Energy Use Lab Chapter I

Topics: I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources (34, 37) Global Energy Consumption (34) Fuel Types and Uses (34, 35) Distribution of Natural Energy Resources (34) Fossil Fuels (35) Nuclear Power (36) Energy from Biomass (38) ● Fossil fuel ● Nonrenewable energy resource ● Nuclear fuel ● Energy carrier ● Turbine ● Electrical grid ● Combined cycle ● Capacity ● Capacity factor ● Cogeneration ● Coal ● Petroleum ● Crude oil ● Tar sands ● Bitumen ● CTL (coal to liquid) ● Energy intensity ● Hubbert curve ● Peak oil ● Fission ● Fuel rod ● Control rod ● Radioactive waste ● Becquerel (Bq) ● Curie ● Nuclear fusion ● Energy conservation ● Tiered rate system ● Peak demand VIII. Solar Energy (39) IX. Hydroelectric Power (38) X. Geothermal Energy (39) XI. Hydrogen Fuel Cell (39) XII. Wind Energy (39) XIII. Energy Conservation (37, 40) ● Passive solar design ● Thermal mass ● Potentially renewable ● Nondepletable ● Renewable ● Biofuel ● Modern carbon ● Fossil carbon ● Carbon-neutral ● Net removal ● Ethanol ● Biodiesel ● Flex-fuel vehicle ● Hydroelectricity ● ● ● ● ● ● cell ● ● ● ● pump ● ● ● Run-of-the-river Water impoundment Tidal energy Siltation Active solar energy Photovoltaic solar Wind energy Wind turbine Geothermal energy Ground source heat Fuel cell Electrolysis Smart grid I. ฀ 1 II. • • • ____________________________________________ are bought and sold (oil, coal, natural gas) ____________________________________________are gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs (straw, sticks, animal dung) As industrialization increases, ________________________ increases and ___________________ _______________________________ change 0 1 1 6 15 38 30 0 0 0 2 10 23 17 0 2 5 15 10 13 20 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 5 0 0 0.5 1 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 1805 1867 1895 1926 1956 1970 1987 40 24 23 7 3 1 2008 35 28 17 9 3 1 2012 3 Use the graph on the previous page to answer these The predominant energy source until 1875 ฀ At that point, it became ฀ Did not begin until 1950 ฀ The 1970s saw a dramatic dip in ฀ The top three sources today are ฀ Since 2000, there has been an increase in ฀ ฀ WHY? Energy use varies regionally and seasonally • Midwest/SE ฀ • West/NE ฀ • Highly populated ฀ • WHY? • North uses more energy in _________________ • South uses more energy in _________________ • • WHY? WHY? 4 Why do we use gas or diesel for our cars instead of coal or firewood? ● ● So why not use gasoline for everything? ● ● III. Wood Coal Peat Natural gas Tar sands 5 ER OEI: • • • If you obtain ____________of coal and it cost ________to extract the coal, the ER OEI is _______ A ________________________ number is more efficient and desirable Anything below _________ cannot really be considered a viable energy source Calculate the ER OEI for ethanol from corn Growing 0.4 ha (1 acre) of corn 8,545,000 Converting corn and distributing it 21,636,000 Burning ethanol as fuel in a car 33,217,000 Pure CO2 byproduct which is sold to beverage industries and as dry ice Calculate the ER OEI 5,390,000 According to these numbers can ethanol viably replace gasoline as fuel for cars worldwide? Why? 6 • Consider • Compare electric water heater and natural gas water heater (tankless) • Heating hot water ฀________ efficiency • Tankless ฀_________ WHY might the OVERALL efficiency of the tank system be only __________? MJ/passenger*kilometer 0.06 Walking 0.16 Tram light rail 0.91 0.92 Diesel rail 1.65 Heavy rail 1.69 Motorcycle 1.73 Put in: 2.1 2.42 Taxis (2 people) 2.94 2.94 Car (1 person) 3.6 How many MJ per person are expended to travel the 600 km from San Francisco to Los Angeles by air, one-passenger car, or bus? If you carpooled with 4 people, would that be enough to become the most energy-efficient way to travel of those three options? Show why or why not. 7 In the 70s, fuel economy: In the 80s and 90s, fuel economy: After the early 2000s, fuel economy: Fuel economy responds to changes in: • • • Can be generated from many different sources – different category ________________________ source of energy: converted from a ____________________ source ____________________________________________: can move and deliver energy in a convenient, usable form (also wood, dammed water, pressurized air) • Electricity itself is ____________________________________________________--production of electricity is not • ___________________________________: network of ___________________________________ _________________________________________________that