Rise of Nationalism

Rise of Nationalism What is nationalism? ● Nationalism is the belief that people who share a common culture How did the French Revolution influence the rise of nationalism? ● The French Revolution spread ideas about freedom Which two major events helped spread nationalism in Europe in the 19th century? ● The French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars What is the main idea behind the concept of a nation-state? ● a country where people with a shared culture, language, and history live together under one government. How did the growth of factories and railroads help spread nationalist ideas? ● Factories and railroads made it easier for people to travel, communicate, and share ideas, including nationalist beliefs. What did people in Europe want during the rise of nationalism? ● People wanted independence, self-rule, and the creation of nations that reflected their shared culture and identity. Unification of Germany Who was the leader responsible for unifying Germany? ● Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, led the unification of Germany. What war did Germany fight against France to help unite the country? ● Germany fought the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) against France, which helped unite the German states. Which region did Otto von Bismarck first focus on to unify Germany? ● Bismarck first focused on uniting the northern German states under Prussian leadership. What year was Germany officially unified? ● Germany was officially unified in 1871. What was the North German Confederation? ● The North German Confederation was a group of northern German states united under Prussia before the full unification of Germany. What role did nationalism play in the unification of Germany? ● Nationalism helped unite the various German-speaking states by creating a sense of shared identity and pride in a united Germany. Unification of Italy Who is known as the "hero" of the Italian unification? ● Giuseppe Garibaldi is often called the "hero" of the Italian unification for his military efforts. Which country did Italy want to free itself from during unification? ● Italy wanted to free itself from Austria and other foreign rulers. Who was the king of Sardinia who helped lead the unification of Italy? ● King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia played a major role in the unification of Italy. What was the name of the movement that helped unify Italy? ● The movement that helped unify Italy was called the Risorgimento. In what year was Italy officially unified? ● Italy was officially unified in 1861. How did Giuseppe Garibaldi contribute to the unification of Italy? ● Garibaldi led military campaigns to free southern Italy from foreign control, which helped unite the country. Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Which two empires were most threatened by nationalism in the 19th century? ● The Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire were the most threatened by nationalism. How did nationalism affect the Ottoman Empire? ● Nationalism led to independence movements from ethnic groups like the Greeks and Serbs, weakening the Ottoman Empire. What is Pan-Slavism, and how did it threaten the Austro-Hungarian Empire? ● Pan-Slavism was the idea of uniting all Slavic people. It threatened the Austro-Hungarian Empire because it controlled many Slavic regions, and those people wanted independence. What was the main challenge for the Austro-Hungarian Empire because of nationalism? ● The empire struggled to control its many ethnic groups, like the Slavs, Hungarians, and Italians, who wanted independence. How did nationalism lead to independence movements in the Balkans? ● Nationalism inspired people in the Balkans, like the Serbs and Greeks, to fight for independence from the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Which empire lost many territories because of nationalist movements in the 19th century? ● The Ottoman Empire lost many territories, particularly in the Balkans, due to nationalist movements. Russian Nationalism What was the goal of Pan-Slavism in Russia? ● The goal of Pan-Slavism was to unite all Slavic nations under Russian leadership and free them from the control of foreign empires. Who was the Russian leader known for promoting nationalism in the 19th century? ● Tsar Nicholas I promoted nationalism and sought to expand Russia's influence. How did Russian nationalism affect Russia's relationship with other Slavic nations? ● Russian nationalism led to support for the independence of Slavic nations, like Serbia and Bulgaria, which were controlled by the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires. What was the impact of nationalism on non-Russian people in the Russian Empire? ● Nationalism led to the suppression of non-Russian ethnic groups, as Tsarist policies tried to promote Russian language and culture over others. How did nationalism contribute to the growth of the Russian Empire? ● Nationalism drove Russian expansion, especially into Central Asia and the Caucasus, as the Russian Empire sought to control more land and spread Russian influence. In what way did nationalism play a role in the Russian Revolution? ● Nationalism, along