TEAS Prep Notes - Anitomical Plans | Chamberlain University: College of Nursing & Public Health

University:
Chamberlain University: College of Nursing & Public Health
Course:
TEAS Preparation
Academic year:

2017
Views:

270

Pages:

32
Author:

El Ree

MitochondriaPlasma Membraneenergy productionmicrotubulesProduces ATP throughCentrosomeaerobic respirationElectron transportDOCellorganizationChaingets microtublestogether for mitosisRibosomesduring cell divisionprotein synthesistranslates mRNA:into proteinsLy sosomeswaste breakdownNucleoluscontains hydrolyti cRibosome Assemblyenzymes to break downtranscribes ribosomalCellular wasteRNA and combinesSmath Endoplasmicproteins to createReticulumribosomal SubunitsContains DNA +detoxifies/lipid synthesisChromatin Golgi ApparatusRough EndomasmicLiphospholipidsReticulumSteroidsprotein storingprotein translationalso the site fordetoxifies drugs/alcoholand modi ficationin muscle cells it stores"post office"protein folding andcalciumpackages proteinsmodificationTissuesConnectiveEpithelialMuscularNervousprotection likemovementelectricalbinds bonestheskin or produce\skeletalimpulses from/totogether and attachesSecretions (glanular)2cardiacthe brain andmuscle to bonediffusion of ions3SmoothbodyEx: Tendons Anitomical PlanesPosterior(dorsal)-behind>Coronal planeAnterior (ventral)- - in frontLateral - away from center > Sagittal planeMedial - towards center*midsagittal= dividesbody inequal halfsSuperior- above midline> transverse (horizontal)Inferior- below midlineplaneSkeletal System5Bone ShapesILong Bones2Short BonesJointsSynovial Joint- carpalsPivot (vertebrae)-femar-tarsalsGOpoint-tibiaphalangesFnx: stabilitypatella,Ball+movementFFnx: support,Socket jointShape(hip + femur)movementHingeFlat Bones4joint3Irregular BonesbonesCIT(humerustulna)Fibrous Joint-vertebraenot moveable-sternum- -skull (facial bones)- -ribs-kneeX "skull"- pelvis- elbowCartilaginousFnx: provideFnx: structuretwo bonesprotection forShapeconnect w/ cartilageinternal organs(vertebrae) eletal Cont. Long Bone Structureendon Muscle BoneEpiphysis-fiberousmarr ow cavityConnectivecompact bonetissueDiaphysis- -antagnosticmuscles contraction)periosteumLigament BoneBoneepiphysisplate growth"SpongyboneMicroscopic Structure of Bone(Inside osteocytescanaliculi (connections7medullaryLacunaecavityVolkmanCanals(form(connectHaversianconcentriccanals)lamellale)OsteonBone Resorptioninterstential Haversianbenefit= releasesamellae canalsmineralsinto bloodcirculationBone Cellsblasts build,DiseasesClasts deaveOsteoporosis - loss of bone densityosteoblasts - buildlack of Ca" andboneVit Dosteoclasts- - break downOsteogenesis - defective collagenboneimperfecta production, brittlebonesosteocytes- - senses stressOsteoarthritis - degenerative jointfrom otherbone cellsdisease Closs Cartilage) Integumentary Function: excrete the toxir,KeratinprotectionbodyEpidermis-waterproofs the skintransmits SignalscorneumlucidumSebaceous GlandsgranulosumspinosumFunction: secrete sebum (oil) a mixturebasaleof fats and proteins preventing skint*undergohair from drying outmitosiseverywhere but soles of feet.palms of handDermis- charaoteristic=Sweat Glandsconnective tissueepidermisFunction: excretion of waterporepapillary regionreticular regionand minerals from the bodylike Na+ CI MghypodermisSubcutaniousApocrine Sweat Gland(adipose tissue)layernot active until pubertyapocrineand are found in armpits,sweateccrineSebaceousnipple and groinglandsweat gland glandApe = smelly + hairyhair bulbEccrine Sweat Glandactive clividingbasale cellspores all over bodyThermoregulationCancerBloodCoolingwarmingCells effectivevesselsconstrictBasalBasaledialatemost*mostcellscommonSweat[SweatingsweatingcommonGlandsSquamouscanrelaxStand erectSquamouscellsmetastisizeHair follideaddgooseMalighant