Hist the War of 1812

“The War of 1812” James Madison 1. Reasons for war between U.S. & Britain: a. Political Party unrest (Federalists vs. Jeffersonian DemocraticRepublicans). Thomas Jefferson James Monroe John Adams Alexander Hamilton Alexander Alexander Hamilton Hamilton John Marshall Daniel Webster John Quincy Adams 1b. Barbary Pirates & sailor impressments. The First Barbary War (1801-1805) started because Jefferson refused to pay the tribute of $250,000 annually… Burning of the frigate Philadelphia in the harbor of Tripoli, February 16, 1804, by Edward Moran, painted 1897, depicts a naval action of the First Barbary War. Jefferson & the Barbary Pirates (3min) Lieutenant Stephen Decatur Marine Anthem Impressment is the act of compelling men to serve in a navy by FORCE and without notice. It was used by the Royal Navy. 1c. Creation of the War Hawks by Henry Clay. Jefferson & his Secretary of State, James Madison, did not favor war with Great Britain… they feared the US was not prepared for such a conflict… the War Hawks were unable to convince the two men otherwise at this time BUT events in 1807 will make this stance difficult to keep. Henry Clay John C. Calhoun James Madison The young Democratic-Republican members of the 12th Congress were led by Clay & Calhoun… they sought the fame and glory of war as their fathers before them in the American Revolution… 1d. June 1807 Chesapeake-Leopard Incident. Commodore James Barron Chesapeake Crew: •3 Killed • 18 Wounded (including Barron) • 4 Taken to Halifax for trial on charge of desertion (1 hung; other 500 lashes) 1e. Embargo Act 1807. December 22, 1807, in response to British impressment and other aggressive behavior towards the United States, Congress passed a new Embargo Act. 1. American vessels were prohibited from landing in any foreign port unless specifically authorized by the president himself, who, at the time, was Jefferson. J.Q. Adams Federalists were furious about the passage of the Embargo Law. 2. Trading vessels were now required to post a bond of guarantee equal to the value of both the ship and its cargo, in order to ensure compliance with the law. Jefferson 1f. Election of James Madison in 1808. Nominee James Madison Charles Cotesworth Pinckney George Clinton Party Dem-Rep Fed Dem-Rep Home State VA SC NY Electoral Vote 122 47 6 States Carried 12 5 0 Clinton United States Congress (11th):
138 Members Total
34 Senate (7 Fed & 27 Dem-Rep)
142 House of Reps (49 Fed & 95 Dem-Rep; 1 vacant seat) Madison Pinckney William Henry Harrison Tenskwatawa Tecumseh 1g. Wm. Henry Harrison & the “Tippecanoe” battle starts 26 Sept. 1811 through November. This shows the unrest in the Western territories… 2. The War of 1812 (“Second War Between U.S. & Britain): a. Canada- U.S. took advantage of Britain’s involvement in the Napoleonic Wars. U.S. attacked to the West and split them in half. Fort Michilimackinac Zebulon Pike dies at the Battle of York The Surrender of Detroit painting by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster. William Hull Governor of Michigan Territory & surrendered Fort Detroit 2b. Great Lakes1. Battle of Put-in-Bay: U.S. victory by the “USS Lawrence”. 2. Battle of Thames: General William Henry Harrison gained fame from defeating the British & Shawnee Indian allied forces. Famous Indian chief Tecumseh died. Harrison later became the 9th president but died months into office. Curse of Tippecanoe “We have met the enemy and they are ours; two ships, two brigs, one schooner and one sloop.” Defense of Fort McHenry (10 min) (The Stars and Stripes Forever) 1 O! say can you see, by the dawn's early light, 2 What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming, 3 Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight, 4 O'er the ramparts we watch'd, were so gallantly streaming? 5 And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 6 Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there -7 O! say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave 8 O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave? The defense of Fort McHenry & the “Burning” of Washington D.C. Napoleon’s Defeat Changed things… 2 min 9 On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, 10 Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 11 What is that which the breeze o'er the towering steep, 12 As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? 13 Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, 14 In full glory reflected now shines on the stream -15 'Tis the star-spangled banner, O! long may it wave 16 O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. 17 And where is that band who so vauntingly swore 18 That the havock of war and the battle's confusion 19 A home and a country should leave us no more? 20 Their blood has wash'd out their foul foot-steps' pollution, 21 No refuge could save the hireling and slave, 22 From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave; 23 And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave 24 O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. 25 O! thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 26 Between their lov'd home, and the war's desolation, 27 Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land 28 Praise the power that hath made and preserv'd us a nation! 29 Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, 30 And this be our motto -- "In God is our trust!" 31 And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave 32 O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. Francis Scott Key The night of September 13-14, 1814… Fort McHenry was bombarded… 2c. Southern Campaign1. Battle of Horseshoe Bend: General Andrew Jackson led the Tennessee militia in victory over British allied Creek Indians. Jackson Creek “Red Sticks” wanted to reclaim their land and the Creek “White Sticks” were in favor of peace. 2c. Southern Campaign2. Battle of New Orleans: Battle began in December of 1814 & ends January 8 of 1815. 2/3’s of the British troops died & only 21 Americans. Johnny Cash: Battle of New Orleans Johnny Horton: Battle of New Orleans (Best Video 1959) 3. The Treaty of Ghent- Treaty ended the war and was signed December 24 of 1814. War ends in a “draw” but the U.S. ended “impressments” of sailors, gained respect, and earned trading power in the world. Greatest battle Victory was fought after the Treaty of Ghent was signed!