connect power plants together and link them with end users ____________________________________ more efficient (up to ______ vs ______) • Combusts _____________________________ instead of coal • Waste heat boils water to also turn a ___________________________________ ___________________________________: The maximum electrical output 8 o Typical power plant = _____________________ in one day (500 mega-watts an hour) ___________________________________: The fraction of time a power plant operates in a year • Most thermal power plants have a capacity factor of ___________ or more • Renewable like wind may only be ___________ • Nuclear and coal-fired take a long time (up to a full day) to get up to full capacity, so often are kept running at all times ______________________________: combined heat and power • Use of a fuel to: 1. Which energy source does not originate from the Sun? a. Coal b. Solar c. Oil d. Nuclear e. Natural gas 2. Traveling alone in a car uses 3.6 MJ of energy per kilometer. If 4 people go on a trip of 400 miles, what is the MJ/person? a. 200 MJ b. 360 MJ c. 576 MJ d. 860 MJ e. 1440 MJ 3. The major source of energy in the U.S. is a. natural gas b. coal c. oil d. nuclear e. renewables 4. What is an example of a secondary energy source? a. Solar b. Coal c. Electricity d. Heat e. Nuclear 5. Cogeneration is a. the use of two or more energy sources to generate electricity b. The use of two separate turbines to generate electricity c. A method of electricity generation that includes renewable energy d. A method of increasing a power plant’s capacity factor e. The use of a fuel to generate heat and electricity 9 IV. 10 V. ฀Video: How Humans disrupted a cycle essential to all life k _______________________________: ● Derived from biological material that _________________________millions of years ago (50-350 mya) ● Form in _______________________________ conditions (swamps) ● _______________________________: a finite supply Hey! That equation reminds me of _________________________________________________ . So what’s the difference? They’re similar because they both ____________________________________________ . But.... ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ 11 ______________________________________________ Not enough O2 present, so “leftover” carbon is getting released as soot and CO ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ _______________________________________________________________ of the fossil fuels ● ● ● 12 Major coal deposits found in: Advantages 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Disadvantages 1. 2. Impurities released when burned: sulfur, mercury, lead, arsenic ฀ sulfur dioxide and airborne particulates ● Coal is 60-80% carbon; most is converted into CO2, contributes to the atmospheric increases ● 3. ● 3-20% remains behind after burning as ash ● Huge ash/water spill in Knoxville—took 5 years and $1 billion to clean up ฀ Ted-Ed Video: How to Create Cleaner Coal (starts at 3:15) of CO2 ___________________________________ or ______________________________ Exhaust gas mixed with monoethanolamine; bonds to _____; stored underground 2. Steam and oxygen convert coal to ____________________, made of CO, H2, and some CO2 ฀ mix with water vapor, convert CO to CO2, isolate ฀ Leftover H2 gas used to generate electricity 3. Coal exposed to __________________; creates exhaust gas with higher concentrations of CO2, easier to isolate These methods may reduce emissions up to _________________ 13 ฀ Major Coal Producer Files for Bankruptcy 1. How has Trump tried to help the coal industry? 2. What were the 2 large-scale rollbacks that Trump has pursued: 3. Do you think Bob Murray’s lung condition might possibly be related to working in the coal mines for 17 years underground every day? Yes/no 4. What does Murray think the government should do? 5. Why does Murray think it is important to keep coal going? 6. What is the Sierra Club representative’s counterpoint? 7. What is a major way this bankruptcy will hurt the coal miners? (Scientific American) ฀ 1. Why is mercury a problem for humans? What is its connection to tuna? 2. What is bioaccumulation and why is the Bluefin tuna an example of this concept? 14 3. What caused the reduction in the mercury contamination levels in Bluefin tuna? 4. What are the two reasons the results of this new study surprised researchers? 