‌right‌ ‌to‌ ‌rule,‌‌whereas‌‌the‌‌Iranian‌ government‌‌relies‌‌on‌‌revenue‌‌from‌‌oil‌‌exports.‌ C. The‌ ‌Chinese‌ ‌government‌‌is‌‌centered‌‌around‌‌one‌‌powerful‌‌individual,‌‌whereas‌‌the‌ Iranian‌‌government‌‌has‌‌a‌‌central‌‌party.‌ D. The‌ ‌Chinese‌ ‌government’s‌ ‌power‌ ‌comes‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌‌Communist‌‌Party(CCP/CPC)’s‌ control‌‌over‌‌the‌‌military,‌‌while‌‌Iran‌‌is‌‌a‌‌theocracy.‌ 10. The‌‌source‌‌of‌‌power‌‌and‌‌authority‌‌of‌‌the‌‌United‌‌Kingdom’s‌‌prime‌‌minister‌‌is‌ A. a‌‌powerful‌‌military.‌ B. constitutional‌‌reforms‌‌and‌‌devolution‌‌of‌‌power.‌ C. the‌‌monarch.‌ D. dictatorial‌‌rule.‌ 11. Regime‌‌changes‌‌can‌‌happen‌‌at‌‌a‌‌variety‌‌of‌‌speeds,‌‌ranging‌‌from‌‌incrementally‌‌to‌‌suddenly.‌ An‌‌example‌‌of‌‌the‌‌latter‌‌would‌‌be‌ A. elections.‌ B. constitutional‌‌reforms.‌ C. lines‌‌of‌‌succession.‌ D. coup‌‌d’etats.‌ 12. How‌‌a‌‌regime‌‌uses‌‌power‌‌to‌‌support‌‌sovereignty‌‌largely‌‌depends‌‌on‌ A. whether‌‌the‌‌citizens‌‌endorse‌‌the‌‌government.‌ B. how‌‌much‌‌money‌‌the‌‌regime‌‌has.‌ C. whether‌‌the‌‌regime‌‌is‌‌democratic‌‌or‌‌authoritarian.‌ D. whether‌‌the‌‌power‌‌was‌‌gained‌‌through‌‌revolutions.‌ 13. What‌‌is‌‌the‌‌difference‌‌between‌‌a‌‌federal‌‌state‌‌and‌‌a‌‌devolved‌‌unitary‌‌state?‌ A. A‌ ‌devolved‌ ‌unitary‌‌state‌‌is‌‌still‌‌fundamentally‌‌unitary‌‌according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌contents‌‌of‌ the‌‌constitution.‌ B. A‌‌federal‌‌state‌‌has‌‌more‌‌regional‌‌differences‌‌than‌‌a‌‌devolved‌‌unitary‌‌state.‌ C. A‌‌devolved‌‌unitary‌‌state‌‌gives‌‌each‌‌region‌‌less‌‌autonomy‌‌than‌‌a‌‌federal‌‌state.‌ D. There‌‌is‌‌no‌‌real‌‌difference‌‌besides‌‌nomenclature.‌ 14. Which‌‌item‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌lists‌‌ONLY‌‌‌federal‌‌states?‌ A. China,‌‌Mexico,‌‌Nigeria‌ B. Mexico,‌‌Nigeria,‌‌Russia‌ C. China,‌‌Iran,‌‌Russia‌ D. Nigeria,‌‌Iran,‌‌the‌‌United‌‌Kingdom‌ 15. Whether‌ ‌a‌ ‌government’s‌ ‌constituents‌ ‌believe‌ ‌their‌ ‌government‌ ‌has‌ ‌the‌ ‌right‌ ‌to‌ ‌carry‌ ‌out‌ their‌‌activities‌‌is‌‌called‌ A. power.‌ B. authority.‌ C. legitimacy.‌ D. political‌‌support.‌ 16. Which‌‌of‌‌the‌‌following‌‌is‌‌NOT‌‌‌a‌‌source‌‌of‌‌legitimacy?‌ A. Social‌‌issues.‌ B. Economic‌‌growth.‌ C. Ideology.‌ D. Nationalism.‌ 17. Why‌‌can‌‌devolution‌‌of‌‌power‌‌undermine‌‌legitimacy?‌ A. It‌‌promotes‌‌policy‌‌innovation‌‌and‌‌can‌‌increase‌‌political‌‌participation.