melanoaytesdangerbumpsous spiratoryFunction: Air conductionGas exchangeathway: Pharyny+ LarynxLocation of lungs: pleural cavitytheTracheaBrochiAcidosisblood pH, ventilationAlveoliAlkalosis blood pH, ventilation- controlled by medulla oblongata (ventilation rate)Vertilation-volumein lung = pressure (inhale)-InhalingExhalingvolume inlungpressure inlung(exhale)O2CO2Lung Volumetotallung(capacity56Ldiaphram3diaphramrelax4LcontractsIntercostalsflattensrelax and2112Intercostalsmove inward4contract pusholOutwardItidal volume - amount of air inhale/exRespirationin normal breathing2expiratory reserve volume - additionalInternal ExternalVolume of air that can be= 6906exhated after normal=blood = tissueexhaliationlungs = blood3O2 goes toVital capacity total volume of air that canO2 goesintcbe exchange thru normaltissueRBCbreathing (TV, [RV,ERV)CO2 goesCO2 leavesresidual volume- amount of air that alwaysinto bloodbloodresides In lungs to preventLiningslung collapseSurfactant-lines aveolar to5inspiratory reserve volume - additionalprevent lungsvolume of air that canfrom collapsingbe inhaled followingpleura - serous membrane to preventnormal inhalation.friction Lung DiseasesCystic Fibrosis - mutation difficult of breathing a protein lots that of make infections thick mucu.Surfactantinsufficency mutation of surfactant proteins, difficultbreathingAsthma - environmental triggers leading to inflammation andnarrowing airway passagesPathogens influenzaTuberculosisWalking PreumoniabecoronavirusGmycobacteriuminfection by-cough-cough bloodmycoplasmsneeze- weightlossbacteria-runny nose- coughing- -headache navascular,deoxygenated bloodSuperiorAortaoxygenated bloodVenacavaEjaculatory ductUrethraPenisReproductive - Femalefallopian tubeif sperm presentthis is where theywill fertilize anovumuterine wallOvary Cervixegg will embed inwall once fertilizedoogenesis where/vaginawhich will create a layerova are produced.called endometriumformswomen have the # ofova they need@birthplacentaif unfirtalized willShed struff off called menstrationcircus (armage) The Menstrual Cycle1hormonelevels begins menstruation2anterior pituitary releases FSHacts on ovaries to inducerelease of estrogen3estrogen matures one ovarian follide and thickensendometrium4estrogen early an inhibits the release of FSHto prevent more than one follicle maturing5later estrogen starts a positive feedback loop todrive more FSH, then releasing LH6LH induces ovalation (ovarian follicle ruptures and releasesthe egg)+7the ruptured follicle develops into corpus luteum8secretes progesteron to maintain lining9if not fertilized corpus luteum atrophes and Shedslining (progesteron roun estinaall organs involved areMe Sophagealcalled alimentary CanalSphineterlHCIBolus: = Chewed food inoral cavitypyloricchyme = exit stomach goes intosphinetersmall intestineSmall intestine linedwith villi /microvilliDigestion Enzymesduodenum proteinscarbohydratesSalivary Glands Enzymesjejunumfats90% of all nutrientsAmalase carbosStarchesileumabsorbed hereLipase - fatsB12 absorbedBileSalts here Stomach EnzymesCecumHCIPouch beforeparietalpepsinogenlarge intestinechiefpepsin Camino acids)large InetestineCauses proteins todenatureTransverse5ChiefGastric Lipase -lipidsfatsColon H2O, Salts, Vitk Goblet cells - protectsabsorbed hereRectumlining of stomachLiver EnzymesSmall Intestine EnzymesBile-fat digestionBrush border enzymesemulsifying lipids- lactase (dissacchar idasesPancreas Enzymesbreak down lactosePancreatic Bicarbonate- nucleases breakdownneutralizes chymenucleic acidsPancreatic Lipase-1 lipids/fatsinSI- peptidases completeTrypsin(ogen) (proteasesprotein diges tienproteins Digestive HormonesReleased from Ghrelin-empty stomach11StomachChungerGastrin - protein in stomachmotility"gastrain"Samatostatin - acid in stomachleptin- - from fat