Structuralism Quiz 1-51 Answer Key

1. Compare and contrast Titchener's and Wundt's systems of psychology, including their goals, methodology, and theories. Why is it important to stress that Wundt's system is not structuralism? ANSWER: Answer not provided. 2. For Titchener, what is the subject matter of psychology? How is psychology similar to and different from other sciences? ANSWER: Answer not provided. 3. In terms of studying conscious experience, what is the stimulus error as discussed by Titchener? How does it relate to Wundt's distinction between immediate and mediate experience? Describe Titchener's differentiation between consciousness and mind. What was his vision for structural psychology? ANSWER: Answer not provided. 4. Describe Titchener's form of introspection. What are the similarities and differences between his approach and that of Wundt? What was Titchener's experimental approach, particularly with regard to the concept and role of reagents? ANSWER: Answer not provided. 5. Name and define the three basic states (types) of conscious as identified by Titchener? Each state is composed of elements, which are irreducible and groupable according to their characteristics. Name and describe the characteristics of mental elements that Titchener used to categorize (group) them. Are these characteristics fundamental to each of the three states of consciousness? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 6. Titchener's behavior toward women in Psychology was contradictory, in that he sometimes supported and sometimes impeded their professional growth. Please discuss this contradiction using examples. ANSWER: Answer not provided. 7. Discuss and give examples of the central criticisms of structuralism. What contributions has structuralism made to psychology? ANSWER: Answer not provided. 8. Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____. a. swallow a stomach tube b. record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation c. make notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse d. attach measuring devices to their bodies to record their physiological responses during sexual intercourse e. All of the choices are correct ANSWER: e 9. The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following? a. Wundt b. Külpe c. Titchener d. both Wundt and Külpe e. both Wundt and Titchener ANSWER: c 10. Wundt's focus was on ____, whereas Titchener's was on ____. a. introspection; inspection b. elements of consciousness; synthesis of elements c. apperception; perception d. synthesis; apperception e. synthesis of elements; analysis of elements ANSWER: e 11. Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system, including ____. a. his focus on consciousness b. introspection c. apperception d. elements of consciousness e. none of the choices are correct; Titchener retained virtually all of Wundt's system ANSWER: c 12. Titchener spent most of his career at ____. a. Cornell University b. Harvard University c. Cambridge University d. University of London e. Oxford University ANSWER: a 13. Titchener's manner with his students during lectures was one of ____. a. formality b. concern c. humility d. good humor e. All of the choices are correct ANSWER: a 14. Titchener's relationship with Wundt and his family was one of ____. a. distance b. formality c. closeness d. false cordiality e. None of the choices are correct ANSWER: c 15. When Titchener returned to Oxford with his doctorate from Wundt, his colleagues ____. a. quickly followed in his footsteps b.incorporated his new ideas into their own approaches c. tried their best to convince him to stay in England and add the new approaches he had learned to the department of philosophy d.were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions e. None of the choices are correct ANSWER: d 16. As more and more students became drawn to Titchener’s lectures at Cornell, he ____. a. had more active involvement in all aspects of laboratory research. b. did not allow these students to do his research. c. became a popularizer. d. allowed these students to choose their own dissertation topics. e. became less actively engaged in laboratory research. ANSWER: e 17. One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____. a. did not depart from Wundtian ideas in any significant manner b. took great care to scrupulously present all of Wundt's ideas, whether he agreed with them or not c. did not, himself, have any creative ideas d. translated Wundt's books from German into English e. was Wundt's cousin ANSWER: d 18. One of Titchener's most profound influences on the development of experimentation in psychology was his publication ____. a. Principles of Physiological Psychology (1873, 1874) b. Principles of Psychology (1890) c. An Outline of Psychology (1896) d. Primer of Psychology (1898) e. Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (1901-1905) ANSWER: e POINTS: 1 REFERENCES: Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) NOTES: WWW 19. For many of his early years at Cornell, Titchener was known as "the professor in charge of ____ a. music b. philosophy c. coin collecting d. correspondence e. everything ANSWER: a 20. Provided that students and colleagues were properly respectful, Titchener was ____ to them. a. distant but cordial b. kind and helpful c. condescending d. dismissing e. None of the choices are correct. ANSWER: b 21. Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women: a. were not admitted to graduate programs in psychology. b. were believed unable to grasp the pure research methods of experimentation. c. psychologists were almost exclusively engaged in applied research. d. could not be admitted without their husbands, and none had married experimental psychologists. e. were too pure to smoke. ANSWER: e 22. Who scolded Titchener for still practicing "a very old fashioned standpoint" in excluding women from psychology meetings? a. Ladd-Franklin b. Washburn c. Comte d. Friedline e. Dallenbach ANSWER: a 23. ____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology. a. Karen Horney b. Cora Friedline c. Margaret Mead d. Christine Ladd-Franklin e. Margaret Floy Washburn ANSWER: e 24. Of the 56 doctoral degrees Titchener conferred, what percentage were given to women? a. about 2% b. about 10% c. more than a third d. over half e. three of every four ANSWER: c 25. Who was Titchener's first doctoral student? a. Ladd-Franklin b. Washburn c. Comte d. Friedline e. Dallenbach ANSWER: b 26. Who was the first female psychologist elected to the National Academy of Sciences? a. Ladd-Franklin b. Friedline c. Washburn d. Boring e. Dallenbach ANSWER: c 27. Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ____. a. conscious experience b. behavioral events c. mental and behavioral events d. both conscious and unconscious experiences e. anything that could be observed scientifically ANSWER: a 28. Titchener argued that psychology is unique among the sciences because ____. a. psychology alone is dependent on experiencing persons b. only psychology studies brain-behavior relationships c. only psychology uses introspection d. only psychology depends on human observers e. None of the choices are correct; he believed psychology was virtually identical to the natural sciences ANSWER: a 29. Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it? a. Wundt b. Külpe c. Titchener d. Washburn e. Comte ANSWER: c 30. In the Original Source Material from A Textbook of Psychology, Titchener described the difference between ____. a. independent and dependent experience b. immediate and mediate experience c. structuralism and Wundtian psychology d. truth and fiction e. inspection and introspection ANSWER: a 31. Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error, that is, about ____. a. assuming a one-to-one correspondence between the stimulus and its perception b.assuming a logarithmic relationship between the strength of the objective stimulus and the intensity of the psychological experience of the stimulus c. describing the observed object rather than the experience of it d.describing feelings instead of sensations e. describing qualities of the stimulus instead of quantities ANSWER: c 32. To confuse the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed was to commit ____. a. introspective error b. retrospective error c. stimulus error d. inspection rather than introspection e. retrospection rather than introspection ANSWER: c 33. If you described the test you are now taking as being on paper, you would not be giving a true introspective report of your conscious experience according to Titchener. In introspection, to use everyday words such as "paper" is to ____. a. deny reality b. commit the stimulus error c. reason illogically d. use abbreviated syntax e. be a rational human being ANSWER: b 34. Titchener opposed the development of areas such as child psychology and animal psychology because ____. a. these areas did not focus on discovering the structures of mind b. these areas were more subject to the stimulus error c. he supported applying psychological knowledge d. psychology should instead be interested in curing sick minds e. None of these answers is correct ANSWER: a 35. The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____. a. mind b. conscious experience c. consciousness d. perception e. apperception ANSWER: c 36. The sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime is Titchener's definition of ____. a. mind b. consciousness c. memory d. apperception e. learning ANSWER: a 37. Who said psychology was NOT in the business of curing sick minds? a. Wundt b. Külpe c. Titchener d. James e. Comte ANSWER: c 38. Titchener's introspection method was most like ____ method. a. Wundt's b. Brentano's c. Stumpf's d. Külpe's e. Fechner's ANSWER: d 39. While Wundt emphasized ____ and ____ reports during introspection, Titchener used ____ and ____ introspective reports. a. subjective, quantitative; objective; qualitative b. objective, quantitative; subjective, qualitative c. subjective, qualitative; objective, quantitative d. objective, qualitative; subjective, quantitative e. perceptive, brief; sensation, extended ANSWER: b 40. Titchener's opinion about how introspection should be used probably became formed ____. a. before he went to Leipzig b. while working with Wundt in Leipzig c. when he returned to Oxford after leaving Leipzig d. when he was at Cornell e. during a visit to Clark University, in a discussion with Freud ANSWER: a 41. The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____. a. atomism b. elementism c. determinism d. use of the dehumanizing term subjects rather than observers e. use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers ANSWER: e 42. In his introspection experiments, Titchener wanted his subjects (observers) to ____. a. try to create new images in consciousness from the presented stimuli b. search for their inner self c. have their galvanic skin response recorded while they gave their introspective reports d. be passive recorders of the experiences registering on the conscious mind e. remember their childhood experiences ANSWER: d 43. Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential problems for psychology, according to Titchener? a. to reduce conscious processes to their simplest components b. to study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes c. to determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated d. to connect these elements with their physiological correlates e. None of the answers is correct. ANSWER: b 44. Which of the following was a topic to be explored by Titchener's psychology? a. the reduction of conscious processes b. the determination of the laws of association of elements of consciousness c. to identify the physiological correlates of the elements d. All the choices are correct. e. None of the answers is correct. ANSWER: d 45. Titchener's research identified three elements of consciousness: sensations, affective states, and ____. a. subliminal perception b. perception c. images d. behavioral intention e. elements of emotion ANSWER: c 46. By 1896, Titchener had identified approximately how many elements of sensation? a. 1 b. 4 c. 5 d. 11,600 e. more than 44,000 ANSWER: e 47. For Titchener, distinct sensations combined with others to form ____. a. emotions b. apperceptions c. beliefs d. affective states e. perceptions and ideas ANSWER: e 48. Titchener's descriptors of sensations did NOT include which of the following? a. quality b. intensity c. duration d. clearness e. propensity ANSWER: e 49. Which of Titchener's basic elements of consciousness does not possess clearness? a. perceptions b. apperceptions c. ideas d. affective states e. limens ANSWER: d 50. Feelings or emotions lack clearness because ____. a. if we focus on them to determine clearness, the feeling or emotion disappears. b. if we focus on them to determine clearness, the feeling or emotion becomes more intense. c. duration, not clearness, is the essence of emotion. d. quality and intensity are sufficient to explain emotion. e. None of the choices are correct. ANSWER: a 51. Titchener's research led him to conclude that affective states had only ____ dimension(s); namely ____. a. two; pleasure/displeasure and tension/ relaxation b. one; tension/relaxation c. one; pleasure/displeasure d. one; excitement/depression e. two; pleasure/displeasure and excitement/depression ANSWER: c