Summary Of Tourism Public Policy Materials

SUMMARY OF TOURISM PUBLIC POLICY MATERIALS The term tourism public policy is a guideline provided by the government with the aim of developing tourism activities in certain locations. Stated in official documents and other government documents in consultation with representatives from the tourism sector and the community. This policy must be able to improve the quality of life of residents around the destination (Edgell and Swanson: 2013). According to Krippendorf (1982) there are 4 factors to consider in determining tourism policy, namely social, cultural, economic and environmental. Sector development also needs to be holistic, analyzing and valorizing each component of the policy system Tourism policy focuses on regulating changes involving a variety of services such as transport, accommodation, attractions and other activities, usually offered by small local companies. Research related to tourism is relatively new, starting at the turn of the century (Dredge and Jenkins: 2011). Developing under the influence of criticism with the support of constructionism, increasing post-disciplinary research perspectives which open up new investigative boundaries with elements other than tourism, knowledge obtained from reflective practice with critical attention to ethical values encourages interpretive theoretical development Policies must be used to encourage the development of the tourism sector. According to FayosSola (1996), changes such as market segmentation, technology, new products and new management require the government to update tourism policies. This explains that tourism policy has shifted from destination promotion to product development to maintain competitiveness. This perspective shows that countries or regions that want to develop and increase domestic tourism so that it can enter the international market must have clear public policies by implementing guidelines, strategies, objectives and main actions (WTO, 2011). The role of tourism policy and strategic planning is very important for economic prosperity, sustainable management and quality of life for communities, destinations and countries (Edgell and Swanson: 2013). From this quote, the key to tourism growth is careful and effective planning at the destination. Wang and Ap (2013) identified four factors that influence tourism policy implementation, namely the macroeconomic and social environment, institutional arrangements, inter-organizational relationships and organizational structures, and interest groups. Tourism policy often reflects politics, there is an internal debate between the impact of tourism, the amount of financial resources that will be used to invest in developing tourism policy and relations between countries. Policies issued by the government can stimulate or slow down the development of tourism both nationally and internationally. The political system adopted can be liberal, democratic or even totalitarian, but each regime must be responsible for tourism. The dominant factors between ideological and philosophical values will influence the extent to which the government intervenes in economic aspects, the role of the tourism sector, the amount of support and funding provided for tourism development According to Matteus (2000) government interaction with tourism depends on the political system adopted. For example, in a federal system, government functions are distributed between regional levels of authority. Another example is in a capitalist economy, there is an emphasis on the private sector to promote tourism or on a social system where the government regulates, directs and provides tourism businesses. Brown (2000) states that the absence of a clear and firm tourism policy can cause problems, for example in damage to cultural and natural heritage, decisions about investment implementation and the image of the destination due to wrong marketing strategies. The level of government authority in tourism matters. First, the authority of the national government and applied to all regions of the country. At this point are the visa requirements for foreign tourists entering the country. Second, a country's policy and no interference in national territory. At this point, for example, in terms of vaccination requirements against certain diseases, even though the countries are neighbors, they still do not interfere. Third, the considerations of local authorities and then the decisions made affect the geographical coverage area. At this point build a hotel on the seafront Eliot (1997) created a diagram to illustrate the complexity of tourism management. According to Elliot, managers must act according to the political and industrial environment and use power in relation to formal and informal factors The principles of public sector management according to Elliot (1997) are divided into public interest and service, effectiveness, efficiency and accountability. Meanwhile, public machine management is required to follow Max Weber's principles where the administration of privileges is based on rationality and laws accepted by society, but this does not rule out the possibility of irrational administration emerging to prioritize personal interests above the public interest. Weber's principles and characteristics of public administration (From Elliot, 1997) 1. Staff members only observe impersonal office tasks 2. Position levels are clear 3. The function of the position is clearly defined 4. Officials are appointed based on contract 5. Professional capacity standards can be seen from the diplomas used to select officials 6. Officials have a monetary salary based on their level as well as (usually) retirement severance pay. They can stop at any time and severance pay can be stopped according to conditions 7. Officials only occupy one level 8. The career system allows officials to experience promotions 9. Promotion based on superior assessment 10. Officials may not assume the position or the resources that come with it 11. Officials are subject to a unified control and disciplinary system. Ministries and departments (and/or secretariats) function as unifying bodies for tourism development and public policy. Conflicts often arise when an independent tourism minister is needed because of the problem of location where the tourism minister in each country does not have equal political power, apart from that, tourism also really needs other major ministerial sectors for the sustainability of tourism. Dregde (2006) examined the role of local government in promoting or inhibiting the formation of public-private partnerships in Lake Macquarie with the result of the need to create a friendly environmental promotion in innovative public-private relations, this can be achieved with good management between the community and the state. Furthermore, there is a study analyzing collaboration between stakeholders in developing destination policies (Bramwell and Sharman, 1999), developing a conceptual framework of factors influencing the implementation of tourism policy and establishing a model in China (Wang and Ap, 2013), analysis of Australian tourism policy and planning law (Ruhanen and Reid, 2014) as well as Hungarian rural tourism policy and factor analysis of how governance can influence support local administrators (Panyik, 2015). New Zealand has had a national tourism structure since 1902, Spain 1911, Italy 1919, Mexico 1928. This indicates that the government & ministries, secretariats and tourism departments must have tourism planning actions. National government interests can also be measured by the results of public tourism policies or lack thereof. There is often an imbalance or poor activity guidelines as a result of not knowing tourism interests from the government and private sector guidelines. It would be ideal if the government and private sector developed appropriate tourism activities to benefit everyone. An example of this operation can be seen in 2012 where the Malaysian Ministry of Tourism received an award from the World Tourism Ulysses Organization in public policy innovation and governance in the Malaysia Homestay Experience Program category which was launched in 1995 and has made hundreds of domestic and international tourists stay in a Malaysian family home to experience local life and understanding culture so that the community's economy also increases (UNWTO, 2012).