‌ B. It‌‌can‌‌make‌‌policy‌‌implementation‌‌inefficient‌‌and‌‌time-consuming.‌ C. It‌‌can‌‌check‌‌the‌‌central‌‌government’s‌‌power.‌ D. It‌‌can‌‌create‌‌better‌‌representation‌‌for‌‌minority‌‌groups.‌ 18. Questions‌‌about‌‌the‌‌integrity‌‌of‌‌election‌‌results‌‌often‌ A. positively‌‌affect‌‌political‌‌efficacy.‌ B. weaken‌‌legitimacy.‌ C. undermine‌‌democratization.‌ D. weaken‌‌legitimacy‌‌AND‌‌undermine‌‌democratization.‌ 19. A‌‌factor‌‌that‌‌might‌‌positively‌‌affect‌‌political‌‌stability‌‌is‌ A. an‌‌increase‌‌in‌‌violent‌‌actors‌‌in‌‌their‌‌countries.‌ B. a‌‌decrease‌‌in‌‌private‌‌capital‌‌and‌‌foreign‌‌investment.‌ C. protest‌‌movements‌‌that‌‌oppose‌‌governmental‌‌policies.‌ D. internal‌‌reform‌‌pressure‌‌from‌‌civil‌‌society‌‌groups.‌ 20. Social‌ ‌cleavages‌ ‌may‌ ‌contribute‌ ‌to‌ ‌some‌ ‌groups‌ ‌desiring‌ ‌autonomy.‌ ‌Which‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ following‌‌states‌‌has‌‌NOT‌‌‌had‌‌separatist‌‌movements?‌ A. The‌‌United‌‌Kingdom.‌ B. China.‌ C. Mexico.‌ D. Russia.‌ Explanations‌ 1. C:‌‌establishing‌‌scientific‌‌study‌‌methods‌‌to‌‌make‌‌generalizations‌‌about‌‌politics.‌ ● “Establishing‌ ‌scientific‌ ‌study‌ ‌methods”‌ ‌refers‌ ‌to‌ ‌the‌ ‌fact‌ ‌that‌ ‌the‌ ‌behavioral‌ revolution‌ ‌emphasized‌ ‌approaching‌ ‌comparative‌ ‌politics‌ ‌as‌ ‌a‌ ‌science.‌ ‌“Making‌ generalizations‌‌about‌‌politics”‌‌was‌‌the‌‌ultimate‌‌goal‌‌of‌‌comparative‌‌politics.‌ ● Methods‌‌of‌‌Political‌‌Analysis,‌‌MPA;‌‌The‌‌Practice‌‌of‌‌Political‌‌Scientists,‌‌1.1‌ 2. B:‌‌Gini‌‌Index‌‌or‌‌Gini‌‌Coefficient‌ ● The‌ ‌Gini‌ ‌Index‌ ‌is‌ ‌a‌ ‌measure‌ ‌of‌ ‌the‌ ‌distribution‌‌of‌‌income‌‌(via‌‌measuring‌‌income‌ inequality‌‌or‌‌wealth‌‌inequality)‌‌across‌‌a‌‌population‌‌(‌Anderson,‌‌Investopedia‌).‌ ● Methods‌‌of‌‌Political‌‌Analysis,‌‌MPA;‌‌The‌‌Practice‌‌of‌‌Political‌‌Scientists,‌‌1.1‌ 3. D:‌‌Free‌‌and‌‌fair‌‌elections.‌ ● “Free‌‌and‌‌fair‌‌elections”‌‌is‌‌one‌‌of‌‌the‌‌requirements‌‌for‌‌a‌‌democracy.‌‌Requirements‌ for‌ ‌a‌ ‌state‌ ‌include:‌ ‌a‌ ‌permanent‌ ‌population,‌ ‌governing‌ ‌institutions,‌ ‌control‌ ‌over‌ ‌a‌ defined‌‌territory,‌‌and‌‌international‌‌recognition.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Defining‌‌Political‌‌Organizations,‌‌1.2‌ 4. B:‌‌a‌‌state.‌ ● In‌ ‌order‌ ‌from‌‌most‌‌to‌‌least‌‌institutionalized:‌‌state‌‌>‌‌regime‌‌>‌‌government.‌‌Nations‌ are‌ ‌generally‌ ‌excluded‌ ‌from‌‌this‌‌list‌‌because‌‌it‌‌is‌‌less‌‌concrete,‌‌i.e.