5. Which two relevant Obama initiatives are mentioned as possibilities for rollback under a Trump administration? (Identify and summarize each) _________________________ cleaner than coal ● ____________________________________________________________ that occurs in underground deposits ● ● ● ______________________________makes products (oil and gasoline) more suitable for __________________________________________________like in vehicles Formed from ____________________________________ remains 50-150 mya ____________________________________________________________; over geologic time, the algal remains fill in the pores and form petroleum ● Petroleum is ______________________________than rock so as rock deforms it migrates closer to the surface where it can be ______________________________ ● Transported by _____________________________________________to refinery __________________________: Liquid petroleum removed from ground ฀ __________________________ is burned off or extracted for separate fuel Crude oil can be refined into… ● ● ● ● ฀ Depends on the __________________________ at which they boil __________________________ : Complex and dangerous; requires significant $$$ investment ฀ 1 barrel of oil = __________________________ 15 Remaining reserves of Oil in billions of barrels 264.3 178.8 132.5, 115, 101.5, 97.8 79.7 60 21.4 ฀ Where are the tar sands? What are the disadvantages to mining the tar sands? Scroll through the photos in the essay and read the captions. Which one do you find the most interesting? Why? Advantages Disadvantages 1. 1. ฀ Ideal for mobile combustion engines like cars, planes, trucks 2. ฀ ฀ 2. 3. ฀ Releases ____________ of the CO2 that coal does when burned 4. 16 Sulfur Trace metals: mercury, lead, arsenic 1.________________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ Supertanker crashed into a reef in Prince William Sound, AK 42 million liters (11 million gallons) Half a million birds and thousands of marine mammals killed 2. ____________________________________________ ฀ Exploration might yield up to 1.4 trillion L of oil and natural gas Opponents: will harm pristine habitat and the human population as well 3. ____________________________________________ ฀ ฀ ฀ Explosion at a BP oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico Released 780 million L (206 million gal)—87 days 6000 sea turtles, 26,000 marine mammals, 82,000 birds killed BP Oil Spill Timeline (2:58) BP Oil Spill 5 Years Later: Wildlife Still Suffering MSNBC (5:52) 1.Why were there so many birds on the neighboring barrier islands off the Lousiana coast at the time of the spill? 2. What occurred with the land and mangroves? (positive feedback loop!) 17 3. Why are they in danger of losing the pelican population? 4. What are the steps being taken right now to protect the pelicans? Who is supporting and not supporting? Deepwater Horizon disaster, five years later Correctsit dispersant: Physical evidence that remains even 5 years later Human medical issues BP’s responses to the complaints Economic issues in Grand Isle 18 ____________________________________: The cleanest of the three fossil fuels ฀ Exists as a __________________________ ___________________________________ in the ground as well as in _____________________ ___________________ separately ฀ ฀ ___________________________________; rest is ethane, propane, and butane __________________________________________; lies above oil in deposits Uses 1. 2. 3. Advantages Disadvantages 1. 1. ฀ 2. 3. 25x more efficient at absorbing infrared energy than CO2 Which animal emits the most methane? 2. ฀ ฀ 19 _______________________________________________________________________ Economic Production Weather Mass Transport Size Commute distances Fuel Economy 20 What does it mean that the United States has near world average energy efficiency? ________________________________________________ ฀ Hubbert = Geophysicist; first published in Scientific American ฀ Represents oil use and projects when oil production will reach a maximum, and when it will be depleted ________________________ the point at which half the total known oil supply is used up ฀ What does this quote mean? How does it apply to the use of fossil fuels today and in the future? What type of people do you think would agree with this statement? VI. __________________________________ ● ___________________ strikes a large atomic nucleus (uranium-235) ● Releases more neutrons and _______________________ ● Additional neutrons release more energy in a __________________________________ ● ● Uses the heat energy to produce ______________ (like coal power plant) contains 2-3 million X the energy of 1g of ______________ 21 Amount needed to produce equivalent amount of energy ___________________________: Tubes that contain the uranium pellets (the fuel) __________________________________________: inserted between the fuel rods to _______________ ____________________________________________________and prevent meltdowns and fires ___________________________: Fuel rods become too hot and melt; water boils away; __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ● ● to produce All the same negative effects of mining, BUT ฀ Locations of Uranium Mines 1. 