Social Discrimination and Intrahousehold Allocations in China

Tables Table 1: Summary statistics Mean (std. dev.) Panel A Household Total income 32144.61 (22609.62) Salary income 26832.78 (20511.53) Dual-earner (full-time) ratio 0.7 (0.46) Number of children 0.94 (0.47) Total expenditure 31031.01 (36423.65) Consumption 22830.71 (18247.9) Alcohol and tobacco 730.58|2.27% (1028.75) Clothing 2454.56|7.64% (2241.68) Home improvement 1308.08|4.07% (2696.55) Medical 1351.07|4.20% (2846.6) Transportation and utility 2900.75|9.02% (8533.58) Entertainment and education 3720.85|11.58% (5044.86) Rent 2109.3|6.56% (4868.32) Misc. 796.5|2.39% (1332.56) Food 8189.61|25.48% (4456.36) Panel B Wife Husband Age 42.95 (7.31) 44.6 (7.36) College Degree 0.24 (0.42) 0.35 (0.48) 132.97 (78.13) 171.07 (42.88) 0.976 0.983 0.969 0.977 18.88 (12.94) 20.56 (12.23) 0.291 0.709 Working hours/m Urban hukou Local urban hukou Years in town Household head Notes: The summary statistics presents the mean values of variables with standard deviations in the parentheses. The income catagories include zero-income individuals. In the consumption subgroup part, the percentages behind | stand for the amount to the total income. The sample comprises 29,023 households in total from year 2002 to 2006. The currency values are adjusted according to the CPI in each province. The sum of the nine catagory expenditure is not exactly same as the total because of the missing reports of some households in subcatagories. The residual catagory (the difference between the total income and the total consumption) is the net savings. Dual-earner family is the family with two full-time earners. A full-time earner is defined as a worker who spend more than 100 hours per month in the labor market. College degree proportion is the proportion of those have attended vocational institutes or colleges or higher. Table 2: Reduced-form evidence I: hukou and wife’s contribution on social insurance Variable: Wife brought in hukou Dependent variable: Wife’s social insurance expenditure / Total social insurance expenditure 0.161 (0.0060) 0.125 (0.0060) Group A (wife brought in hukou) Group B (wife didn’t bring in hukou & she has 0.202 (0.0410) 0.197 (0.0760) 0.130 (0.0370) 0.09 (0.0710) local urban hukou and he doesn’t) Group C (wife didn’t bring in hukou & she and 0.043 (0.0410) 0.006 (0.0360) he both have local urban hukou) Group D (wife didn’t bring in hukou & he has -0.126 (0.0450) -0.098 (0.0400) local urban hukou and she doesn’t) Wife years since settling Husband years since settling Number of children 0.020 (0.0060) -0.022 (0.0060) -0.023 (0.0050) -0.029 (0.0050) -0.020 (0.0050) -0.020 (0.0050) × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × Observations 23,615 23,615 23,615 23,615 23,615 23,615 R2 0.145 0.149 0.314 0.316 0.098 0.287 Wife occupation Husband occupation Wife and husband age groups Time fixed effects Province fixed effects -0.029 (0.0050) 0.030 (0.0070) -0.027 (0.0080) -0.033 (0.0060) Note: Standard errors in brackets and errors are clustered at the household level. The spending is monthly based on the currency of yuan, and the values are log linearized. Group A, B, C, and D are arranged according to the assumed bargaining power ranks of wives within families. The baseline group is Group E. Table 3: Reduced-form evidence II: hukou and consumption on different items Consumption to the total income Variable: Alcohol and tobacco Wife brought in hukou -0.005 (0.0010) Clothes Home improvement 0.007 (0.0010) 0.001 (0.0010) Education and entertainment 0.006 (0.0020) Group A (wife brought in hukou) Group B (wife didn’t bring in hukou & she has -0.009 (0.0020) -0.011 (0.0040) 0.017 (0.0030) 0.014 (0.0070) 0.012 (0.0020) 0.013 (0.0070) 