European History Medieval England

Medieval England ● 1154-1189 Henry II ○ Sends sheriffs around to enforce laws ○ Conflict with Thomas Becket on who can try clergy ○ Henry wants to try them in royal courts ○ Thomas wants to try them in church(canon law) courts ● England- control of legal system- royal court and cannon law ● Thomas Becket is killed by Henry II’s knights ● King John “Softsword” Beginning of English Democratic tradition ● 1215- King John is forced by English nobles to sign the Magna Carta ○ King must respect the rights of lords ○ No illegal imprisonment ○ No taxation of nobles without their consult ● English nobles and Kings start to meet in Parliament Parliament ● Begins when the King agrees to call nobles together to make decisions with him ● An assembly of nobles and common people that make decisions with King and passes law ○ Gains power over 100’s of years English common law- their court system Medieval France - Many local lords with castles - Capetian Kings constantly fight them for authority - Philip IV- taxes clergy and brings bishops to court- Pope Boniface VIII challenged him but backs down The Great Schism of 1054 ● For along time, Western Christians (led by the Pope) and Eastern Christians (Led by the Patriarch of Constantinople) had been in conflict ● Main issue: the universal power of the Pope ○ Pope: claims Pope is equal in power to the other bishops ○ Patriarch: claims Pope is equal in power to the other bishops ○ Pope and Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other ■ Eastern and Western Christianity split (Eastern- Orthodox, Western Catholic) Crusades ● Pilgrimage ● The People's Crusade ● Princes Crusade ● Siege of Antioch ● Siege of Jerusalem ● Second Crusade 1146-1149 ● Third Crusade 1189-1192 ● Fourth Crusade ● Children Crusade Cathars ● Religious Heretics in southern France that believe the world was evil and created by an evil God. Believes they are a spiritual substance trapped inside of an evil body ● 2 gods: good and evil ● All flesh and physical matter evil - including kids. Believes Catholic church is evil ● Believes the church under the Pope is a false church: Pope calls crusade against them St. Francis of Assissi St. Dominic Intellectual Culture: ● Interactions with Jews and Muslims through Spain, Crusades, and Trade ● Jewish and Muslim philosophy and science, enters Western World ● Aristotle enters West through Arab translation Important Muslim philospohers connected to Aristotle ● Avicenna ● Averroes Jewish Philosophers connected to Aristotle ● Maimonides ○ Taught divine and real truths ○ Like averroes Scholastic Theology ● Use logic (Aristotle) to reason about God ● Make logical system of theology ● Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologiae - Natural and divine truth cannot contradict each other because God is one Universities ● Bologna- law (canon law) ● Paris- theology ● Montpelier- medicine ● Bachelors, Masters, Doctoral degrees Medieval Culture Vernacular Literature ( Vernacular Languages= local languages ) ● Beowulf(old English) ● Song of Rowland (old French) ● Love, Poetry, Romances (Knight stories) ● Dante Alighieri = The Divine Comedy Architecture Styles ● Romanesque style ● Gothic style Mongols (invade Europe in 1241) ● Nomadic people from the Steppe, north of China ● Genghis Khan - 1227 - unites Mongol clans,conquers north China,conquered central Asia ● Mongol tactics: mounted archery, flanking, feigned retreat. Use siege weapons from Muslim world 1241- Mongols ravage Hungary. Poland, massacre civilians, take everything reach Austria ● Defeat European knights in battle using hit and run tactics and gunpowder, example Battle of Legnica ● Turn back to deal with the struggle in China when the Khan dies Mongol Empire= largest land empire in world history The Black Death 1349 ● Transmitted by rat fleas(they bite rats) - comes from Central Asia ● Bubonic plague (Buboes= boils that well up on skin) - kills people in days ● Kills ⅓-½ of Europe’s population ● Effects= more land for survivors, peasants get more rights The Papacy Divided ● French Kings begin to dominate Popes The Babylonain Captivity Western Schism The Hundred Years War(1337-1450) ● Charles IV of France dies without an heir ● Philip of Valois (cousin) chosen instead of king of England (Edward III) who was married to Charle’s sister ● King of England claims the throne and declares War ● Massive armies (biggest in medieval history) ● English raid and pillage France, huge destruction ● Englishes longbow (more powerful and shoots faster than crossbow) ● English make defensive positions, use longbow and cannons to pick off reckless French knights - Battle of Crecy (1346) - Battle of Poitiers (1356) [Longbow -> secret to their success] [Battle of Agincourt -> 10/25/1415] France Defeated ● King Charles VI of France is insane ● Battle of Agincourt (1415) Henry V of England uses longbows to wipeout heavy French knights charging up a muddy hill ● Henry becomes heir to the throne France Liberated Joan of Arc Italy ● Guelphs vs Ghibellines internal warfare in cities ● Powerful families take over republic of Florence and Venice ○ Medici family in Florence- rule Florence for all of 14th century ○ Lorenzo De Medici Savonarola = Dominican Preacher