with social and economic problems, helped spark the Russian Revolution of 1917, as people wanted more freedom and autonomy from the Tsarist regime. Anthoney Lewis History 11-21-24 Russia Reform & Reaction Russia - Russia = big Russia ( Basically an Empire) Economically and socially undeveloped. Serfs = slaves (Essentially, wealthy Russian landowners treated peasants/ serfs as slaves) In 1850’s 23 million serfs or 37% of the population. People want change December revolt of (1825) Nicholas I- “ Orthodoxy, Autocracy, & Nationalism” God, Leader, Land in that order Fast Forward to 1905 - Russia at war with Japan Started to take food from farmers to give to soldiers leads to families starving. Alexander II says - Better that the reforms should come from above rather than wait until serfdom is abolished from below. Assassinated by bomb Pogroms - Violent mob attacks Your Russian First, religion second Go in mobs and kill people by beating them to death Destroy business and villages Government does nothing Reforms - start to happen ( lead by Alexander ii) no more surfs Trial by jury Reformed military Local government = more freedom Zemstvos - elected assemblies responsible for local matters ( road repair, schools) These changes calm the unrest for awhile Lasts for several years Romanov family - Rule absolutely Russian absolutism Ruled by czar (kings) with absolute power Bloody Sunday - Father George Gapon - “ little father” Calls for a march to demonstrate the sufferings to the Czar (Sunday january second, 1905) Troops of the Czar start to shoot the demonstrators killing any trust in the Czar Revolution breaks out (1905) Bloody sunday sparks revolts across Russia Forced Nicholas II to issue reforms-promises October Manifesto - Freedom of conscience - Freedom of speech Freedom of assemblage New congress ( Duma) that more people can participate in No law would be passed without the consent of the Duma Quitted the uprising & Divided revolutionaries Whites loyal to the Czar Red was the color of Revolution since the french revolution. Nicholas II soon shows true colors and dissolves the Duma This eventually leads to Civil war Nationalism Threatens Old Empires Austrian Empire ● Haspburg Dynasty - Ruled over the Austrian Empire from 1526-1919 - Were inbred - Started to get deformities ● Hapsburg ruled absolutely - Crushed 1848 Nationalistic revolts. - 1859-Hapsburg defeated by sardinia and France ● Hungarians= Bad team - Agree to dual monarchy - Hapsburg empire becomes the Austro-Hungarian Empire - By 1900, the government paralyzed by nationalist unrest throughout the empire. - Survived until world WW1( 1914) Ottoman Empire(Muslem) - In 1830 Southern Greece won independence Becomes known as the sick man of Europe The Balkan Peninsula will be the powder keg that explodes in 1914 starting WW1 Democratic Development in England Rome (death) = unsafe Barrens = nobles -William's troops win the war and get the name William the Conqueror and become the king of England and the king of france. - eventually king william dies and Henry ii becomes the king of england. -They had traveling judges to enforce royal laws -england also developed the idea that local citizens should take trials again -Henry ii = common law= consistency The Magna Carta ● Important document ● Great charter ● Nobles had certain rights and could not infringe upon it.( later expanded to all citizens) ● The monarch must obey the law ● Great council- group of nobles they have to talk to to set knew laws ● Great council later evolved to parliament. Roman republic Objectives ● ● ● ● Understanding the roman republic operated Appreciate the 12 tables and who follows the law. Early check and balance Senators are in for life and never get voted out. Republic ● ● ● ● The most powerful governing body is the Senate. Senators made the laws. The senators elected the consuls. The consuls are in charge of keeping the laws, making sure people follow them. ● Senators are given/ appointed their job. ● The senators serve for life. ● The senate has about 300 people in it. Early forms of checks and balances ● ● ● ● ● Consuls elected every year by the senate They command the army. Only serve one term They have to consult with the senate with major issues They can veto each other. 12 tablets ● ● ● ● 12 tablets are put in the middle of cities and list all the laws. 12 tablets = Laws No one is above the law Even everyone in the government should obey the laws. Side note-Plebeians or derogatory term plebs. - The regular people/ poor man Tribune ● One person who has the sole job to help plebs ● Has the power to veto a law that hurts the plebs Flaws -Senators do what they want -They pass laws that only help them Executive branch - Has the power to veto bills - Has the power to sign bills - The executive/president checks the legislative branch by being able to veto laws. Legislative - Makes laws - Declare war - The legislative branch can check the executive branch by being able to pass the president's veto by a ⅔ vote. Judicial - Deciding if laws go against the constitution - Applying laws to individual cases - The Judiciary has the power to check both the executive and legislative branches by declaring laws unconstitutional.