0.039 (0.0060) 0.027 (0.0180) local urban hukou and he doesn’t) Group C (wife didn’t bring in hukou & she and -0.005 (0.0020) 0.010 (0.0030) 0.012 (0.0020) 0.034 (0.0060) he both have local urban hukou) Group D (wife didn’t bring in hukou & he has -0.003 (0.0030) 0.002 (0.0040) 0.010 (0.0040) 0.031 (0.0100) local urban hukou and she doesn’t) Number of children Wife and husband age groups Time fixed effects Province fixed effects Observations R2 0.001 (0.0010) 0.001 (0.0010) 0.005 (0.0010) 0.005 (0.0010) -0.001 (0.0010) -0.001 (0.0010) 0.028 (0.0020) 0.029 (0.0020) × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 29,023 0.074 29,023 0.075 29,023 0.084 29,023 0.084 29,023 0.01 29,023 0.01 29,023 0.012 29,023 0.013 Note: Standard errors in brackets and errors are clustered at the household level. The spending is monthly based on the currency of yuan, and the values are log linearized. Group A, B, C, and D are arranged according to the assumed bargaining power ranks of wives within families. The baseline group is Group E. Table 4: Structural estimation I: hukou types, preferences and bargaining power Hukou types and guanxi (years since settling) (1) (2) (3) 0.3540 0.3484 0.3528 (0.1285) (0.1836) (0.1166) 0.329 0.303 (0.022) (0.083) Pareto weight (bargaining power) µ (sample average) Pareto weight parameters Wife household head Wife local urban hukou 0.346 (0.533) Husband local urban hukou -0.050 (0.504) Wife years since settling 0.211 (0.088) Husband years since settling -0.055 (0.130) F-test Chi-square 0.9214 F-test P-value 0.6308 Home production ρ 0.0872 0.1434 0.1164 (0.0402) (0.0606) (0.0697) Preference Alcohol and tobacco Clothing expenditures Home improvement Medical expenditures Transportation and utility Entertainment and education Wife Husband Wife Husband Wife Husband 0.0029 0.0569 0.0001 0.0582 0.0001 0.0576 (0.0009) (0.0007) (0.0011) (0.0008) (0.0014) (0.0014) 0.0134 0.0475 0.0127 0.0475 0.0071 0.0512 (0.0013) (0.0007) (0.0021) (0.0010) (0.0013) (0.0005) 0.0067 0.0519 0.0068 0.0513 0.0040 0.0533 (0.0010) (0.0006) (0.0015) (0.0008) (0.0011) (0.0005) 0.0071 0.0517 0.0063 0.0517 0.0096 0.0498 (0.0010) (0.0006) (0.0014) (0.0008) (0.0015) (0.0007) 0.0074 0.0505 0.0062 0.0508 0.0007 0.0541 (0.0011) (0.0006) (0.0014) (0.0006) (0.0009) (0.0006) 0.0085 0.0499 0.0067 0.0505 0.0123 0.0482 Rent Misc. Intermediate goods (food) ψ Observations (0.0011) (0.0006) (0.0014) (0.0008) (0.0019) (0.0008) 0.0123 0.0483 0.0119 0.0481 0.0125 0.0488 (0.0015) (0.0008) (0.0025) (0.0013) (0.0019) (0.0010) 0.0081 0.0513 0.0079 0.0508 0.0045 0.0531 (0.0009) (0.0005) (0.0015) (0.0008) (0.0011) (0.0006) 0.0504 0.0397 0.0524 0.0440 0.0560 0.0399 (0.0054) (0.0024) (0.0084) (0.0064) (0.0078) (0.0042) 0.227 1.192 0.231 1.176 0.321 1.119 (0.035) (0.010) (0.090) (0.014) (0.051) (0.013) 29,023 29,023 29,023 Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. The Pareto weight(bargaining), home production elasticity, and preference coefficients of 8 final goods and 1 intermediate good are computed through the Delta method with the sample means. The coefficient of leisure is one minus the sum of the coefficients of home production and consumptions. F-test is the joint significance test based on the joint zero coefficient assumption of husband’s and wife’s hukou types. Table 5: Structural estimation II: hukou obtention, preferences and bargaining power Hukou obtention and household hukou types (1) (2) (3) 0.3498 0.3424 0.3480 (0.1576) (0.1719) (0.1555) Pareto weight (bargaining power) µ (sample average) Pareto weight parameters Wife brought in hukou 0.305 (0.027) Group 1 0.580 (wife brought in hukou) (0.264) Group 2 0.302 (wife didn’t bring in hukou & she has local (0.352) urban hukou) Group A 0.583 (wife brought