University:
California State University, Northridge
Course:
KIN 407 | Sport, Culture and Society
Academic year:

2014
Views:

390

Pages:

39
Author:

igodliwe1wj

Body Composition in Various Sports Body Composition vs Body Measurement ● Body Measurement- Tracks changes in physical dimensions of the body ● Body Composition- Tracks changes in gross chemical composition (bone mass, fat free soft tissue, fat mass) Application of Body Composition in Sports ● Physical Performance ● Indicates Health Status ○ Nutritional Status, Disease Risk, Fitness ● Assesses Growth & Development ● Used as a tool for research & development Body Composition & Performance ● Body composition can positively or negatively affect physical performance. ● No specific ranges have been determined for athletes but, suggested ranges have been published for various sports. (Houtkooper, 1994) ● Athletes should educate and empower themselves to understand their body and assess how they perform based of various changes in composition. Body Composition Measurement Techniques ● ● ● ● Skinfold Measurements Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) Whole-Body Air Displacement Plethysmography aka Bod Pod ● Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) ● BMI equation Body Composition & Disease Risk ● Increased BMI and increased body fat heighten an individuals risk Metabolic Syndrome, CVD, Sleep Apnea, & Type 2 Diabetes. ● Low body fat in women is associated with loss of menstruation and the female athlete triad. Body Composition in Football ⦿ Offensive Positions › Quarterback, Receiver, Running back, Offensive lineman, ⦿ Defensive Positions › Defensive lineman, Safety, Cornerback, Body Mass Index, Playing Position, Race, & the Cardiovascular Mortality of Retired Professional Football Players ⦿ Study Purpose › Examine whether playing position and size influence VCD mortality in retired NFL players. › Participant Criteria o Players who played 5 seasons or more between 1959-1988. o 3,439 retired players were used for this study. Methods ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Researchers used NFL & government databases to retrieve detailed player information. NFL Pension Fund Social Security Administration Death Master File National Death Index Internal Revenue Services NIOSH life-table-analysis Methods Cont. ⦿ Category I › Defensive back, punters, quarterback, wide receiver ⦿ Category II › Fullback, halfback, linebacker, offensive end, running back, tight end ⦿ Category III › Defensive end, defensive lineman, nose tackle, center, offensive guard, offensive lineman, offensive tackle, nose guard. Results ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Overall health of retired NFL players is better than the average American. Players w/ BMI over 30 kg/m2 were 2x more likely to die from CVD. BMI under 30 kg/m2 › Category I less than 1% › Category II less than 18% › Category III less than 82% ⚫Defensive lineman increased SMR for CVD and cardiomyopathy. ⚫African American players had higher CVD mortality rates than white players. Study Limitations ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Insufficient data on CVD risk factors › Smoking, family history, heart disease, cholesterol levels Insufficient information on player lifestyle after retirement › Fitness, weight after retirement, injury related disorders. Participant restriction to players who only played 5 years. › NFL pensions only available after 5 seasons. Methods of assigning race › Ethnicity of all players were not properly documented and photo recognition was used for some players. Body Composition in Taekwondo The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again. Olympic Weight Classes Men Women Weight limit kg (lb) Weight limit kg (lb) unlimited unlimited Heavyweight 80 (176.1) 67 (147.7) Welterweight 68 (149.9) 57 (125.7) Featherweight 58 (127.9) 49 (108.0) Flyweight The Effects of Five Weeks of Kickboxing Training on Physical Fitness ⦿ Purpose › To examine the effect of kickboxing training (to simulate taekwondo training) on physical fitness ⦿ Methods › Thirty participants were randomized into a kickboxing group or a control group exercising for 1 hour, 3 times a week for 5 weeks The Effects of Five Weeks of Kickboxing Training on Physical Fitness ⦿ Methods › Physical fitness parameters measured: ⚫VO2max, ⚫Upper & lower body Wingate ⚫Bench press throw, medicine ball throw ⚫Squat jump, countermovement jump ⚫Shuttle run ⚫Sit and reach ⚫Body composition (percentage body fat) The Effects of Five Weeks of Kickboxing Training on Physical Fitness Myotest device, www.myotest.com The Effects of Five Weeks of Kickboxing Training on Physical Fitness ⦿ Results › Kickboxing group demonstrated significant improvements in: ⚫VO2max ⚫Anaerobic fitness ⚫Countermovement jump force ⚫Medicine ball throw ⚫Bench press throw ⚫No change in body fat for either group The Effects of Five Weeks of Kickboxing Training on Physical Fitness ⦿ Limitations › 5 weeks may not be long enough to lose body fat by exercise alone › Diet was not monitored on non-training days ⦿ Discussion › These findings are concurrent with other studies demonstrating that taekwondo alone should not be used for body fat reduction › Should be combined with cross-training and careful nutritional intervention Body Composition in Ballet Dancers ⦿ Ballet Dancers ›Success Attributed to ⚫Physical Fitness ⚫Health ⚫Youth ⚫Beauty ⚫creative energy ⚫ perfectionism ⚫Self-Discipline Body Composition in Ballet Dancers ⦿ The Dancer’s Paradox › Aesthetic demands conflict physiological demands › Dance not sufficient for weight