‌‌it‌‌comprises‌‌of‌ cultural‌‌factors‌‌rather‌‌than‌‌institutional‌‌factors.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Defining‌‌Political‌‌Organizations,‌‌1.2‌ 5. A:‌‌exercise‌‌control‌‌over‌‌the‌‌media.‌ ● Democratic‌‌states‌‌are‌‌characterized‌‌by‌‌rule‌‌of‌‌law,‌‌less‌‌state‌‌influence‌‌on‌‌media,‌‌the‌ practice‌ ‌of‌ ‌free‌ ‌and‌ ‌fair‌ ‌elections,‌ ‌high‌ ‌transparency‌ ‌of‌ ‌governmental‌ ‌decision‌ making,‌‌and‌‌more‌‌citizen‌‌participation‌‌in‌‌government.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Democracy‌‌vs.‌‌Authoritarianism,‌‌1.3‌ 6. C:‌‌In‌‌order‌‌to‌‌create‌‌division‌‌of‌‌power.‌ ● Democratic‌‌states‌‌have‌‌more‌‌independent‌‌government‌‌branches‌‌because‌‌it‌‌creates‌‌a‌ checks‌‌and‌‌balances‌‌system,‌‌preventing‌‌one‌‌division‌‌from‌‌holding‌‌a‌‌majority‌‌of‌‌the‌ power.‌ ‌On‌ ‌the‌ ‌other‌ ‌hand,‌ ‌authoritarian‌ ‌states‌ ‌may‌ ‌have‌ ‌more‌ ‌interdependent‌ branches‌‌that‌‌are‌‌centered‌‌around‌‌one‌‌party,‌‌individual,‌‌religion,‌‌etc.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Democracy‌‌vs‌‌Authoritarianism,‌‌1.3‌ 7. D:‌‌democratization.‌ ● Democratic‌ ‌electoral‌ ‌systems‌ ‌aim‌ ‌to‌ ‌have‌ ‌equal‌ ‌treatment‌ ‌of‌ ‌citizens‌ ‌(gender‌‌and‌ cultural‌‌quotas)‌‌and‌‌have‌‌more‌‌competition,‌‌fairness,‌‌and‌‌transparency‌‌in‌‌elections‌ (lowering‌‌vote‌‌thresholds).‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Democratization,‌‌1.4‌ 8. A:‌ ‌undergo‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌consolidation,‌ ‌because‌ ‌reverting‌ ‌to‌ ‌authoritarianism‌ ‌will‌ ‌become‌ more‌‌difficult‌‌and‌‌thus‌‌more‌‌unlikely.‌ ● Democratic‌‌consolidation‌‌is‌‌the‌‌process‌‌by‌‌which‌‌a‌‌democratic‌‌regime‌‌matures.‌‌As‌ time‌ ‌passes,‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌processes‌ ‌settle‌ ‌down‌ ‌and‌ ‌face‌ ‌decreasing‌ ‌resistance.‌ Therefore,‌‌it‌‌makes‌‌sure‌‌that‌‌reversion‌‌back‌‌to‌‌authoritarianism‌‌is‌‌very‌‌difficult.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Democratization,‌‌1.4‌ 9. D:‌ ‌The‌ ‌Chinese‌ ‌government’s‌ ‌power‌ ‌comes‌ ‌from‌ ‌the‌ ‌Communist‌ ‌Party(CCP/CPC)’s‌ control‌‌over‌‌the‌‌military,‌‌while‌‌Iran‌‌is‌‌a‌‌theocracy.‌ ● The‌ ‌CCP‌ ‌(or‌ ‌CPC)‌ ‌controls‌ ‌China’s‌ ‌military,‌ ‌which‌ ‌is‌ ‌closely‌ ‌linked‌ ‌with‌ ‌the‌ government,‌ ‌which‌ ‌enforces‌ ‌regime‌ ‌stability.