in hukou) (0.290) Group B 0.273 (wife didn’t bring in hukou & she has local (0.340) urban hukou and he doesn’t) Group C 0.223 (wife didn’t bring in hukou & she and he (0.270) both have local urban hukou) Group D -0.099 (wife didn’t bring in hukou & he has local (0.653) urban hukou and she doesn’t) F-test Chi-square 250.57 F-test P-value 2.2e-16 Home production ρ 0.1513 0.0746 0.1218 (0.0585) (0.0410) (0.0594) Preference Alcohol and tobacco Clothing expenditures Wife Husband Wife Husband Wife Husband 0.0001 0.0577 0.0001 0.0574 0.0032 0.0556 (0.0016) (0.0009) (0.0013) (0.0012) (0.0011) (0.0008) 0.0127 0.0475 0.0105 0.0485 0.0119 0.0478 Home improvement Medical expenditures Transportation and utility Entertainment and education Rent Misc. Intermediate goods (food) ψ Observations (0.0016) (0.0009) (0.0011) (0.0008) ) (0.0016) (0.0008) 0.0066 0.0516 0.0047 0.0524 0.0054 0.0521 (0.0016) (0.0008) (0.0009) (0.0007) (0.0011) (0.0006) 0.0066 0.0516 0.0053 0.0521 0.0062 0.0516 (0.0015) (0.0008) (0.0009) (0.0008) (0.0012) (0.0006) 0.0054 0.0513 0.0035 0.0521 0.0049 0.0513 (0.0016) (0.0007) (0.0007) (0.0006) (0.0016) (0.0007) 0.0072 0.0504 0.0062 0.0507 0.0067 0.0504 (0.0018) (0.0009) (0.0011) (0.0008) (0.0014) (0.0007) 0.0132 0.0476 0.0118 0.0482 0.0106 0.0488 (0.0017) (0.0021) (0.0044) (0.0012) (0.0023) (0.0011) 0.0086 0.0505 0.0061 0.0517 0.0068 0.0514 (0.0015) (0.0007) (0.0009) (0.0007) (0.0013) (0.0007) 0.0484 0.0459 0.0392 0.0435 0.0518 0.0425 (0.0061) (0.0039) (0.0064) (0.0024) (0.0071) (0.0047) 0.335 1.151 0.229 1.146 0.188 1.179 (0.048) (0.018) (0.055) (0.011) (0.073) (0.009) 29,023 29,023 29,023 Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. The Pareto weight(bargaining), home production elasticity, and preference coefficients of 8 final goods and 1 intermediate good are computed through the Delta method with the sample means. Group A, B, C, and D arranged according to the assumed bargaining power ranks of wives within families. The baseline group is Group E. F-test is the joint significance test based on the joint zero coefficient assumption of Group A to D. The coefficient of leisure is one minus the sum of the coefficients of home production and consumptions. Hukou benefits Details and examples of benefits Work While it is illegal for employers in China to discriminate against job applicants based on their race, ethnicity, sex, and religion, the national law does not provide protection for employees based on theirhukou status (as stated in Chapter 2, Article 12 of the Labour Law of the People’s Republic of China, 1994). However, government entities and state-owned companies often imposehukou requirements during their hiring processes, with the specific requirements varying depending on the level of government. In many cases, a large percentage of job positions are exclusively reserved for individuals who possess a localhukou and who have met certain residency requirements. In some cases, exceptions to these requirements can be made under talent programs, which may require applicants to hold certain degrees or qualifications. Housing In many major cities, the ability to purchase a house is restricted to individuals who hold a localhukou. Two housing projects designed to assist low-income residents—the Economically Affordable Housing Project (for purchase) and the LowRent Housing Project (for rent)—also require applicants to have held a localhukou for a specified period of time. Education Enrollment in most public preschools, primary schools, and high schools is typically restricted to students who hold ahukou located within the school’s district. As a result, even if a child has ahukou within the same city, they may not be permitted to attend a school located in a different