University:
California State University, Northridge
Course:
FCS 481 | Sports Nutrition
Academic year:

2010
Views:

254

Pages:

19
Author:

Curar1a

   3rd most common disease affecting females Women are 3x’s more likely to develop than men Affects ~5% of U.S. population:    0.6% from anorexia nervosa 1.0% from bulimia nervosa 2.8% from binge eating disorder 1        Problematic since the early 1980’s Death of gymnast Christy Henrich from anorexia, eating disorders were not generally documented among athletes Many other athletes have revealed their own battles with disordered eating Received worldwide recognition Overly obsessed with trying to achieve the “ideal body weight” Lower body weight will increase athletic performance Prevalence in: wrestling, dancing, track, rowing, body-building, and gymnastics 2 As defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV): Meeting the criteria for diagnosis for one of the three clinical conditions: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS).   Psychiatric conditions Accompanied by Psychological conditions:    obsessive-compulsive disorder anxiety disorders depression 3   Occurs in as high as 62% in female athletes and 57% in male athletes Health consequences:   contraindicated in athletic performance very harmful to athletes 4    Boston University track and cross-country runner: David Proctor BU 2007 record-holder: broke the infamous fourminute mile barrier Suffered from anorexia for >2 years Freshman year: 130 lbs. @ 6’0    Current: 145 lbs. 35-year old female runner: Deena Kastor 103 lbs @ 5’5 Resting Heart Rate: 28 BPM 5   Estimated 0.56% of people die yearly Main characteristics:        Voluntary starvation Obsessing desire to be thin Fear of gaining weight Emaciation Believe that he/she have self control by controlling food consumption Extraordinary feeling of accomplishment and selfdiscipline: If weight loss is achieved Unacceptable feeling of disappointment and lack of self-control: If any weight gain 6  Obsess over the desire to be thin just like the nonathletic counterparts, but goals differ:    Hard to identify, Making intervention extremely tough       Appear to be like any other athlete Follows strict dietary and training regimens Significant decrease in body weight and/or maintenance of an extremely low body weight   Thinness will actually improve their athletic performance Do not believe that starvation will actually decrease performance (85% of normal weight for height) Amenorrhea Intense fear of gaining weight Severe body dissatisfaction Distorted body image 7 Restricting type   severe energy restriction excessive exercise Binge-eating/purging type    “eating a large severe energy restriction excessive exercise occasional binge and purge amount of food in a discrete period of time” 8               Bradycardia Orthostatic hypotension (by pulse or BP) Hypothermia Cardiac murmur (mitral valve prolapse) Dull, thinning hair Sunken cheeks, sallow skin       Lanugo Atrophic breasts (postpubertal) Pitting edema of extremities Cold extremities Parotid gland enlargement GI complaints  iron status measures  anemia  liver enzymes Hypoglycemia  serum creatinine  BUN Low thyroid function ( T4) Hypophosphatemia Hypocholesterolemia ( HDL and LDL) 9 Affects 2-3% of the population  More common than anorexia nervosa    Periods of bingeing and purging, “that have occurred at least twice a week for three months” (Dunford, 2006, p. 530). Purging includes:    Vomiting Laxative use Diuretic use 10   Purging Consumption of excessive amounts of food Purging     Non-purging Consumption of excessive amounts of food Excessive exercise Fasting More likely to have non-purging bulimia nervosa  Use excessive exercise to feel better about a binge High calorie needs make it easier to explain or disguise binge and purge behaviors  Exercise bulimia   Newly termed  Similar to non-purging bulimia 11    Bulimia with excessive exercise 80% of athletes diagnosed with bulimia used excessive exercise as main method of weight control Signs & symptoms:   Codependent disorders often accompany:          guilt, amenorrhea, anxiety, stress, fatigue, depression, compulsive behaviors, bone loss, and  protein stores obsessive compulsive and anxiety related eating disorder (anorexia nervosa or classic bulimia nervosa) Sinus bradycardia Orthostatic hypotension (by pulse or BP) Hypothermia Cardiac arrhythmia Dull hair Dry skin Parotitis       Russell’s sign (calluses on knuckles) Mouth sores Palatal scratches Dental enamel erosion Sore, irritated throat GI complaints 12           iron status measures  anemia Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Metabolic alkalosis (self-induced vomiting) Metabolic acidosis (laxative abuse; may mask a potassium deficiency) Hypomagnesemia Hypoglycemia (purging) Hyperglycemia (binging) Dehydration 13         Do not meet requirements for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa Exhibit signs indicating an eating disorder Example: If individual displays all of the criteria for anorexia nervosa except they do not meet the 85% of normal body weight criteria, they would not be classified as having an anorexia nervosa, but as having an EDNOS Affect athletes: anorexia athletica and the female athlete triad Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen developed criteria At risk: Sports where a thin physique is associated with improved performance Overwhelming obsession with weight Diagnosing criteria:      excessive fear of gaining weight restricted caloric intake (<1,200 kcal/d) significant weight loss (>5% of expected body weight) gastrointestinal complaints Side effects:  dysfunctional menstruation, body image distortion, bingeing, purging, and excessive exercise 14 1992-American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)  Diagnosing Criteria:   Disordered eating  Menstrual dysfunction  Low bone mineral density/osteoporosis  Occurs when Athlete:     deficient in calories, participates in high-intensity training, or exhibits disordered eating resulting in hormone irregularities Absence of menstruation  disruption of hormones (estrogen)  low bone mineral density/premature osteoporosis  nutrient intake premature osteoporosis Detrimental to young female athletes because low bone mineral density can be permanent. 15     Socioculture, demographic, environmental, biological, psychological, & behavioral factors Generally associated with Women Men increasing  culturally defined desirable man’s body Personality traits:     high achievers perfectionists goal oriented individuals independent characteristics Displays thin women & buff men   incidence of disordered eating   obsession about body appearance  16    Maintain body size that is believed to achieve optimal performance Pressure from others to be a particular size Common in sports:    where lower weight associated with greater success where the outcome is based on individual rather than team dancing, gymnastics, wrestling, bodybuilding, jockeying, figure skating, and elite running Low calorie intake:       nutrient deficiencies anemia fatigue depression menstrual irregularities increased risk of injury Purging (vomiting,laxatives, enemas, or diuretics):      dehydration electrolyte imbalances gastroesophageal reflux ulcers erosion of teeth 17  Surprisingly, performance may temporarily improve    Mechanism is unknown May by due to  in hormones causing body to IGNORE fatigue (cortisol, epinephrine & norepinepherine) Placebo effect   Psychological impact of feeling lighter Performance will inevitably DECLINE  intensity of the sport  magnitude & length of eating disorder TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Regardless of the initial enhancement of performance, disordered eating should never be advised because the health concerns far outweigh any temporary boost in performance 18 Three pronged approach  Psychological – Foundation of treatment  behavioral methods approach  what type of setting (private or group, with or without family members)  cognitive  Nutritional –change the disordered eating  proper education any nutrient deficiencies  discuss food beliefs  body image associations  uncover  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Medical – Physician will help with any medical complications The Female Triad in college athletes Disordered eating (DE), menstrual irregularity (MI)/ menstrual dysfunction (MD) in high school athletes Dietary restraint in conjunction with low bone mass in endurance runners Environment and nationality on the occurrence of eating disorders elite distance runners Excessive exercise on eating disorder patients compared to healthy women 19

Eating Disorders and Athletes

of 19

Description

Free up your schedule!

Take 5 seconds to unlock