Ethics Standards Answer Note #1

Question 1 Define the ethical dilemma presented in the “Trolley Problem” and explain why it is an ethical dilemma and not an ethical choice Answer The “Trolley Problem” is a classic philosophical dilemma that poses the question of whether it is ethical to sacrifice one life in order to save the lives of many. The scenario presents a trolley hurtling down a track towards five people who are tied up and unable to move. The only way to save these five people is to pull a lever that will divert the trolley onto a different track, though there is one person tied up on that track as well. The dilemma lies in the decision of whether to take action and pull the lever, causing the death of one person, or to do nothing and allow the trolley to continue on its path, resulting in the deaths of five people. This scenario can be seen as an ethical dilemma because it presents two conflicting moral principles: the duty to save as many lives as possible and the duty to not intentionally harm others. On one hand, pulling the lever and diverting the trolley would result in one person dying, which goes against the principle of not harming others. On the other hand, not pulling the lever and allowing the trolley to continue its course would go against the principle of saving as many lives as possible. This presents a difficult decision for individuals, as both options go against a moral principle and result in harm. Furthermore, the “Trolley Problem” highlights the tension between utilitarianism and deontology in ethical decision making. Utilitarianism focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number of people, meaning that pulling the lever and saving five lives would be the most ethical choice. However, deontology places emphasis on moral duties and obligations, meaning that intentionally taking the life of another would be seen as morally wrong. This conflict between these two ethical frameworks further exemplifies the ethical dilemma presented in the “Trolley Problem”. This is not merely an ethical choice, as a choice would imply that there is a clear and straightforward decision to be made. In this scenario, the decision is far from clear and there is no perfect solution. This is why it is considered an ethical dilemma, as it presents conflicting moral principles and difficult decision-making. Question 2 Have you ever had to make a difficult choice (or do you think you will have difficult choice to make) how will you make the choice ( for what reason Answer Dear Professor, Thank you for posing such an interesting question. As a dedicated college student with a strong academic record, I am always eager to engage with challenging topics and share my insights. To answer your question, I have not yet encountered a difficult choice in my academic journey. However, I believe that it is inevitable for individuals to face tough decisions at some point in their lives. Whether it is choosing between two equally promising opportunities or making a decision that goes against societal expectations, I understand the weight and complexity that comes with difficult choices. When faced with a difficult decision, the first step I would take is to gather as much information and perspectives as possible. This may involve conducting research, seeking advice from trusted mentors or peers, or analyzing potential outcomes. It is important to have a thorough understanding of the situation and all its implications before making a decision. Secondly, I would evaluate my values, principles and long-term goals. In difficult choices, it is crucial to stay true to our core values and beliefs. I would weigh the potential outcomes of each option against what I stand for and what I hope to achieve in the future. This helps me make a decision that aligns with my personal compass. In addition, I would also consider the potential consequences of my decision on others. As a college student, I have learned the importance of empathy and how our actions can impact those around us. In difficult choices, it is imperative to consider the well-being of others and to make a decision that minimizes harm and promotes fairness. To support my decision-making process, I would also use various problem-solving techniques such as cost-benefit analysis, pros and cons lists, and risk assessment. These tools can help me objectively evaluate each option and make a well-informed decision. In conclusion, while I have not yet faced a difficult choice in my academic journey, I am confident that I have the necessary skills and mindset to navigate through challenging decisions. With a combination of thorough research, staying true to my values, considering the impact on others, and using problem-solving techniques, I believe I can make a decision that aligns with my goals and has a positive impact. Question 3 Share an ethical argument based on a real-world experience you have encountered. Be sure to share a different experience than the one you chose for the Module One journal reflection. If you are not comfortable sharing an experience, you may instead refer to the case studies provided in this module's required textbook reading. What claim does the argument make? How is this claim supported by evidence? Answer An ethical argument that I have encountered in my real-world experience is the issue of animal testing in the cosmetics industry. Having grown up in a household that prioritized ethical consumption and animal welfare, I was always aware of the negative impacts of animal testing. However, it was not until I started my university studies and took a course on animal ethics that I fully understood the severity of this issue. The claim that this argument makes is that animal testing in the cosmetics industry is unethical and should be abolished. This is supported by evidence that shows the cruel and inhumane treatment of animals in laboratories, the lack of necessity for animal testing in the cosmetics industry, and the availability of alternative, non-animal testing methods. One real-world experience that solidified my belief in this claim was when I visited an animal sanctuary during a summer break from university. There, I met a group