district. The college admission process in China is based on a provincial level, with each college reserving a higher quota for local students. Consequently,hukou status in cities and provinces with more prestigious colleges, which are typically located in more developed regions such as Beijing and Shanghai, is more highly valued. Social welfare The five different types of employment-based insurance, which include Endowment Insurance, Maternity Insurance, Medical Insurance, Employment Injury Insurance, and Unemployment Insurance, are not directly linked to an individual’shukou status. However, individuals do have the option to make insurance payments to the city where they work or to their original hometown. It is important to note that the Endowment Insurance program has a special requirement for individuals without localhukou. Specifically, these individuals must have made consecutive payments for at least ten years in order to be eligible to receive pension benefits. Vehicle Major large cities (i.e. Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou , etc.) utilize lottery systems for vehicle registration plates, with participation restricted to residents who hold localhukou or other qualified individuals with a sufficient history of residency and social insurance payments. Appendix Table A1: Hukou-related benefits On-line Appendix (not for publication) A.1. The estimating equations This part gives the full details of the estimation of the structural model. Final goods and intermediate good: The first-order conditions with respect to the optimal choices of household consumption of final goods and intermediate good purchase {ccFt , gtF } for Equation (11) are: µt  µt ∂UtW ∂UtH + (1 − µ ) + 1 0 λt = 0 t ∂ccFt ∂ccFt ∂UtW ∂ q Ft ∂qtF ∂gtF  ∂UtH ∂qtF + (1 − µt ) ∂qtF ∂gtF  (A1)  + λt = 0 (A2) In the next step, the explicit forms of utility functions of individuals from Equation (9) and the home production function from Equation (10) are taken to substitute into the expressions10 : After the operation, we can obtain the explicit forms for the consumption vector of final goods cFt : µt A W t
1−σWW−ψW ψ j cFt ))ψ ·τW 1,t · (diag(c j W −1 + (1 − µt ) AH t
1−σHH−ψH ψ cFt ))ψ ·τH 1,t · (diag(c H −1 + 1 0 λt = 0 (A3) j where Ajt = τ j1,t (ccFt )ψ + τ2j (qtF )ψ + τ3j (`jt )ψ . and the consumption vector of the intermediate good gtF : ρ (`W t ) (1 5.2.1 − ρ)(gtF )−ρ
1−σHH−ψH H F (ψH −1)  
1−σWW−ψW W F (ψW −1) H W ψ ψ τ2 (qt ) + (1 − µt ) At τ2 (qt ) + λt = 0 µ t At (A4) Leisure: H Similarly, the first-order conditions with respect to the optimal choices of the leisure time of wife and husband {`W t , `t } for Equation (11) are:  µt ∂UtW ∂qtF ∂UtW + ∂`W ∂qtF ∂`W t t (1 − µt ) 10 Pm 1  + λt wtW = 0 ∂UtH + λt wtH = 0 ∂`H t (A5) (A6) diag() is the operation to convert a vector into a square matrix with the vector as the value of the diagonal. The detailed operation is diag(x) = e0i xei e0i , where ei is the i-th basis vector of Rm . Taking the explicit forms of the utility function and home production function to the equations above, we can determine that the leisure time of wife `W t is: µ t AW t 
1−σWW−ψW  W F ψW −1 W ρ−1 F 1−ρ ψ W −1 ψ + λt wtW = 0 τ2 (qt ) ρ(`t ) (gt ) + τ3W (`W t ) (A7) and the leisure time of husband `H t is: (1 − µt ) AH t
