Phrases

Phrases Consider a frame sentence like the one used for nouns: (The)__________seem(s) all right. You can fill in the blank with words like John, diligence, or dog, so these words are nouns. You’ll notice that each of these nouns seems to occupy more or less the same function in the sentence: it’s “the thing that seems”. Of course, you’re not going to get a sentence like Dog seems all right. You need The dog or The old dog, or the old dog on the doorstep, or even the old dog that I saw yesterday. What this shows is that groups of words can have the same function in a sentence as a single word. A word or a group of words that has a particular function in a sentence is called a phrase. Note: In common usage the term “phrase” refers to more than one word. In grammatical usage the term phrase also applies to single words. For instance, you can use the words John or he in the same function as the old man. Sentences are divided into multiple phrases, and the difficulty for most people is in identifying where each phrase begins and ends. The sentence The dog seems all right has three phrases: the dog, seems, and all right. You can also have phrases within phrases, as in The old dog that I saw yesterday seems all right, where the first phrase, the old dog that I saw yesterday can be further divided into I, saw, that, and yesterday. Phrase Types In order to identify phrases successfully, you need to understand two principles: the headword and the subject-predicate division. Phrases are divided into headwords and modifiers. For instance, consider the phrases the dog, and the old dog. Each of these function like the single noun dog, so dog is the headword. The words the and old modify dog; therefore they are modifiers. A phrase consists of a headword and all of its modifiers. Thus, in the sentence The old dog seems all right, the first phrase is the old dog. (You may think that all right is a modifier of dog, but it is not for reasons we will come to when we discuss subjects and predicates.) Be careful. Sometimes modifiers can move around and be separated from their headwords, especially adverbs, as in the following sentences: Suddenly, he left. He suddenly left. He left suddenly. In the sentences above, suddenly is an adverb modifying left. Before we discuss subjects and predicates, it is important to look at the different types of phrases that can occur in a sentence. A noun phrase (NP) is a noun or any group of words that can substitute for a noun. A verb phrase (VP) is a verb or any group of words that can substitute for a verb. A particularly important type of verb phrase is the main verb phrase (MVP), which is the main verb of the sentence plus accompanying auxiliary or helping verb(s). An adjective phrase (AdjP) is an adjective or any group of words that can substitute for an adjective. An adverb phrase (AdvP) is an adverb or any group of words that can substitute for an adverb. Some things to look out for. Many people encounter identifiable parts of speech in a sentence and immediately assume that they are seeing an equivalent phrase type. This happens most often with adjectives. For instance, they might see old in The old dog seems all right and assume that they have an adjective phrase. However, they fail to recognise that old is a modifier in a large noun phrase: the old dog. The best thing to do is remember to ask yourself whether you have a headword or a modifier. There is also a type of phrase called a prepositional phrase (PP), which consists of a preposition followed by a noun phrase, as in to the dog. Prepositional phrases can function as adjective phrases or adverb phrases, as in the following sentences: The cat in the hat (AdjP: in the hat modifies cat) He looks up the road (AdvP: up the road modifies looks) Subjects and Predicates A subject is a noun phrase that performs the action of the verb or precedes the verb be: John seems all right. John is all right. It is often thought of as the topic of the sentence and generally (but not always) comes at or near the beginning of the sentence before the predicate. A predicate is a verb phrase followed by a complement, a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or adverb phrase that completes the meaning of the verb. The predicate generally (but not always) comes after the subject. Together, a subject and predicate make up a clause. To have a complete sentence, you must have at least one full clause. One problem people often have in identifying the subjects of sentences is that they forget that whole clauses can themselves function as modifiers of the headword of the subject phrase. Consider the sentence below: The old dog that I saw yesterday seems all right. The subject of the sentence is The old dog that I saw yesterday, but it contains within it a whole clause—that I saw yesterday—with its own subject: I. The Main Verb Phrase The main verb phrase consists of a verb and any auxiliaries attached to it, at least one of which must be in the present or past tense. (The underlined phrase in Having lost his hat, he bought a new one is a verb phrase, but it is not the main verb phrase, which bought). In order to understand the use of auxiliaries, it is necessary to review the five principle parts of the verb: infinitive, present tense, past tense, present participle, and past participle. • • • • • The infinitive (sometimes called the base form) has no inflection. It is often preceded by the word to, as in to go. The present tense is formed using allomorphs of {-s present tense}. The past tense is formed using allomorphs of {-d past tense}. The present participle is formed using {-ing present participle} The past participle is formed using {-ed past participle} Important observations: Certain forms look alike and are often confused. The present tense some singular and all plural verbs has a zero-allomorph of {-s present tense} and so looks the same as the infinitive (to go vs. I go). Many verbs also have past tense and past participle forms that look alike (I talked vs. I have talked). Also, it is important to remember that the past participle is talked, not have talked, which is two separate words. In the preceding verb phrase have is in the present tense, and talked is in the past participle form. Auxiliaries, or auxiliary verbs, are verbs that have become structure-class words. They are often called helping verbs because they appear to “help” the main verb in some way. Specifically, they combine with the main verb to provide some rather sophisticated information. Complete information about the use of auxiliaries has been given in the section on auxiliaries in the chapter on Structure-Class Words. The Other Half of the Predicate As stated above, a predicate consists of a main verb phrase plus a complement. A complement is a noun phrase, adjective phrase, or adverb phrase that completes the meaning of the verb. Some predicates do not have a complement, as in I go. In these cases, the predicate consists only of a main verb phrase. Here are some examples of sentences with complements: I am a student (noun phrase) I see a student (noun phrase) I am unhappy (adjective phrase) I am at home (adverb phrase)