‌ ‌Iran‌‌rules‌‌on‌‌Islamic‌‌Sharia‌‌law‌‌and‌ has‌‌many‌‌Islamic‌‌institutions.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Sources‌‌of‌‌Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌1.5‌ 10. B:‌‌constitutional‌‌reforms‌‌and‌‌devolution‌‌of‌‌power.‌ ● The‌ ‌United‌ ‌Kingdom‌ ‌has‌ ‌historically‌ ‌limited‌ ‌the‌ ‌monarch’s‌ ‌power‌ ‌and‌ given(devolved)‌‌it‌‌to‌‌multiple‌‌parliaments‌‌through‌‌constitutional‌‌reforms.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Sources‌‌of‌‌Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌1.5‌ 11. D:‌‌coup‌‌d'etats.‌ ● Violent‌ ‌and‌ ‌quick‌ ‌means‌ ‌of‌ ‌changing‌ ‌power‌ ‌or‌ ‌authority‌ ‌include‌ ‌revolutions‌‌and‌ coup‌ ‌d’etats.‌ ‌However,‌ ‌changing‌ ‌power‌ ‌and‌ ‌authority‌ ‌can‌ ‌also‌ ‌happen‌ ‌slowly,‌ through‌‌elections‌‌and‌‌lines‌‌of‌‌succession.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Change‌‌in‌‌Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌1.6‌ 12. C:‌‌whether‌‌the‌‌regime‌‌is‌‌democratic‌‌or‌‌authoritarian.‌ ● How‌ ‌power‌ ‌is‌ ‌used‌ ‌to‌ ‌back‌ ‌sovereignty‌ ‌depends‌ ‌on‌ ‌a‌ ‌regime’s‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌or‌ authoritarian‌ ‌characteristics,‌ ‌whereby‌ ‌a‌ ‌democratic‌ ‌regime‌ ‌needs‌ ‌less‌ ‌power‌ ‌to‌ maintain‌‌sovereignty‌‌compared‌‌to‌‌authoritarian‌‌regimes.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Change‌‌in‌‌Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌1.6‌ 13. A:‌ ‌A‌ ‌devolved‌ ‌unitary‌ ‌state‌ ‌is‌‌still‌‌fundamentally‌‌unitary‌‌according‌‌to‌‌the‌‌contents‌‌of‌‌the‌ constitution.‌ ● In‌ ‌most‌ ‌states,‌ ‌the‌ ‌distinction‌ ‌between‌ ‌unitary‌ ‌and‌ ‌federal‌ ‌is‌ ‌made‌ ‌in‌ ‌the‌ constitution.‌ ‌Devolved‌ ‌unitary‌ ‌states‌ ‌still‌‌have‌‌the‌‌most‌‌of‌‌the‌‌power‌‌according‌‌to‌ their‌‌constitution;‌‌their‌‌autonomy‌‌and‌‌capacity‌‌still‌‌resides‌‌in‌‌the‌‌capital,‌‌it‌‌was‌‌just‌ “borrowed”‌‌by‌‌regional‌‌governments.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Federal‌‌and‌‌Unitary‌‌Systems,‌‌1.7‌ 14. B:‌‌Mexico,‌‌Nigeria,‌‌Russia‌ ● According‌‌to‌‌the‌‌AP‌‌curriculum,‌‌Mexico,‌‌Nigeria‌‌and‌‌Russia‌‌are‌‌federal‌‌states,‌‌and‌ China,‌‌Iran,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌United‌‌Kingdom‌‌are‌‌unitary‌‌states.‌‌There‌‌is‌‌a‌‌large‌‌dispute‌‌on‌ whether‌‌Russia‌‌is‌‌effectively‌‌federal‌‌or‌‌unitary.‌ ● Power‌‌and‌‌Authority,‌‌PAU;‌‌Federal‌‌and‌‌Unitary‌‌Systems,‌‌1.7‌ 15. C:‌‌legitimacy.