1−σHH−ψH ψ ψ τ3H (`H t ) H −1 + λt wtH = 0 (A8) Equations (A3), (A4), (A7), and (A8) are all in the form where the right-hand side equals 0, which allows us to easily construct orthogonality conditions by replacing the right-hand sides with error terms. Thus, we have 8 errors e1 − e8 for Equation (A3), one error for every Equation (A4), (A7), and (A8): e9 − e11 . A.2. Empirical appendix Reduced-form evidence on clothing expenditure We supplement the reduced-form evidence with evidence on clothing spending, with subcategories such as men’s, women’s, and children’s clothing.11 Table A2 shows the proportions of clothing expenditure allocated to men’s, women’s, and children’s clothing (if the family has children). Attanasio & Lechene (2002) and Doepke & Tertilt (2011) who find that an aid program giving women more power increases spending on men’s, women’s and children’s clothing, we find that shifts between men and women’s clothing. A wife bringing in better hukou significantly increases spending on women’s clothing, reduces spending on men’s clothing, and has statistically significant but trivial negative effects on spending on children’s clothing. Using the more detailed hukou categories, reinforces the results using the binary category. Additional detail from structural estimation Table A3 shows the constant terms (υ0 ) and coefficients on age (υ1 ) from the GMM estimation results reported in Table 4 while Table A4 does the same for Table 5. 11 Other subcategories include textiles and accessories, which we do not consider here. Member’s to the total spending on clothing Variable: Wives’ clothing Husbands’ clothing Wife brought inhukou 0.027 -0.016 -0.004 (0.003) (0.003) (0.001) Group A (wife brought inhukou) Group B (wife didn’t bring inhukou & she has Children’ clothing 0.057 -0.040 -0.009 (0.011) (0.010) (0.006) 0.046 -0.032 0.01 (0.026) (0.024) (0.016) 0.031 -0.025 -0.005 (0.011) (0.010) (0.006) 0.002 -0.008 -0.002 (0.016) (0.015) (0.008) local urbanhukou and he doesn’t) Group C (wife didn’t bring inhukou & she and he both have local urbanhukou) Group D (wife didn’t bring inhukou & he has local urbanhukou and she doesn’t) Number of children -0.019 -0.019 -0.007 -0.007 0.022 0.022 (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.003) (0.001) (0.001) Wife and husband age groups × × × × × × Time fixed effects × × × × × × Province fixed effects × × × × × × Observations 28,799 28,799 28,799 28,799 24,834 24,834 R2 0.016 0.017 0.031 0.031 0.224 0.225 Note: Standard errors in brackets and errors are clustered at the household level. The spending is monthly based on the currency of yuan, and the values are log linearized. Group A, B, C, and D are arranged according to the assumed bargaining power ranks of wives within families. The baseline group is Group E. Appendix tables: Table A2: Reduced-form evidence II: hukou and spending on clothing Table A3: Details of parameter estimates to the structural estimation I Hukou types and guanxi (years since settling) I II III -0.587 -0.400 -0.441 (0.229) (0.142) (0.226) Home production Number of children Preference Alcohol and tobacco ν0 ν1 Clothing expenditures ν0 ν1 ν2 Home improvement ν0 ν1 Medical expenditures ν0 ν1 Transportation and utility ν0 ν1 Wife Husband Wife Husband Wife Husband -0.098 2.069 -0.089 2.357 0.439 2.024 (3.949) (1.074) (66.945) (1.583) (80.890) (1.717) -1.497 -1.149 -2.374 -1.215 -2.509 -1.128 (1.034) (0.288) (18.666) (0.425) (23.870) (0.459) -1.351 1.630 -1.276 1.861 -1.053 1.760 (2.524) (1.203) (3.938) (1.512) (2.959) (1.702) -1.106 -1.079 -1.126 -1.138 -1.239 -1.090 (0.659) (0.322) (1.037) (0.408) (0.785) (0.452) 2.080 - 1.980 - 1.372 - (0.175) - (0.300) - (0.252) - 0.432 1.901 -0.282 2.142 -0.590 1.931 (2.400) (1.060) (3.136) (1.526) (3.433) (1.682) -1.419 -1.128 -1.225 -1.192 -1.286 -1.124 (0.616) (0.285) (0.820) (0.410) (0.902) (0.447) -1.103 1.995 -0.712 2.150 -0.725 1.889 (2.432) (1.087) (3.441) (1.570) (2.531) (1.777) -0.992 -1.154 -1.131 -1.192 -1.017 -1.131 (0.624) (0.292) (0.901) (0.422) (0.665) (0.472) -1.086 2.003 -2.295 2.262 -1.788 1.978 (3.876) (1.026) (7.761) (1.421) (23.305) (1.681) -0.988 -1.162 -0.713 -1.226 -1.423 -1.133 (1.026) (0.276) (2.058) (0.382) (6.152) (0.447) Entertainment and education ν0 ν1 ν2 Rent ν0 ν1 Misc. ν0 ν1 Intermediate goods (food) ν0 ν1 Observations -1.654 1.843 -1.769 2.035 -2.115 1.881 (3.197) (1.101) (4.895) (1.600) (2.262) (1.714) -0.930 -1.123 -0.943 -1.168 -0.721 -1.138 (0.819) (0.295) (1.275) (0.430) (0.613) (0.455) 0.774 - 0.662 - 0.845 - (0.088) - (0.156) - (0.121) - 1.774 1.620 1.782 1.811 1.815 1.463 (0.995) (1.157) (2.309) (1.540) (1.619) (1.775) -1.616 -1.072 -1.629 -1.121 -1.625 -1.024 (0.277) (0.311) (0.598) (0.416) (0.454) (0.473) 1.129 1.783 2.292 1.834 2.360 1.758 (1.340) (1.165) (2.353) (1.519) (4.719) (1.565) -1.556 -1.100 -1.872 -1.113 -2.041 -1.080 (0.358) (0.312) (0.603) (0.409) (1.300) (0.417) 0.743 1.075 0.798 1.475 0.166 1.633 (0.713) (1.619) (1.012) (2.189) (1.545) (1.972) -0.963 -0.980 -0.969 -1.056 -0.784 -1.122 (0.206) (0.435) (0.293) (0.601) (0.416) (0.508) 29,023 29,023 29,023 Note: This table provides the detailed parameters used to estimate the average weights of home production and different consumption categories in the utility functions. ν1 is the parameter for age. ν2 in the categories of clothing expenditures and entertainment and education is the parameter for the number of children. Table A4: Details of parameter estimates to the structural estimation II Hukou obtention and household hukou types I II III -0.298 -0.504 -0.518 (0.097) (0.243) (0.212) Home production Number of children Preference Alcohol and tobacco ν0 ν1 Clothing expenditures ν0 ν1 ν2 Home improvement ν0 ν1 Medical expenditures ν0 ν1 Transportation and utility ν0 ν1 Wife Husband Wife Husband Wife Husband -0.085 2.550 0.283 2.550 0.488 2.512 (116.683) (1.344) (79.146) (1.746) (3.902) (1.421) -2.468 -1.268 -2.532 -1.268 -1.633 -1.269 (33.865) (0.360) (22.565) (0.467) (1.062) (0.381) -1.044 1.947 -1.276 2.065 -2.437 2.369 (2.535) (1.430) (3.180) (1.806) (5.243) (1.535) -1.246 -1.160 -1.279 -1.185 -0.889 -1.271 (0.644) (0.383) (0.826) (0.483) (1.403) (0.410) 2.321 - 2.550 - 2.303 - (0.251) - (0.190) - (0.283) - -0.188 2.302 0.395 2.353 -0.012 2.487 (3.668) (1.285) (4.714) (1.646) (2.941) (1.393) -1.260 -1.232 -1.512 -1.240 -1.359 -1.280 (0.980) (0.344) (1.249) (0.441) (0.788) (0.374) -0.603 2.307 -0.542 2.373 -1.237 2.548 (3.927) (1.287) (4.830) (1.639) (2.670) (1.413) -1.151 -1.233 -1.232 -1.247 -0.996 -1.298 (1.037) (0.345) (1.270) (0.440) (0.707) (0.379) -1.619 2.392 -1.681 2.447 -1.446 2.550 (7.747) (1.260) (14.713) (1.625) (11.849) (1.453) -0.932 -1.257 -1.039 -1.267 -1.003 -1.300 (2.076) (0.337) (3.929) (0.435) (3.225) (0.390) Entertainment and education ν0 ν1 ν2 Rent ν0 ν1 Misc. ν0 ν1 Intermediate goods (food) ν0 ν1 Observations -1.481 2.160 -2.480 2.287 -0.582 2.276 (6.159) (1.419) (10.097) (1.786) (4.810) (1.443) -1.111 -1.201 -0.921 -1.231 -1.291 -1.232 (1.582) (0.378) (2.690) (0.477) (1.216) (0.386) 1.303 - 1.498 - 0.825 - (0.294) - (0.248) - (0.143) - 2.225 1.840 1.762 2.024 2.131 2.170 (1.338) (1.425) (1.201) (1.793) (1.704) (1.413) -1.720 -1.131 -1.631 -1.175 -1.753 -1.213 (0.362) (0.381) (0.329) (0.481) (0.462) (0.380) 1.701 2.051 1.872 2.198 1.041 2.356 (1.966) (1.416) (1.914) (1.747) (1.937) (1.413) -1.692 -1.171 -1.836 -1.203 -1.579 -1.249 (0.541) (0.379) (0.508) (0.468) (0.483) (0.379) 0.645 1.877 0.067 2.062 0.401 2.046 (1.156) (1.662) (1.203) (1.994) (1.029) (1.880) -0.950 -1.150 -0.858 -1.212 -0.867 -1.217 (0.322) (0.441) (0.342) (0.535) (0.289) (0.504) 29,023 29,023 29,023 Note: This table provides the detailed parameters used to estimate the average weights of home production and different consumption categories in the utility functions. ν1 is the parameter for age. ν2 in the categories of clothing expenditures and entertainment and education is the parameter for the number of children.