Answer Key Chapter Early Globalization The Atlantic World, 1492–1650

Answer Key Chapter: Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650 1. Which country initiated the era of Atlantic exploration? a. France b. Spain c. England d. Portugal 2. Which country established the first colonies in the Americas? a. England b. Portugal c. Spain d. the Netherlands 3. Where did Christopher Columbus first land? a. Hispaniola b. the Bahamas c. Jamestown d. Mexico 4. Why did the authors of probanzas de méritos choose to write in the way that they did? What should we consider when we interpret these documents today? 5. Where did the Protestant Reformation begin? a. Northern Europe b. Spain c. England d. the American colonies 6. What was the chief goal of the Puritans? a. to achieve a lasting peace with the Catholic nations of Spain and France b. to eliminate any traces of Catholicism from the Church of England c. to assist Henry VIII in his quest for an annulment to his marriage d. to create a hierarchy within the Church of England modeled on that of the Catholic Church 7. What reforms to the Catholic Church did Martin Luther and John Calvin call for? 8. Why didn’t England make stronger attempts to colonize the New World before the late sixteenth to early seventeenth century? a. English attention was turned to internal struggles and the encroaching Catholic menace to Scotland and Ireland. b. The English monarchy did not want to declare direct war on Spain by attempting to colonize the Americas. c. The English military was occupied in battling for control of New Netherlands. d. The English crown refused to fund colonial expeditions. 9. What was the main goal of the French in colonizing the Americas? a. establishing a colony with French subjects b. trading, especially for furs c. gaining control of shipping lanes d. spreading Catholicism among native peoples 10. What were some of the main differences among the non-Spanish colonies? 11. How could Spaniards obtain encomiendas? a. by serving the Spanish crown b. by buying them from other Spaniards c. by buying them from native chiefs d. by inheriting them 12. Which of the following best describes the Columbian Exchange? a. the letters Columbus and other conquistadors exchanged with the Spanish crown b. an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas c. a form of trade between the Spanish and natives d. the way in which explorers exchanged information about new lands to conquer 13. Why did diseases like smallpox affect Native Americans so badly? a. Native Americans were less robust than Europeans. b. Europeans deliberately infected Native Americans. c. Native Americans had no immunity to European diseases. d. Conditions in the Americas were so harsh that Native Americans and Europeans alike were devastated by disease. Critical Thinking Questions 14. What were the consequences of the religious upheavals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? 15. What types of labor systems were used in the Americas? Did systems of unfree labor serve more than an economic function? 16. What is meant by the Columbian Exchange? Who was affected the most by the exchange? 17. What were the various goals of the colonial European powers in the expansion of their empires? To what extent were they able to achieve these goals? Where did they fail? 18. On the whole, what was the impact of early European explorations on the New World? What was the impact of the New World on Europeans? Answer Key 1. d. Portugal 2. c. Spain 3. b. the Bahamas 4. The authors of probanzas de méritos wrote in a way to showcase their worthiness and merit for rewards and recognition, often in the form of land grants or noble titles. When interpreting these documents today, we should consider the biases of the authors, the intended audience, and the historical context in which these documents were written. 5. a. Northern Europe 6. b. to eliminate any traces of Catholicism from the Church of England 7. Martin Luther and John Calvin called for reforms such as the rejection of indulgences, the emphasis on faith and salvation through grace alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the authority of scripture over church tradition. 8. a. English attention was turned to internal struggles and the encroaching Catholic menace to Scotland and Ireland. 9. b. trading, especially for furs 10. Some main differences among the non-Spanish colonies included the reasons for colonization (economic opportunities, religious freedom, political motives), the systems of governance (royal colonies, proprietary colonies, charter colonies), and the relationships with indigenous peoples (conflict, cooperation, assimilation). 11. d. by inheriting them 12. b. an exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe and the Americas 13. c. Native Americans had no immunity to European diseases. Critical Thinking Questions: 14. Religious wars, the persecution of religious minorities, the division of Christianity into different denominations, a rise in secularization, and the emergence of religious tolerance and pluralism in some areas were among the effects of the religious upheavals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 15. The Americas employed a variety of labor arrangements, such as forced labor, encomienda, hacienda systems, chattel slavery, and indentured servitude. These structures maintained the power structures and hierarchies that characterized colonial society in addition to their economic roles. 16. The term "Columbian Exchange" describes the extensive flow of ideas, illnesses, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after Columbus's explorations. The trade had a disproportionately negative impact on Native Americans, who suffered significantly from illnesses to which they lacked immunity that were brought by Europeans. 17. The colonial European countries expanded their empires for a variety of reasons, such as to amass riches, to propagate Christianity, to acquire a strategic advantage, and to establish control over trade routes. Many of these objectives were accomplished through colonization, but there were other obstacles to overcome, such opposition from native populations, rivalry with other European countries, and logistical issues. 18. The destruction of native people by illness, brutality, and forced labor, the imposition of European institutions and culture, and the exploitation of natural resources were some of the effects of early European voyages on the New World. On the other hand, the New World gave Europe access to fresh foods, materials, and cultural practices that profoundly altered both European society and the world economy.