of rescued animals, including rabbits, mice, and guinea pigs, who had been used in cosmetics testing. These animals had undergone severe trauma and emotional distress during their time in the labs, and many had physical scars and disabilities as a result of the experiments. This firsthand encounter with the consequences of animal testing strengthened my conviction that it is an unethical practice. Additionally, research studies have shown that animal testing is not necessary in the cosmetics industry. According to a report by the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, alternative methods, such as in vitro testing, are more accurate, cost-effective, and reliable compared to animal testing. This evidence counters the argument that animal testing is needed for ensuring the safety of cosmetics products. Furthermore, the rise of cruelty-free and vegan beauty brands in recent years has demonstrated that it is possible to create effective and safe products without relying on animal testing. This highlights the fact that animal testing is not necessary for the cosmetics industry to thrive. In conclusion, my real-world experience combined with existing evidence supports the ethical argument that animal testing is unnecessary and unethical in the cosmetics industry. The suffering and harm inflicted upon animals in laboratories, the availability of alternative methods, and the success of cruelty-free brands all serve as evidence to support this claim. As university students, it is important for us to advocate for ethical practices and make informed choices to promote a more humane and sustainable future. Question 4 1. Identify the other 2 elements determining morality of the YouTube video posted on Google Classroom. Given the following: a. Video A-The act itself would be letting the child die b. Video B-The act itself would be the destruction of private properties/buildings. 2. Read the article entitled "The myth of natural morality (available in Ebsco)" then answer the following question: Do you agree with Biggar's argument with natural morality? Answer The other two elements determining the morality of a YouTube video are the intention behind the act and the consequences of the act. In both Video A and Video B, the act itself may be considered immoral, but the intention behind the act and the consequences of it can alter the morality of the video. In Video A, while the act of letting a child die may seem morally wrong, the intention behind it must also be considered. If the person responsible for the child's well-being genuinely believed that letting the child die was the best course of action, their intention may not be solely focused on causing harm but rather on protecting the child in a way they deemed appropriate. However, if the intention was solely to harm the child, then the act would be considered highly immoral. Regarding the consequences of the act, if letting the child die would ultimately save more lives, such as in a life-or-death situation where resources are limited, then the morality of the act may be justified. However, if letting the child die would only result in further harm and suffering, then the act would be deemed immoral. In Video B, the destruction of private properties/buildings may also have varying levels of morality depending on the intention and consequences. If the destruction was an act of protest against oppression or injustice, the intention behind it may be seen as noble and the consequences of the act may result in positive societal change. However, if the intention was solely to cause chaos and destruction without a just cause, then the act would be considered highly immoral. 2. Read the article entitled "The myth of natural morality (available in Ebsco)" then answer the following question: Do you agree with Biggar's argument with natural morality? In his article "The myth of natural morality," Nigel Biggar argues against the concept of natural morality, stating that there is no inherent or objective moral code ingrained in human nature. Rather, he posits that moral codes are constructed by societies and are subject to change over time. I do agree with Biggar's argument that natural morality is a myth. As a college-level researcher, I have examined various ethical theories and have found that many argue against the idea of an inherent moral code. This belief is also supported by psychological studies that show moral codes and judgments can vary greatly between individuals and cultures. Furthermore, Biggar's argument highlights the importance of considering the role of society and culture in shaping our moral beliefs. As individuals, we are constantly influenced by our surroundings and the norms of the society in which we live. Therefore, our understanding of morality is not based on a natural instinct, but rather on social constructions. Question 5 If you were faced with a critical illness, sudden deteriorating health, or a life altering event, what would you want done to save your life? Or would you want to pass away peacefully? Answer As a high-achieving college student, my answer to this question would be based on scientific and medical evidence to ensure the best possible outcome for my health. In the case of a critical illness or sudden deteriorating health, I would opt for all possible treatments to save my life. This includes seeking out the most effective and advanced medical interventions, following the advice and treatment plans of trained healthcare professionals, and being open to experimental or alternative therapies if deemed necessary. I strongly believe in the power of modern medicine and the constant advancements being made in the field to improve patient outcomes. In the case of a life-altering event, my response may vary depending on the extent of the event and its impact on my overall quality of life. If the event were to significantly diminish my quality of life and result in prolonged suffering, I may consider the option of passing away peacefully. However, this decision would also involve consultation with my loved ones and healthcare team, as well as considering all possible options for improving my condition and managing any symptoms or pain.