loss › Train like sprinters, look like marathon runners › Busy schedule doesn’t permit outside exercise Body Composition in Ballet Dancers ⦿ Mental Aspect ⦿ Other Caveats › Perfectionism/Discipline › Critical comments › Lack of education › Traditional thinking › Lack of knowledgeable practitioners › Insufficient research Body Composition in Ballet Dancers ⦿ The Perils › Decrease energy intakes › Increase physical activity ⚫Low energy availability ⚫Female Athlete Triad (FAT) Increased circulating adiponectin levels and decreased leptin/ soluble leptin receptor ratio throughout puberty in female ballet dancers: Association with body composition and the delay in puberty. ⦿ Purpose: Examine the effects of modification to body composition and adipokines to determine if a relationship in pubertal delay exists. ⦿ Methods: 22 female prepubescent BDs examined and pair matched to 30 healthy girls in various stages of puberty › Anthropometrics › Bio-chemical assessment › DXA scans › Tanner Stages › X-ray Body Composition in Ballet Dancers ⦿ Results: Development Delay in bone maturation (-0.5+-0.8 years) Delay in puberty (13.3+-0.4 years) compared to controls (12+-0.1 years) Delay in age at menarche (1 year) Final height not affected * Body Composition Total fat mass significantly lower (p<0.05) or (p<0.01); in all locations Total lean mass elevated only at Tanner II stage BMD normal compared to controls * Body Composition in Ballet Dancers ⦿ Results cont... Bio-chemical measurement Leptin and ratio (L/sObl) significantly lower in BDs Soluble leptin receptor significantly higher in BDs Adiponectin significantly higher in BDs ⦿ Conclusion Low energy availability induced changes in body comp and leptin May be due to delay in pubery LEA, body composition, leptin are interrelated in overall health of BDs Rhythmic Gymnastics Anthropometric and Body Composition Characteristics ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ low body mass little fat mass long extremities narrow and thin bodies and hips Article: Growth and body composition in Brazilian female rhythmic gymnastics athletes ⦿ ⦿ Purpose : study the growth and body composition of rhythmic gymnastics athletes and its connection to their level of somatic maturation Sample Population: 136 female gymnastics athletes in Brazil from ages 9 to 16 years old Measuring Instruments ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ Questionnaire Height, Weight, Sitting Height, Leg Length SkinFold Measurements Calculations: › Body fat percentages › Fat masses and Fat free masses › Peak Height Velocity: ⚫Period of age when maximum rate of growth occurs Results ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ ⦿ 35 out of 136 female athletes reached menarche average years of training was 5.4 with an average of 3.9 hours of training time each day average value of mass were below both the WHO and Brazilian references the average height were below WHO references for all ages compared to Brazilian references the average standing heights by ages were only below the reference range until 12 years old predicted Peaked Height Velocity was 12.1 year mean mass, heights, body fat percentages, fat free mass, and fat mass only significantly increased four to five years after the predicted peaked height velocity Limitation and Conclusion ⦿ Limitations: › no performance and dietary data › Skinfold measurements and equations › No direct evidence to show connection between intense training and late maturation ⦿ Conclusion › participants at a mean age of 13.2 years old only 26% of the athletes reached menarche and late recovery of mass and standing height during puberty which showed evidences indicating late maturation › during training phrase periodic evaluation of growth in children and adolescents are an essential Body Composition in Hockey Ability of Preseason Body Composition and Physical Fitness to Predict the Risk of Injury in Male Collegiate Hockey Players ⦿ Purpose : settle the ability of preseason fitness and body composition relationship with in-season on-ice injury in male collegiate ice hockey players. Ability of Preseason Body Composition and Physical Fitness to Predict the Risk of Injury in Male Collegiate Hockey Players ⦿Methods: › 1 male collegiate ice hockey team during 8 successives seasons: ⚫Seventy-nine players participated (203 player-years). › beginning of each seasons collects: ⚫athlete demographics; ⚫body composition; ⚫aerobic capacity (300-m shuttle run; 1-, 1.5-, 5-mile run); ⚫strength assessment (sit-ups, push-ups, grip strength, bench press, Olympic cleans, squats). › hockey-related injury data; ⚫Injury = any event that resulted in the athlete being unable to participate in 1 or more practices or games following the event. › player-level practice/game athlete exposure data. Ability of Preseason Body Composition and Physical Fitness to Predict the Risk of Injury in Male Collegiate Hockey Players ⦿ Results: ›Predictive of on-ice injury: ⚫Player positions: ⚫Forwards. ⚫Body mass index; ⚫Body Weight. ›Not predictive of on-ice injury: ⚫aerobic fitness; ⚫maximum strength outcomes. Ability of Preseason Body Composition and Physical Fitness to Predict the Risk of Injury in Male Collegiate Hockey Players ⦿Limitations: › preseason fitness levels are not strongly predictive for on ice-injury; › Did not count with outside factors that may have collaborated with the injury. ⦿Conclusion: › Athletes that plays forward and that starts the season with higher body weight and BMI are more probably to injury; › more studies needed.

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