Computing Ethics and Society Answer Key 2

Q: open-source code is any program whose source code is made available for use or modification, as users or other developers see fit. True or false Q: Software, video games, multimedia works, and web pages can all be copyrighted. True or false Q: Anonymous – the quality or state of being unknown to most people. True or false Q: Keep your Promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action is called? a) b) c) d) Confidentiality Integrity Carefulness Honesty Q: Formulas, inventions, and processes are not considered forms of intellectual property. True or false Q: The fair use of doctrine denies portions of patented materials to be used without permission under any circumstances. True or false Q: Confidential – is meant to be kept secret within a circle of persons; not intended to be known publicly. True or false Q: Two software manufacturers could conceivably develop separate programs that preforms the same functions in a nearly identical manner without infringing each other’s copyrights. True or false Objectivity Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation. Social Responsibility Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy. AOIR This association has several guidelines for researchers to follow when they decide to collect data and research via the internet. Research Creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge. Confidential Kept secret within a certain circle of persons; not intended to be known publicly Legality Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies Which of the following terms is used to describe the act of stealing someone's ideas or words them off as one's own? Cybersquatting Reverse engineering Patent trolling Plagiarism Software engineering Online identities are complex, social identities that exist in various forms of online environments. From the options below, select two items that are used as online identity. Screen name Browser Online study & Device type (laptop, mobile, PC) Search engine Avatar A hypothesis is formed, data is collected and analyzed, and results are summary into one or more 'conclusions' This is called Responsible Publication. False The greater the acknowledged publicity of the venue, the less obligation there may be to protect individual privacy, confidentiality, right to informed consent is know as ___. AOIR-2000 AOIR-2012 AOIR-2002 AOIR-2010 Reverse engineering can only be applied to computer hardware, not computer software. False Anonymous – the quality or state of being unknown to most people. True The Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property (PRO-IP) Act of 2008 increased trademark and copyright enforcement and substantially increased penalties for infringement. True Which of the following allows portions of copyrighted materials to be used without permission under certain circumstances? Fair use doctrine Avoiding careless errors and negligence is called Carefulness The Prioritizing Resources and Organizations for Intellectual Property (PRO-IP) Act of 2008 increased trademark and copyright enforcement and substantially increased penalties for infringement. True Industrial espionage and competitive intelligence are essentially the same. False Copyright infringement is the act of stealing someone's ideas or words and passing them off as one's own. False The Lanham Act (also known as the Trademark Act) defines the use of a trademark, the process for obtaining a trademark, and the penalties associated with trademark infringement. True Defining and controlling the appropriate level of access to intellectual property are complex tasks. True Copyright law protects authored works such as art, books, and film. True The World Trade Organization (WTO) developed the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights to establish the minimum levels of protection that each government must provide to the intellectual property of all WTO members. True The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) was signed into law in 1998 and implements two 1996 WIPO treaties. True A trademark permits its owner to exclude the public from making, using, or selling a protected invention, and allows for legal action against violators. False Cross-licensing agreements between organizations allow each party to sue the other over patent infringements. False A trademark is business information that represents something of economic value, has required effort or cost to develop, has some degree of uniqueness or novelty, is generally unknown to the public, and is kept confidential. False The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty of 1996 eliminated many of the original copyright protections for electronic media. False Programs with open source code can be adapted to meet new needs, and bugs can be rapidly identified and fixed. True In what year was The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) signed into law? 1998 Patent law protects which of the following? Inventions How many classes of items did the U.S. Supreme Court rule could not be patented? Three A patent is a grant of a property right issued by which entity? USPTO Which of the following increased trademark and copyright enforcement and substantially increased penalties for infringement? Prioritizing Resources and Organization for Intellectual Property (PRO-IP) Act Under which act was the U.S. patent system changed from a "first-to-invent" to a "first- inventortofile" system? Leahy-Smith America Invents Act Q: Since Businesses implemented automated payroll systems, fewer accounting employees are needed True Q: Machine learning is a branch of engineering that involves the development and manufacture of mechanical or computer devices that can perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous for human beings. False Q: Labor productivity is measured by the annual revenue an employee generates divided by the employee's annual salary. False Q: The types of work-related activities best suited for automation include activities associated with managing others, applying expertise in making decisions and offering recommendations, interacting with stakeholders, and performing physical activities in an unstructured and unpredictable environment. False Q: Computers and robots can perform a wide range of routine physical work activities better, cheaper, faster, and more safely than humans. False Q: Natural language processing is an aspect of artificial intelligence that involves technology that allows computers to understand, analyze, manipulate, and/or generate "natural" languages, such as English. True Q: Machine learning has contributed to the development of a much more in-depth understanding of the human genome as well as practical speech recognition, improved web search results, and selfdriving cars. True Q: More advanced artificial-intelligence-based clinical decision support systems can help doctors choose the proper dosage levels of medication based on a patient's most recent tests results. True Q: The standard of living varies greatly among groups within a country as well as from nation to nation. True Q: The primary areas where IT has been applied include all of the following except A: medical language processing Q: One of the fundamental ways in which companies can try directly to increase productivity is by: A: consolidating operations to better leverage economies of scale Q: A measure of economic performance that compares the amount of goods and services produced (output) with the number of labor hours used in producing those goods and services is known as which of the following? A: labor productivity Q: An example of robotics can be found in which of the following examples? A: device used to move heavy pallets Q: It is difficult to quantify how much the use of IT has contributed to worker productivity because: A: many other factors influence worker productivity rates besides IT Q: Advances in which of the following areas are fundamentally changing the way work gets done and have the potential to affect the tasks, roles, and responsibilities of most workers? A: artificial intelligence Q: What type of artificial intelligence involves computer programs that can learn some tasks and improve performance with experience? A: machine learning Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of machine learning systems? A: a function Q: A process and a set of tools designed to enhance healthcare-related decision making through the use of clinical knowledge to improve healthcare delivery is known as which of the following? A: clinical decision support Q: Innovation is a key factor in productivity improvement. Which of the following has played an important role in enabling innovation? A: information technology Q: which of the following activities is least suited for automation? A: activities associated with managing others Q: IT investments may produce tangible results such as: A: Cost Saving The Connecticut Data Privacy Act (2022) will allow residents of that state to opt-out of the processing of their personal data for purposes of targeted advertising. True There are benefits and drawbacks with all of the research data collection methods, but internet research does not have any unique challenges. False Research is It involves the collection, organization and analysis of information to increase understanding of a topic or issue. Term of service documents essentially provide notification that by using this site you agree to allow your information to be used for research and marketing purposes. True Which of the following claims as its invention some feature or process embodied in instructions executed by a computer? Software patent Select the best match from the following. Copyright: The exclusive right to distribute, display, perform, or reproduce an original work in copies, or to prepare derivative works based on the work. Fair use doctrine: Allows portions of copyrighted materials to be used without permission. Patent: A grant of a property right issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to an inventor. Minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy is called. Human Subjects Protection 1. A type of business system is the______ , which is used to develop accurate forecasts of customer demand, recommend stocks and bonds for an investment portfolio. a. upgrade management system b. decision support system c. executive information system d. data information system 2. In one lawsuit in the early_______ , a financial institution became insolvent because defects in a purchased software application caused errors in several of its systems. a. 1990s b. 1980s c. 1970s d. 1960s 3. If the product fails to meet the terms of its written guarantee, the buyer or lessee can sue for______ . a. breach of warranty b. comparative negligence c. contributory negligence d. strict liability 4. Process-control computers enable the process to be monitored for variations from operating standards and to eliminate product defects before they affect product _________. a. quality b. delivery c. testing d. development 5. ________are defined as a set of interrelated components that include hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures that collect data, process it, and disseminate the output. a. Management information systems b. Decision support systems c. Business information systems d. Data information systems 6. Products, such as statements of requirements, flowcharts, and user documentation, are known as_______ . a. project systems b. information systems c. objects d. deliverables 7. Software quality is defined as the degree to which a software product meets: a. the needs of its users. b. the standards of its competitors. c. sustainability and environmental protection needs. d. the minimum financial return standards. 8. Which of the following is true of strategies for engineering quality software? a. High-quality software systems are tough to learn and use because they perform slowly. b. Software defects never lead to injury. c. Developers develop high-quality software instantaneously without a set of principles. d. The first release of any software rarely meets all its users' expectations. 9. Which of the following is true of software testing? a. White-box testing involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown. b. Black-box testing treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings, unlike the unit in whitebox testing, are known. c. Static testing involves software programs called static analyzers which are run against new code. d. Integration testing involves independent testing that is performed by trained end users to ensure that the system operates as they expect. 10. Which of the following identifies the concept that an organization should act ethically by taking accountability for the impact of its actions on the environment, the community, and the welfare of its employees? Corporate social responsibility 11. To extend to all people the same respect and consideration that you expect from them is considered which of the following character traits? Integrity 12. Software quality is defined as the degree to which a software product meets. the needs of its users. 13. Which of the following terms best describes a habit that inclines people to do what is acceptable? Virtue 14. The goodwill that is created by which of the following can make it easier for corporations to conduct their business? CSR activities 15. Which of the following helps ensure that employees abide by the law, follow necessary regulations, and behave in an ethical manner? Code of ethics 16. _____ is a device that records the originating number of incoming calls for a particular phone number. Trap & trace 17. Which of the following statements best describes a reason why organizations pursue corporate social responsibility (CSR) goals and promote a work environment in which employees are encouraged to act ethically when making business decisions? To gain the goodwill of the community. 18. What is the benefit of consumer profiling? Sellers should be better able to tailor their products and services to meet their customers’ desires and to increase sales. 19. All smart TVs can capture personal conversations along with voice commands used to control the TV via their voice recognition. False 20. Black-box testing treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are known. False 21. When forced to choose between adding more user features and doing more testing, most software companies decide in favor of more testing. False 22. Most people have developed a decision-making process they use almost automatically, without thinking about the steps they go through. True. 23. The use of information technology in business requires balancing the needs of those who use the information that is collected against the rights and desires of the people whose information is being used. True 24. A primary cause of poor software quality is that developers do not know how to design quality into software from the very start, or do not take the time to do so. True. 25. Individual views on what is moral are so strongly held that there is nearly universal agreement in spit of differences in age, cultural group, ethnic background, religion, life experience, education, and gender. False 26. The use of cookies and tracking software is controversial because companies can collect information about consumers without their explicit permission. True 27. Information privacy is the combination of communications privacy and data privacy. True 28. ______________ is a type of hardware device used to impersonate a cell tower, forcing all mobile phones within range to connect to it the device can then capture information that can be used to identify and locate users and the phone numbers. MYSTIC 29. Under the Right to Financial Privacy Act, financial institution can release a customer’s financial records without the customers authorization as long as it is a government authority that is seeking the records. False 30. Online marketers can capture personal information, such as names, addresses, and Social security numbers without requiring consent. False. 31. Software defects are commonly lethal and many personal injuries are related to software failures. False 32. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act includes three key rules that affect personal privacy: financial privacy rule, safeguards rule, and pretexting rule. True 33. The Privacy Act of 1974 extends to the actions of the CIA, U.S. law enforcement agencies, and the private industry. False. 34. A pen register is a device that records the originating number of incoming calls for a particular phone number. False. 35. Electronically stored information includes any form of digital information stored on any form of electronic storage device. True 36. Match The following The liability of manufacturers, sellers, lessors, and others for injuries caused by defective product. Any error that, if not removed could cause a software system to fail to meet its users needs. To help developers deliver high-quality systems that meet users need. A special software program that run against the code. It looks for suspicious patterns in programs that might indicate a defect. An integrate and iterative tripartite methodology Product Liability Dot -com boom of the 1990’s information technology definition Software development, computer systems architecture, and project management Computational data processing decision support and business software Computer tech support business computer network and database administration, business software deployment and information security 1950’s information technology definition Todays information technology definition Software defect Quality Management Static Analyzer Value-Sensitive Design (VSD)