New Orleans ends Jan. 8, 1815 J.Q. Adams A. Gallatin J. Bayard H. Clay Treaty of Ghent was signed at Ghent, Belgium, and ratified by the U.S. Senate in Feb., 1815. The American commissioners were John Q. Adams , James A. Bayard , Henry Clay , Jonathan Russell, and Albert Gallatin . 4. Monroe’s “Era of Good Feelings…” Election of 1816 a. Nationalism in America rises due to the perceived victory over Britain a second time. People now felt more loyal to their National Government. Loyalty to one’s nation… a strong, overwhelming sense of pride for ones nation! Election of 1820 Nominee James Monroe JQ Adams Party Dem-Rep Dem-Rep Home State VA MA Electoral Vote 228 1 States Carried 23 0 New Hampshire elector William Plumer voted for John Quincy Adams to preserve GW unanimous victories. The opposite of Nationalism is Sectionalism… This is a sense of pride for ones section (or state) is stronger than that for the nation… this will be the case in the years leading up to the Civil War in the 1850’s. John Quincy Adams Nominee James Monroe Rufus King Party Dem-Rep Fed Home State VA NY Electoral Vote 183 34 States Carried 16 3 James Monroe Rufus King 4b. General Andrew Jackson claimed Florida for US… in 1817 he is sent to win campaign in the Seminole War. Led to the signing of the Adams-Onis Treaty 22 Feb. 1819. J.Q. Adams Seminole War is an extension of the Creek War that ended at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend… Luis de Onís Gonzalez Vara was the Spanish Foreign Minister that negotiated the treaty with Secretary of States John Quincy Adams. $5,000,000 Jackson captures & sentences to death the Seminole Chiefs The trial of Robert Ambrister and Arbuthnot during the First Seminole War. 4c. McCulloch vs. Maryland 1819: Chief Justice Marshall upholds that a branch of the Nat’l. Bank of US cannot be taxed by the state/s… upholding the principle of federal sovereignty (also upholds Hamilton’s belief in “implied powers” & “loose interpretation of the Constitution.”) Second Bank of the US was chartered in 1816 after the First Bank of the US did not have it’s charter renewed 1811; it’s charter was for 20 years… renewal date in 1836. John Marshall vs. James McCulloch was the head of the Baltimore Branch of the Second Bank of the United States & he refused to pay the tax imposed by the State of Maryland for the operation of the bank in the state. Bank of the United States This fundamental case established the following two principles:
The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government.
State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.
The opinion was written by Chief Justice John Marshall. 4d. Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was developed to help protect the America’s from any further colonization by other countries. This was to protect U.S. interest in this hemisphere. Doctrine Song The Monroe Doctrine was first introduced during Monroe’s 7th Annual State of the Union Address and it was written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. John Quincy Adams James Monroe A United States policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed by the United States of America as acts of aggression requiring US intervention. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries, and that the United States would not interfere with existing European colonies nor in the internal concerns of European countries. 4e. Expansion in America started in the form of canals & roads. Cumberland Gap was utilized & settling occurred further west. 4f. Industrial Revolution developed in America from 1815-1830’s. (1) 1793 Samuel Slater developed first textile spinning mill in R. I. (2) 1813 Francis Lowell developed first complete mill in Mass. (3) Eli Whitney developed Cotton Gin in 1793 & standardized parts for weapons in 1798. (4) Steam Power & Railroads are developed. Rails in 1820 S. Slater Slater’s Textile Mill Lowell’s Mill Cotton Gin and Bale Production Rails in 1870 Eli Whitney 4f(5) “Cotton Became King;” slavery increases & possibility of revolt/s increase (attempts at revolts such as that led by Denmark Vesey in 1822… But most famous due to success was in 1831 titled Nat Turner’s Revolt ) & formation of the American Colonization Society (some members were T. Jefferson, J. Monroe, H. Clay & D. Webster) August 21, 1831 Nat Turner led a revolt in South Hampton, Virginia. He and his band of approximately 70 or more ex-slaves killed 55 men, women & children. Eventually he captured and sentenced to death. July 14, 1822, became known to thousands of blacks throughout Charleston and along the Carolina coast. The plot called for Vesey and his group of slaves and free blacks to slay their owners and temporarily seize the city of Charleston. Vesey and his followers planned to sail to Haiti to escape retaliation. Two slaves opposed to Vesey's scheme leaked the plot. Charleston authorities charged 131 men with conspiracy. In total, 67 men were convicted and 35 hanged, including Denmark Vesey. 5. Presidential Election of 1824: JQ Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (“The Corrupt Bargain”)… Adams Crawford “I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy.” Election of 1824 Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams William Crawford Henry Clay Party Dem-Rep Dem-Rep Dem-Rep Dem-Rep Home State TN MA GA KY Electoral Vote 99 84 41 37 12 (7) 7 (13) 2(4) 3(X) Nominee Jackson Clay States Carried (1825) 261 EV… 131 to Win