3. 2. 4. 22 ฀ Wyoming uranium mine pollutes drinking water by contaminating the _____________________ Video: Fukishima, 9 Years after devastation What kinds of precautions did the reporter take before going into the radiation area? What is the “water issue” discussed in the video? How can it be fixed? 1. ______________________________ ⦿ After a time, become spent—cannot generate electricity, but are still radioactive ⦿ U-235 has a half-life of 704 million years 2. 3. 23 _______________________________________________________________________________ ฀ Sodium-24: ____________________ ฀ Carbon-14: ____________________ ฀ Potassium-40: ____________________ Can be used to calculate: 1. 2. With a radioactivity level of 100 curies and a half-life of 50 years, what will the radioactivity level be in 200 years? (Don’t use equation) (same problem) With a radioactivity level of 100 curies and a half-life of 50 years, what will the radioactivity level be in 200 years? (Use equation) If a material has a radioactivity level of 500 curies and a half-life of 30 years, what will the radioactivity level be in 150 years? 24 ● They are dangerous for _________________________ half-lives ● Stored at the plants in _________________________________; water is a shield from radiation ● Sites have run out of pools; now they are in ____________________________________________ _________________________________ on land ● ● Incineration? Destroyed with chemicals? Shot into space? Dumped or buried in the ocean? Most options would allow too much potential for ______________________________________ ________________________________________________ to enter the ocean or atmosphere ● 30 years of controversy and protest has led to cancellation of the project despite the apparent soundness of the site as a ________________________________________________ ● Obama ended federal funding ● Recent upsurge in applications for new plants Nuclear Energy Explained: Risk or Opportunity @ ● ● ● ● ● Why is releasing CO2 from biomass better than from fossil fuels? ● Modern carbon: ______________________________ because CO2 was only recently in the atmosphere ฀ _____________________________ ● Fossil carbon: Reading: Friedland: Science Applied #6, p. 493-495 also found at Does ethanol reduce air pollution? YES… NO… Does ethanol reduce greenhouse gas emissions? YES... NO… Does ethanol reduce our dependence on gasoline? YES… NO… 26 Are there alternatives to corn ethanol? ฀ Video: VIII. Go annotate the 6.3 map! In a general sense, where are the greatest amounts of photovoltaic power potential in the world? The most solar radiation in the US: The least: ________________ Solar Heating _____________ Solar Technologies ● 1. ● ● 2. 3. Benefits ● Uses lenses and mirrors to focus sunlight ● Evaporates water to steam, turns turbine Drawbacks 27 _______________________________________ Cells • The sunlight’s energy activates and releases electrons from thin layers of _______________ __________________________ material (like silicon) • Generates a low-voltage __________________ _______________________ IX. _________________________________________: Power generated by the ________________ energy of moving water 1. 2. 3. * Efficient (________ can be converted) * Can’t be a widespread energy source because __________________________ is not enough in most places * Biggest potential in: 28 Case Studies 1) The Teton Dam ฀ Video: The Teton Dam Disaster What were the warning signs about the dam’s potential for collapse? Why did it collapse? 2) The Three Gorges Dam (Yangtze River, China) ● ● ● ● ● 2 kilometers long The electric output of 18 large coal-burning or nuclear power plants Displaced ______________________ people Dam is built over seismic fault and already has small cracks Erosion, sedimentation, flooding 29 Amid catastrophic floods, China’s dams come into question 1. What are the anthropogenic causes of high flood risk in China’s dams? 2. How is the flooding of China’s rural towns an example of environmental injustice? 3. What is the hukou system and how is it relevant to the above issues? 