The Case of Hindu-Muslim Conflict in India Part 3

VI Appendix: Additional Figures Figure A1: Conflict Dyads, 1000-1850 A.D. Notes: All conflict dyads with uniquely identifiable attacker or defender polity, by sectarian identity of ruling group. Excludes conflict events where one party is a coalition, with exception of colonial wars (European-Other dyad). 35 Figure A2: Standardized Coefficients: Historical Conflict–Postcolonial Riots Effect of Conflict Index, by Year: All Conflicts Effect of Conflict Index, by Year: Hindu-Muslim Conflicts Notes: This figure shows the standardized coefficients (with controls) of estimated effect of historical conflict, evaluated by year (1500-1850), from regression on contemporary (1950-95) Hindu-Muslim riots. Red line indicates statistically significant positive association at the < 0.05 level. Coefficients here are standardized to correct for the rising trend in the conflict stock indexes over time. Identical axis scales used in left and right charts. 36 Figure A3: Development of Hindu-Muslim Conflict, 1550-1800 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 Development of the Hindu-Muslim Conflict Stock index, with annual 2% discount rate, 1550-1800. Figure A4: Bivariate Scatterplots: Postcolonial Hindu-Muslim Riots and Hindu-Muslim Conflict Index, 1658 and 1716 Compared. Hindu-Muslim Conflict Index: Assessed in 1658 (r = -0.03). Hindu-Muslim Conflict Index: Assessed in 1716 (r = +0.18**). Correlation between the Hindu-Muslim conflict stock index and contemporary (1950-1995) Hindu-Muslim riots: in 1658, the year of Aurangzeb’s ascent as Mughal emperor, and 1716, roughly a decade following his death. 38 Table A1: Dependent Variable: Log Count of Hindu-Muslim Riots by District, 1950-1995. With Princely State Fixed Effects. Conflict index evaluated in: 1550 1650 1750 1800 1850 Conflict stock, Hindu-Muslim -0.53 (0.494) -0.182 (0.431) 0.266 (0.244) 0.579* (0.234) 0.723* (0.34) Conflict stock, All conflicts -0.049 (0.155) -0.105 (0.181) 0.093 (0.139) -0.171 (0.107) -0.133 (0.106) Muslim Population, % by district, 1901 -0.176 (0.415) -0.219 (0.421) -0.13 (0.414) -0.122 (0.412) -0.162 (0.413) Religious Fractionalization, 1901 0.991† (0.529) 1.036† (0.53) 0.891† (0.528) 0.924† (0.527) 0.934† (0.528) Indirect or Direct British Rule, 0/1 0.147 (0.171) 0.18 (0.17) 0.187 (0.169) 0.102 (0.172) 0.128 (0.171) Log Population, 1901 0.142* (0.07) 0.133† (0.07) 0.123† (0.07) 0.161* (0.072) 0.14* (0.069) Area, sq. miles -0.028† (0.017) -0.025 (0.017) -0.025 (0.017) -0.029† (0.017) -0.025 (0.017) 0.839* (0.351) 0.888* (0.358) 0.89* (0.351) 0.651† (0.356) 0.675† (0.357) Maratha Principality 0.74** (0.273) 0.738** (0.273) 0.692* (0.271) 0.686* (0.269) 0.586* (0.279) Hyderabad State 0.627* (0.287) 0.652* (0.286) 0.748* (0.289) 0.574† (0.296) 0.577† (0.301) Travancore -0.186 (0.798) -0.147 (0.8) -0.145 (0.794) -0.809 (0.831) -0.635 (0.821) Rajput Kingdoms 0.021 (0.34) -0.005 (0.338) -0.036 (0.337) 0.022 (0.335) 0.033 (0.335) Constant -1.532† (0.866) -1.455† (0.866) -1.395 (0.862) -1.719† (0.873) -1.47† (0.858) 216 0.086 216 0.083 216 0.095 216 0.106 216 0.099 Princely State Fixed Effect: Mysore n Adj. r-square Notes: † significant at the 0.1 level; * significant at the 0.05 level; ** significant at the 0.01 level; *** significant at the 0.001 level. 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