Fundamentals of Data Processing and Metadata Chapter 1

48) Information is processed data. Answer: TRUE 49) Metadata are data that describe the properties of other data. Answer: TRUE 50) Databases were developed as the first application of computers to data processing. Answer: FALSE 51) File processing systems have been replaced by database systems in most critical business applications today. Answer: TRUE 52) Unplanned duplicate data files are the rule rather than the exception in file processing systems. Answer: TRUE 53) Organizations that utilize the file processing approach spend only 20 percent of development time on maintenance. Answer: FALSE 54) Many of the disadvantages of file processing systems can also be limitations of databases. Answer: TRUE 55) With the traditional file processing approach, each application shares data files, thus enabling much data sharing. Answer: FALSE 56) Development starts from scratch with the traditional file processing approach because new file formats, descriptions, and file access logic must be designed for each new program. Answer: TRUE 57) A data model is a graphical system used to capture the nature and relationships among data. Answer: TRUE 58) A well-structured database establishes the entities between relationships in order to derive the desired information. Answer: FALSE 59) A person is an example of an entity. Answer: TRUE 60) The data that you are interested in capturing about an entity is called an instance. Answer: FALSE 61) A relational database establishes the relationships between entities by means of a common field. Answer: TRUE 62) Separation of metadata from application programs that use the data is called data independence. Answer: TRUE 63) Data redundancy is used to establish relationships between data but is never used to improve database performance. Answer: FALSE 64) Redundancy increases the risk of inconsistent data. Answer: TRUE 65) A user view is how the user sees the data when it is produced. Answer: FALSE 66) One reason for improved application development productivity with the database approach is that file design and low-level implementation details do not need to be handled by the application programmer. Answer: TRUE 67) The data repository assists database administrators in enforcing standards. Answer: TRUE 68) The failure to implement a strong database administrative function is the most common source of database failures in organizations. Answer: TRUE 69) A constraint is a rule in a database system that can be violated by users. Answer: FALSE 70) Reduced program maintenance is an advantage of file processing systems. Answer: FALSE 71) Cost and complexity are just two of the disadvantages of database processing. Answer: TRUE 72) The term legacy system refers to a newly installed database management system. Answer: FALSE 73) A modern database management system automates more of the backup and recovery tasks than a file system. Answer: TRUE 74) Organizational commitment to a database project is not necessary for its success. Answer: FALSE 75) Data management technologies are also increasing often used as information systems, as a foundation for analytics or the systematic analysis of data to understand a real-world problem better. Answer: TRUE 76) Repositories are always used in file processing systems. Answer: FALSE 77) The user interface includes languages, menus, and other facilities by which users interact with various system components. Answer: TRUE 78) Personal databases are designed to support a small group of individuals working together on a project. Answer: FALSE 79) Database development begins with the design of the database. Answer: FALSE 80) An enterprise data model describes the scope of data for only one information system. Answer: FALSE 81) Database development projects are never done in a bottom-up fashion. Answer: FALSE 82) The systems development life cycle is the traditional methodology used to develop, maintain, and replace information systems. Answer: TRUE 83) The steps of the systems development life cycle can only be viewed as a linear process. Answer: FALSE 84) Enterprise modeling sets the range and general contents of organizational databases. Answer: TRUE 85) All projects move from the planning-enterprise modeling step to the planning-conceptual data modeling step of the systems development life cycle. Answer: FALSE 86) The repository is populated during the analysis phase of the systems development life cycle. Answer: TRUE 87) The physical structure and storage organization of the database is decided upon during the implementation phase of the systems development life cycle. Answer: FALSE 88) Database processing programs are coded and tested during the design stage of the systems development life cycle. Answer: FALSE 89) Data from prior systems is converted to the new system during the implementation phase of the systems development life cycle. Answer: TRUE 90) Database maintenance is typically the longest step of the database development process. Answer: TRUE 91) Characteristics of the structure of the database are generally changed during the implementation phase of the database development process. Answer: FALSE 92) Prototyping is a type of rapid application development. Answer: TRUE 93) In prototyping, implementation and maintenance activities are repeated as necessary until the product is correct. Answer: TRUE 94) Visual programming tools such as Visual Basic have made prototyping more difficult. Answer: FALSE 95) Systems analysts work directly with both management and users to analyze the business situation and develop detailed project specifications. Answer: FALSE 96) Database architects establish standards for data in business units. Answer: TRUE 97) In 1998, ANSI/SPARC published an import document describing the three-schema architecture. Answer: FALSE 98) The conceptual schema is always technology specific. Answer: FALSE 99) The external schema contains a subset of the conceptual schema relevant to a particular group of users. Answer: FALSE 100) A physical schema contains the specifications for how data from a conceptual schema are stored in a computer's secondary memory. Answer: TRUE 101) The internal schema consists of the physical schema and the enterprise data model. Answer: FALSE 102) E. F. Codd developed the relational data model during the 1970s. Answer: TRUE 103) The relational data model is no longer popular in the 21st century. Answer: FALSE 104) Although personal databases improve productivity, one risk is that data cannot be shared with other users. Answer: TRUE 105) The most common way to support a group of individuals who work together on a project or group of similar projects is with a multi-tier client/server database. Answer: TRUE 106) In multi-tier database architectures, little functionality needs to be programmed into the client application. Answer: FALSE 107) Multi-tier client/server database applications contain a business logic layer. Answer: TRUE 108) An enterprise resource planning system integrates all functions of the enterprise. Answer: TRUE 109) A data warehouse contains summarized and historical information. Answer: TRUE 110) An extranet uses Internet protocols to establish limited access to company data by the company's customers and suppliers. Answer: TRUE