4. What are the solutions proposed by Yu Kongjian? What is a “sponge city”? 5. Why is there a “ticking clock” to protect China from dam failure and flooding? Why remove dams? Potential problems? ฀ Video: Time Lapse of Dam Removal What are fish ladders and why are they important? How do the fingerlings get back downstream past the dam? 30 X. ฀ ฀ ฀ 1. Why does Iceland have so many hot pools? 31 2. What was a major factor in Iceland’s economic transformation to one of Europe’s richest countries? 3. What are some different ways Icelanders use their easily accessible heated water? XI. Hydrogen _____________________ : Operate like a battery, but reactants (hydrogen) are added continuously Need 1. 2. 3. Benefits Drawbacks 32 XII. ● ● Global wind energy capacity has gone from ___________ (1996) to ________ GW today ● _________________________ generates 26% of electricity from wind Benefits Drawbacks XIII. How are and related? Conservation: Energy efficiency: 1. 2. 3. 4. ___________________________________________ : Customers pay a low rate for the first increment and pay more as use goes up 5. ___________________________________________: Certain times of the day or year when prices are higher ฀ Systems must be prepared for the maximum demand or _____________________ can occur ฀ Video: ENERGY STAR Certified Homes (1:41) 33 ● What year did ● What were the first products to be labeled? ___________________________________ begin? ___________ ● In 1995, what was now able to be labeled? ___________________________________ ● Energy Star homes give up to _______ % more energy efficiency. 1. You are buying an air conditioner. The Energy Star brand is $300 and the standard is $200. They have the same cooling capacity, but the Energy Star costs 5 cents/hour less to run. If you run it 12 hours a day, how long does it take to recover the cost? 2. Now you want to buy a nice flatscreen. Electricity costs $0.15/kWh. You watch 4 hours a day. (This is too much TV) a) The non-Energy Star model uses 0.5 kW. How much will it cost you per year to run this model? b) If the Energy Star model uses 40% of the amount of electricity, how much money will you save over 5 years if you buy that model? 1. _____________________________ : uses solar radiation to maintain indoor temperature 2. 3. 34 ฀The world’s most green museum What are some examples of sustainable design that are a part of the California Academy of Sciences building? 1. Which is an energy efficiency improvement? a. Riding a bike b. Adjusting the thermostat c. Using a power strip d. Using cold water instead of hot e. Replacing incandescent bulbs with LEDs 3. Peak demand a. decreases electricity-generating capacity b. is caused by higher electricity prices c. occurs in the early morning d. can be managed using a tiered rate system e. can cause brownouts 2. If an Energy Star refrigerator costs 2 cents less per hour to run, and runs 16 hrs/day, how much will it save in a year? a. $44 b. $82 c. $117 d. $174 e. $236 4. Which is used in sustainable design in North America? a. Recycled building materials b. Double-paned windows c. An overhanging roof d. Windows on the northern wall e. Building materials with high thermal mass 35 FRQorner 2014 #1 1. Read the article below and answer the questions that follow. (a) State whether you agree or disagree with each of the following remarks made by Dr. Kull. For each remark, provide one justification for your position. (i) “Nuclear power plants produce no dangerous solid waste.” (ii) “Using nuclear power avoids the release of greenhouse gases.” (b) If the plan for a nuclear power plant in Fremont is approved, it will take several years for the plant to be built. Describe TWO environmental problems that could result from the construction of the plant (i.e., prior to operation). 36 (c) Suppose that the nuclear power plant is constructed on the Fremont River site. (i) Identify the most likely pollution threat that the plant will pose to the Fremont River as a result of the plant’s normal daily operation. (ii) Discuss one potential ecological consequence of the pollution threat that you identified in part (i). (iii) Identify a system often used in nuclear power plants to reduce the pollution you identified in part (i). (d) Describe TWO specific steps that Fremont residents and/or businesses could take to reduce the use of electricity. (e) Identify a specific nuclear power plant at which a major accident has occurred. Explain one environmental consequence (other than effects on human health) of a nuclear power plant accident. 37