‌ ● Legitimacy‌‌refers‌‌to‌‌whether‌‌a‌‌government’s‌‌constituents‌‌believe‌‌their‌‌government‌ has‌‌the‌‌right‌‌to‌‌use‌‌the‌‌power‌‌in‌‌the‌‌way‌‌they‌‌do.‌ ● Legitimacy‌‌and‌‌Stability,‌‌LEG;‌‌Political‌‌Legitimacy,‌‌1.8‌ 16. A:‌‌Social‌‌issues.‌ ● Sources‌ ‌of‌ ‌legitimacy‌ ‌can‌ ‌include‌ ‌popular‌ ‌elections,‌ ‌constitutional‌ ‌provisions,‌ nationalism,‌ ‌tradition,‌ ‌governmental‌ ‌effectiveness,‌ ‌economic‌ ‌growth,‌ ‌ideology,‌ religious‌‌heritage‌‌and‌‌organizations,‌‌and‌‌the‌‌dominant‌‌party’s‌‌endorsement.‌ ‌ ‌Stability, ‌ ‌LEG; ‌ ‌Political ‌ ‌Legitimacy, ‌ ‌1.8 ‌ ‌ ● Legitimacy‌and ‌ ‌can ‌ ‌make ‌ ‌policy ‌ ‌implementation ‌ ‌inefficient ‌ ‌and ‌ ‌time-consuming. ‌ ‌ 17. B:‌It ‌ ‌ ‌ make ‌ ‌ the ‌ ‌ policy ‌ ‌ making ‌ ‌ process ‌ ‌ complicated ‌ ‌ and ‌ ‌ hard ‌ ‌ to ‌ ‌ follow, ‌ ‌ ● Devolution can ‌ ‌ ‌‌legitimacy‌‌and‌‌their‌‌ability‌‌to‌‌carry‌‌out‌‌and‌‌see‌‌through‌ undermining governments’ ‌ ‌goals. ‌ ‌ programs‌and ‌ ‌Stability, ‌ ‌LEG; ‌ ‌Sustaining ‌ ‌Legitimacy, ‌ ‌1.9 ‌ ‌ ● Legitimacy‌and ‌ ‌legitimacy ‌ ‌AND ‌ ‌undermine ‌ ‌democratization. ‌ ‌ 18. D:‌weaken ‌ ‌ ‌‌election‌‌results‌‌can‌‌lead‌‌to‌‌civil‌‌unrest,‌‌as‌‌well‌‌as‌‌different‌‌protests.‌ ● Questions about ‌ ‌ ‌ withdraw ‌ ‌ their ‌ ‌ support ‌ ‌ of ‌ ‌ the ‌ ‌ state, ‌ ‌ weakening ‌ ‌ democracy. ‌ ‌ Therefore, citizens ‌ ‌lack ‌ ‌of ‌ ‌free ‌ ‌and ‌ ‌fair ‌ ‌elections ‌ ‌undermines ‌ ‌democratization. ‌ ‌ Furthermore,‌the ‌ ‌Stability, ‌ ‌LEG; ‌ ‌Sustaining ‌ ‌Legitimacy, ‌ ‌1.9 ‌ ‌ ● Legitimacy‌and ‌ ‌reform ‌ ‌pressure ‌ ‌from ‌ ‌civil ‌ ‌society ‌ ‌groups. ‌ ‌ 19. D:‌internal ‌ ‌ ‌ pressure ‌ ‌ may ‌ ‌ influence ‌ ‌ the ‌ ‌ government ‌ ‌ to ‌ ‌ protect ‌ ‌ civil ‌ ‌ liberties, ‌ ‌ ● Internal reform ‌ ‌issues, ‌ ‌and ‌ ‌prevent ‌ ‌or ‌ ‌decrease ‌ ‌its ‌ ‌level ‌ ‌of ‌ ‌corruption. ‌ ‌ address‌equality ‌ ‌Stability, ‌ ‌LEG; ‌ ‌Sustaining ‌ ‌Legitimacy, ‌ ‌1.10 ‌ ‌ ● Legitimacy‌and ‌ ‌ 20. C:‌Mexico. ‌ ‌ ‌ emerged ‌ ‌ in ‌ ‌ China, ‌ ‌ Iran, ‌ ‌ Nigeria, ‌ ‌ Russia, ‌ ‌ and ‌ ‌ the ‌ ‌ United ‌ ‌ ● Separatist movements ‌ ‌ ‌ a‌ ‌ result ‌ ‌ of ‌ ‌ social ‌ ‌‌cleavages‌‌(social‌‌divisions).‌‌Mexico‌‌and‌‌the‌‌United‌ Kingdom as ‌ ‌had ‌ ‌groups ‌ ‌demanding ‌ ‌increased ‌ ‌autonomy, ‌ ‌but ‌ ‌not ‌ ‌separation. ‌ ‌ Kingdom‌have ● Legitimacy‌and ‌ ‌Stability, ‌ ‌LEG; ‌ ‌Sustaining ‌ ‌Legitimacy, ‌ ‌1.10 ‌ ‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌‌