Sociology Midterm One Questions and Answers Part 2

23. What did Andrea Wimmer determine was the best sociological predictor of war within a geographic territory in the twentieth century? The existence of nationalist organizations 24. Because it relies on empirical investigation, sociology is, for the most part, the same as natural science. False 25. Identify the following as advantages of either surveys or experiments. Advantages of surveys: -They can efÏciently collect data on large numbers of individuals -They have specialized agencies collect data and researchers who perform careful analysis. Advantages of Experiment: -They are the best type of study for determining causality -They have the ability to control variables 26. Which of the following are among the basic standards sociological research must meet in order to be considered scientific? -The findings must be reproducible by other researchers -The research must reach conclusions that go beyond what was observed 27. Identify the statement that reflects an accurate reading of this table. Between 1996 and 2001, cars per 1000 adults decreased in Italy and increased in Japan. 28. Fill in blanks to complete the passage about sociology compared to the natural sciences. Some people think that a field study must use quantitative methods rather than qualitative ones to count as scientific. That is incorrect. What makes a discipline a science is a set of values that can be deployed in research, not a particular choice of methods. 29. When research is carried out, difÏculties may arise that could force the researcher to rethink his or her initial strategy. Which of the following are examples of such difÏculties? -Interview subjects may be unexpectedly hard to contact -A government agency may not cooperate as expected. 30. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about an experiment involving the effects of people changing neighborhoods. A 1994 study compared people who were given vouchers for new apartments to people who had applied but were not selected. The study found that although those who moved did not do better in the labor market, they did report being happier and also lost weight. 31. Identify the term that describes social scientists’ recognition of their own social position influencing the results of their research. Reflexivity 32. Place the steps of the research process in order from first to last. First: define the research problem Second: review the literature Third: Make the problem precise Fourth: Work out a design Fifth: carry out the research Sixth: Interpret the results Seventh: report the findings 33. Match each sociologist to his or her scholarly contribution. Diane Vaughan: interviewed people about their romantic breakups Robert Park: pioneered observational fieldwork in Chicago William Ogburn: emphasized quantitative methods in sociology Alice Goffman: wrote about the living with a group of boys on the run from the law 34. Which of the following describe a random sampling method? -A health insurer uses a computer-generated random list of plan members to conduct a qualitycontrol review -A store gives every twentieth customer a gift card in exchange for filling out a customer satisfaction questionnaire. 35. Identify each research method as either qualitative or quantitative Qualitative: -An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior of members of a focus group for car commercials -Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about his or her political views Quantitative: -the number of people in a large gathering is recorded -Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a U.S. Citizen or a citizen of another country. 36. After reviewing data from the General Social Survey for the years 1985-2004, what conclusion about Americans’ social tied did one team of researchers reach? Americans have fewer close friends to confide in than they did in the past 37. Match each limitation to the most appropriate research method. Surveys: there may be a very large sample size, but the material gathered may be superficial Experiments: Responses to those studied may be affected by the laboratory setÝng Ethnography: Generalizability is limited; findings might only apply to the group or community studied. 38. Which of the following are advantage of either fixed-choice or open-ended questionnaires? Advantages of fixed choice questionnaire: - Responses are easy to compare - Responses are easy to count Advantages of open-ended questionnaires - Responses can suggest what the subject is thinking - Responses provide detailed information 39. Which factor makes something not only a problem but also a puzzle? A gap in our understanding 40. Match each term to one of its main advantages Experiments: enables precise control of specific variables Ethnography: provides rich, in-depth information Surveys: facilitates collection of data that can be generalized 41. Place the events of Philip Zimbardo’s prison experiment in order from first to last. First: students volunteered for the study Second: some students were assigned to play guards, others prisoners Third: Tensions between “guards” and “prisoners” quickly grew to unexpected levels Fourth: The experiment was halted much sooner than planned. 42. What is the definition of a hypothesis? An educated guess Chapter 3 1. Identify the ways in which nation-states differ from earlier state-like societies. -Nation-States have well defined national borders -Nation-states have national cultures 2. Match each term to the correct description Norm: race-based job discrimination is illegal Neither: There is no inherent difference between different races Value: all people should have the chance to advance by “pulling themselves up by their bootstraps.” 3. Place the events for the origins of hip-hop music in chronological order. First: Jamaican DJs developed a tradition of chanting stories, accompanied by recorded music Second: In the Bronx, New York, DJ Kool Herc developed an early version of rapping Third: Groups from Queens and Long Island brought the new style of music to a wider audience Fourth: Gangsta rap became an established musical culture in major U.S. cities Fifth: Hip-Hop was recognized as a global form of music 4. Which behaviors would an evolutionary biologist like Edward O. Wilson most likely say are genetically programmed? -An infant’s “rooting” to find the mother’s breast nipple -a tendency in men toward sexual promiscuity -a mother’s attachment to her children -the widespread pattern of men having more power than women 5. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about linguistic relativity hypothesis. In their writings, Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf suggested that our language shapes our thoughts. We tend to notice things we have words for. Thus, someone with a large snow vocabulary is more likely to notice whether snow is powdery, granular, or slushy. This person sees snow differently than someone for whom snow is a novelty. 6. Match each definition to the correct term Symbol: one item used to stand for another, such as a flag Signifier: any vehicle of meaning and communication Language: a system of symbols used by people to communicate 7. What is France’s national policy on wearing face-covering veils in public? There is a ban on wearing veils in public 8. How does a pop singer Taylor Swift think social media encourages people, especially young women, to feel bad about themselves? People compare their own lives, which they know from the inside, to idealized versions of other people’s lives. 9. The internet has in some ways counteracted the forces of cultural globalization True 10. Which locations still have hunting and gathering societies? Australia India 11. Which statement about internet use in Saudi Arabia are true? Authorities use the internet to disseminate ofÏcial propaganda Saudi women are to use the internet to discuss women’s health issues 12. Match each sociologist to his vision of the industrial society of the future Max Weber: a highly efÏcient bureaucracy that stifles human freedom Karl Max: a classless society in which everyone prospers Emile Durkheim: a growing division of labor in which people play specialized roles 13. Match each culture with the correct meaning it attaches to cultural symbol of “dog”. Akha (northern Thailand): source of meat American: household pet, treated fondly Guatemalan Indian: scavenger, useful as guard animal 14. Which of the following represent cultural universals? Religion rituals The practice of gift-giving The institutions of marriage 15. What is the name for the form of colonialism in which citizens of the colonial power take up residence in large numbers in the occupied nation Settler colonialism 16. Which challenges has china faces in its efforts to become a major player in the global market for consumer electronics and other tech sector products? -inflexible college admission policies based solely on text results -a culture that does not value unconventional thinking 17. What is the main factor in deciding which university a Chinese student will attend? A grueling two- or three-day examination 18. What is the key difference between pastoral and agrarian societies? Agrarian societies grow crops for food, while pastoral societies raise livestock 19. Identify the reasons why Ann Swider describe culture as a “tool Kit.” People draw on “scripts” for understanding society and acting in it People select different understanding and behaviors from a number of possibilities 20. What physiological fact explains why human children spend more time being cared for by their parents than the young of most other mammal species? Human beings need extra time outside the womb for their brains to develop 21. Place the societies in chronological order, according to when they appeared Hunting and gathering societies Pastoral Societies Traditional societies Industrialized societies 22. Colonialism may involve either large-scale immigration and settlement by the colonizing population or only a small-scale influx of administrators who govern the native population for the benefit of the colonizing power. Historically, what has been the relation between the type of colonialism and the eventual industrialization of the colonized nation? Colonization by large-scale settlement leads to greater industrialized 23. What was probably the earliest regular use of written language? Creating lists by making marks on wood, clay, or stone for recordkeeping 24. Which items represent proof of the emergence of humanlike culture? The deliberate use of fire, planned hunting in groups, toolmaking 25. According to social science research, which of the following are effects of social media, such as Facebook? -In the United States, people who use Facebook have slightly more close friendships than people who don’t. -Among young adults, use of Facebook leads to a slightly less sense of well being in comparison to those who reported increased direct contact with friends 26. For a group of people with distinctive values and behaviors to be considered a subculture, it must reject most of the norms and values of the dominant culture. False 27. Historically, which were common characteristics of hunting and gathering societies? Highly develop religious rituals Extreme poverty by modern standards 28. Relative to American culture today, which of following could be considered a subculture? Hunting enthusiasts Skateboarders 29. Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites? Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism 30. Which items are among the forces that contribute to a globalization of culture? -The proliferation of international organizations, such as the United Nations -the emergence of a class of “global citizens” 31. Which phrase did Emile Durkheim use to describe industrial societies held together by functional interdependence of their members of one another? Organic Solidarity 32. Match each statement about teenagers and smartphones to the appropriate sociological term. Ethnocentrism: Teenagers probably use smartphones so much because they are rude and selfish. Cultural Relativism: teenagers say they use smartphones because it is their main tool for staying connected with friends. 33. Which of the following are characteristics of traditional civilizations? At least part of the population was concentrated in cities Art and science flourished in these societies They were expansionist empires 34. Which statements align with the main ideas of sociobiology? -Men are dominant in most societies because of genetics that make males strong and aggressive -Much of human social life can be explained by reproductive strategies 35. Which questions would be asked by someone studying semiotics? Why do high buildings represent prestige? How do various cultures give meaning to the color pink 36. What percentage of people living in poverty in United States in 2016 were immigrants? About 25 percent 37. Which phrase best represents the meaning of the Latin root of the word society? The ties that bind people together 38. Which items are example of nationalism? An ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value 39. Match each cultural trend to the appropriate website. -An open-access information site such as Wikipedia: global spread of one culture or kind of culture. -A website for people interested in fine food and drink: development of a non-geographic subculture -A website advocating violence against police: undermining of an existing dominant culture -A fundraising website for a county historical society: preservation of a local culture 40. What do sociologists mean when they refer to the “global north” and the “global south”? The distinction between industrialized nations and nations that are less industrialized 41. Which of the following are example of material culture? Paved roads and associated signage Smartphones 42. Match each Chinese internet resource to the correct Western equivalent. Facebook: Renren Google: Baidu Twitter: Sina Weibo 43. Which major roles does apple corporation play in China’s economy? Its factories in China are a major source of jobs It sells a lot of products in China 44. Which items are examples of nationalism? A country begins a war over territory that has only symbolic value An ethnic group raises a military to fight for independence Chapter 4: 1. What is the definition of socialization? The lifelong process of learning the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to one’s social position. 2. Which of the following are examples of socializations? A peace corps volunteer learns the basic rules of etiquette of her new country A child encourages her parents to open a Facebook account A parent teaches a child not to burp at the dinner table A woman who is expecting her first child takes a parenting class 3. According to June Statham’s research, identify the statements about the experiences of families committed to nonsexist child rearing as either true or false. -There are more storybooks available with nontraditional female characters than nontraditional male characters -Most children of nonsexist parents still possessed gender-typed toys given to them by relatives 4. For a boy on a youth soccer team, socialization involves an appreciation of the perspective of various “others.” Use George Herbert Mead’s theory to place each item in the appropriate circle. I: The boy feels hungry but doesn’t mention it to anyone Social Self: the boy knows that his teammates want him to contribute to a win Generalized Other: The boy is aware that “sportsmanship” means he shouldn’t throw a tantrum if his team loses. 5. Identify which changes in social roles define the beginning of midlife, according to sociologists. -for families, the “empty nest” stage (when children leave the family home) -For women, when they enter menopause 6. Which statement demonstrates Charles Horton Cooley’s theory of the looking-glass self? I shouted, and people listened to me. I see that I am a powerful person. 7. What findings did Vanda Lucia Zammuner report from a study of Dutch and Italian children’s toy preference? -In both countries, girls chose to play with gender-neutral toys more often than boys did. -Italian children were more likely than Dutch children to prefer gender-specific toys 8. In which ways does midlife today differ from the midlife in premodern societies? -people undergo more major life transitions -people live significantly longer -individuals have more control over their lives 8. Which of the following has a sociologist Frank Furstenberg identified as critical for a young person’s transition into mature adulthood? GetÝng married Finishing school Having a child 9. Which statement describes a small step that the Disney movie Frozen takes towards chipping away at gender stereotypes? The princess finds a happy ending by connecting with her sister, Elsa, instead of through romance 10. A 2005 study identified five themes in the messages that African Americans received from their parents about what it means to be black. Which items were among those themes? Difference to and the fear of whites Racial group pride Color Blindness 11. In sociology, how is the concept of identify understood? It relates to people’s understanding of who they are and what is meaningful to them 12. The idea that death is for old people is a recent development True 13. According to Annette Lareau’s research, what do working-class parents do to promote the “accomplishment of natural growth”? Allow their children to enjoy long periods of unstructured free time