Answer Manual for the Psychology Test Pt 1

.Ch1 revision answer 1) The crux of normative ethics is that these disciplines A) B) C) D) 2) presuppose some underlying values. describe what people do. should always involve the study or discipline of ethics. branch away from social ethics to personal ethics. Which of the following is true about values? A) Values are underlying beliefs that cause us to act or to decide in a certain way. B) Values are the highest standards of appropriate and proper behavior. C) Values cannot lead to unethical results. D) Corporate scandals prove the fact that individuals have personal values, but institutions lack values. 3) Individual codes of conduct based on one’s value structures regarding how one should live, how one should act, what one should do, and what kind of a person should one be is sometimes referred to as ________. A) B) C) D) rationality morality leadership independence 4) Which of the following represents the role of philosophical ethics in the field of business ethics? A) B) C) D) providing the fundamental language and categories of ethics recognizing how and why people behave as they do promoting a culture in which ethical behavior flourishes understanding how business organizations fit into a broader social and political context 5) Which of the following observations is true of ethics? A) B) C) D) It provides an account of how and why people act the way they do. It deals with our reasoning about how we should act. It is descriptive in nature. It is equivalent to law-abiding behavior. 6) Social sciences such as psychology and sociology are different from ethics owing to the fact that they are ________. A) B) C) D) 7) normative in nature conjectural in nature descriptive in nature clinical in nature Identify a true statement about the field of business ethics. A) It is not a multidisciplinary field. B) It is rooted in the more general principle of social ethics. C) It involves decisions at the individual, at the organizational, and at a broader social and governmental level. D) It is mainly relevant to decision making within an organization. 8) Which of the following is a goal of a business ethics class? A) B) C) D) separating ordinary ethical consideration from business decisions recognizing that business has its own standards of good and bad doing everything required to satisfy business stakeholders understanding how and why people behave unethically 9) Which of the following is a factor that distinguishes social sciences, such as psychology and sociology, from ethics? A) B) C) D) Unlike ethics, these disciplines are normative rather than descriptive. Unlike ethics, these disciplines inquire why people act the way they do. Unlike ethics, these disciplines give directives about how people should act. Unlike ethics, these disciplines provide an account of how people should act. 10) The ________ discipline provides an account of how and why people do act the way they do. A) descriptive B) normative C) supererogatory D) stipulative ---------------------------------------- Some Q ch1 answer 1) In civil law, there is no room for ambiguity in applying the law because much of the law is established by past precedent. ⊚ true ⊚ false 2) Societies that value individual freedom legally stipulate codes of personal integrity and common decency to safeguard this freedom. ⊚ true ⊚ false 3) Values are the only guidance individuals need to act in ways that are positive or ethical. ⊚ true ⊚ false 4) A firm’s ethical reputation can provide a competitive advantage in the marketplace with customers, suppliers, and employees. ⊚ true ⊚ false 5) Ethics requires that the promotion of human welfare be done A) in a manner that is acceptable and reasonable from all relevant points of view. B) understanding the religious beliefs of the beneficiary. C) based on the personal opinions of the decision maker. D) based on the level of need of the beneficiaries. 6) Which of the following is a way of saying that a corporation has a set of identifiable values that establish the expectations for what is normal within the firm? A) B) C) D) organizational code organizational policy organizational structure organizational culture Which of the following refers to an underlying belief that causes people to choose 7) between plausible courses of action? A) values B) norms C) paradigms D) protocols 8) In a general sense, a business stakeholder is one who has made substantial financial investments in the business. ⊚ true ⊚ false Which of the following represents the role of philosophical ethics in the field of business 9) ethics? A) promoting a culture in which ethical behavior flourishes B) understanding how business organizations fit into a broader social and political context C) providing the fundamental language and categories of ethics D) recognizing how and why people behave as they do 10) Ethical theories are patterns of thinking, or methodologies, to help us decide what to do. ⊚ true ⊚ false 11) way. Norms appeal to certain values that would be promoted or attained by acting in a certain ⊚ ⊚ 12) true false Which of the following is true about values? A) Values cannot lead to unethical results. B) Corporate scandals prove the fact that individuals have personal values, but institutions lack values. C) Values are underlying beliefs that cause us to act or to decide in a certain way. D) Values are the highest standards of appropriate and proper behavior. 13) The well-being promoted by ethical values is not a personal and selfish well-being. ⊚ true ⊚ false 14) Ethics refers to how human beings should properly live their lives. ⊚ true ⊚ false 15) ________ are beliefs and principles that provide the ultimate guide to a company’s decision making. A) Core values B) Historical milestones C) Vision statements D) Mission statements Ch2 MCQ_Answer 1) Which of the following is the reason why normative myopia is especially liable to occur in a business context? A) The fast-paced world of business allows little time for contemplation on ethics. B) Business attracts people from diverse backgrounds, which makes it difficult to identify ethical standards agreeable to everybody. C) Ethics can justifiably be allowed to take a backseat in a business context. D) People are more likely to focus on the technical aspects of the task at hand in a business context, and thus, fail to recognize the ethical aspect. 2) Identify the true statement about normative myopia. A) It refers to the shortsightedness about values. B) It only results from focusing failures. C) It occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual changes over time. D) It has only been observed to occur in business. 3) Which of the following is the first step in making an ethically responsible decision? A) B) C) D) considering the available alternatives determining the facts of the situation comparing and weighing alternatives monitoring and learning from the outcomes 4) Focusing failures result in moments where we ask ourselves, "How could I have missed that?" According to Bazerman and Chugh, this phenomenon is known as A) change blindness. B) normative myopia. C) descriptive ignorance. D) inattentional blindness. 5) Kathy, your best friend and classmate, asks you to help her with a challenging ethical dilemma. Which of the following would be your first step in the decision-making process? A) determining the facts of the situation B) considering the available alternatives C) identifying the ethical issue D) making the decision 6) Which of the following is the second step of the ethical decision-making process? B) making the decision C) considering the impact of the on stakeholders D) considering available alternatives 7) Which of the following conditions makes issue identification the first step in the ethical decision-making process? A) when the stakeholders in the decision cannot be determined B) when the responsibility for the decision lies with one person C) when the issue is presented from the start D) when the ethical predicament of the situation is hard to determine 8) If we are told specifically to pay attention to a particular element of a decision or event, we are likely to miss all of the surrounding details, no matter how obvious. According to Bazerman and Chugh, this phenomenon is known as ________. A) change blindness B) inattentional blindness C) descriptive ignorance D) normative myopia 9) In the ethical decision-making process, identify the steps that might arise in reverse order, depending on the circumstances. A) determining the facts of the situation; identifying the impact of the decision on stakeholders B) identifying relevant ethical issues; considering the impact of a decision on stakeholders C) identifying the impact of the decision on stakeholders; considering available alternatives D) determining the facts of the situation; identifying relevant ethical issues 10) A) B) C) D) ________ refers to shortsightedness about values. Change blindness Normative myopia Inattentional blindness Descriptive myopia Activity 1 1- Acts and decisions that seek to promote human welfare are based on ethical values. 2- A stakeholder is anyone effected for better or for worse by the decision made within a particular firm. 3- The aspect of business integrity that focus on examining business institutions from a collective rather that from an individual perspective falls under the area of social ethics 4- as discipline normative ethics deals with norms and standards of appropriate and proper (normal) behavior. 5- Psychological egoism is a theory of human motivation that claim that all human actions are selfish and motivated by self-interest. Exercise 2 1- Differentiae between practical reason and theoretical reason: practical reasoning is about what should we do / theoretical reasoning is about what should we believe . 2- Psychological egoism is a theory of human motivation that claim that all human actions are selfish and motivated by self-interest. 3- The separation thesis assets that ordinary ethics standards should kept separate from and not be used to judge business decisions because business has its own standards of good and bad 4- A process to identify potential events that may effect the entity and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives is called risk assessment. 5- Theoretical reasoning is reasoning about what we should believe. 6- Differentiate the concept of molarity and social ethics. Social ethics is about how human should live their lives and how we should live in community while molarity is about each person integrity and his own values 7- A A stakeholder is anyone effected for better or for worse by the decision made within a particular firm. 8- Molarity is the aspect of ethics that is referred to by the phrase ”personal integrity”. 9- The aspect of business integrity that focus on examining business institutions from a collective rather that from an individual perspective falls under the area of social ethics 10- as discipline normative ethics deals with norms and standards of appropriate and proper (normal) behavior quiz 1 Social sciences such as psychology and sociology are different from ethics owing to the fact that they are ________. Select one: a. clinical in nature b. conjectural in nature c. descriptive in nature d. normative in nature Question text Which of the following observations is true? Select one: a. An individual’s ethical responsibility can never run counter to the law. b. The law is very effective at promoting “goods.” c. The law cannot anticipate every new dilemma that businesses might face. d. Obedience to the law is sufficient to fulfill one’s ethical duties Question text A process to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives is called ________. Select one: a. risk pooling b. risk assessment c. practical reasoning d. theoretical reasoning Question text Identify a true statement about the field of business ethics. Select one: a. It is mainly relevant to decision making within an organization. b. It is rooted in the more general principle of social ethics c. It is not a multidisciplinary field. d. It involves decisions at the individual, at the organizational, and at a broader social and governmental level.