tissuedigestionfatin bloodstreamReleased from smallhungerintestineSecretin - arrival of chyme in SI (duodenum)release bicarbonate from pancreasinhibit gastric emptyingeverythingcut"Chole cytokinin (CCK) - fats and acid release- target gb, pan, stomach-release bile / pancre atic enzymesx acid secretionReleased from PanereasInsulin-blood glucoseLiver, muscle, fat tissue targetuptake stimulus of glucoseglycogenGlucagan blood glucose StimulatesLiverglycogen breakdown Tblood glucose levels wuneMacrophageBcellsTcellsNaturalkiller cellsBasophilDOGranulocytesEosinophilDendricCD4+ CO8+cellAntibodiesneutrophilInnateImmunityAdaptiveImmunityBorn with inAquire overtimeBarriers to infectionphysical = SkinnaturalartificalmucuspH in stomach/ \passive activeChemical =olysozymepassiveartificalmaternalinfection(saliva andmilkmemoryantibodyimmunizationtears) killscellstransfervaccineShot ofbacteriacell wallslong termtyantibodiesproduceantimicrobial peptidesShort livedmemoryinterferonsnomemorycellscellsintromuthervoneceusdisease ,Closs Cartilage LeukocytesWhite Blood cellsgranulocytesagranulocytesrelease histamineno granuloes1) Basophild - releasehistaminesLymphocytesmediatemacrophagesallergicreactionkill extracellular2) Eosanophils - killspathogensparasites- digest dying3) neutrophils -phagocytosingcells- can presentantigens butnot as effectiveas dendriticcellsRelease Helper T-in Honoytamesuscellsthymus forprotein}maturationSignalshelpactivate otherimmune cellsB cellskiller TTand B cellsSpiesArmy-born /mature inbone marrow-kill host cell and express a foreignantigen- secrete antibodies- antigen specificto target for eitherDiseaseHelperphagocytosis or coatHIV - Macros/Tcellsthem making them noninfectiousorlysisAutoinmureLupus. TypelD.Grave MSAllergymost cells release granuolesRhumetoidthat cause itch mucous production Carbohydrates- Sugar or starches that containC.O,HMonosaccharide- CnH2nOn n2 Mono saccharide dehydrate = diasacharidepolysadcharide long, repeated strands of monomers (ex: cellulose)Proteins - aka amino acids"GmonomersEnzymes catalyze specificAminoacids - linked by a peptide bondbiological Rxn.ActivationMultiple amino acids linked: polypeptide chainEnergy (enzymesGlobular protein hemoglobin. Soluable in H2Ospeed this up)hormonesimmunoglobulins /antibodies Foundin : cell membraneenzymesmuscle tissueFiberous protein = not soluable in waterNOTSkeletonDNAkeratincollagenLipids- aka"Fats" long strands of H, C (hydrocarbon chains)Hydrocarbon = hydrophobicChainH2O>amdo not dissolve inTrigly CeridesPhospholipidsSteroids3 falty acidsmembrane of everycellhydrophobicattached tonon falty acidsglucose2 Fatty acids bound toEx: Sex harmonesSaturated= C=Hhydrophilic phosphatecholesterolall ofthemgroup SH2O> yes pleaseunsaturated= CHHnot all onlyif ends in phospho= willsomedissolveif ends in fallyacid= will notlongterm energydissolveStoragereviews sheath Nucleic Acids -genetic material of all livingmonomer= nucleotide 3 parts of a nucleotide2 types1) phosphate group2) five C SugarringgoDeoxyribonycleic Acid3) nitrogenous baseDNA- -bases ATGCRibonucleic AcidRNAtranslates DNA into a formthatcan be read by proteins- bases AT GC u (uracil) cell ReproductionSexual ReproductionMitosisP on the MAT-2 parent cell DNAProphasediffuse to make a-visible chromosomesgamate w/ genetic-centrioles replicateVariationand begin to migrate= babyMetaphase-chromosomes alignAsexual Reproductionat the plate-center of chromosome- offspring are clonescalled centromeresof one single parentattach to spinal fibers- -no genetic variationAnaphaseBinary-chromosomesFissionBuddingseperate by-small growth-single parenton surface thenx xenzyme Seperasedoubles DNAbreaks offdivides into 2cells (bacteria)(yeast)Telophase-genetic mater.Deial lesscondensedCell CycleMitosis-nucle arenvelope00appearsInterphaseG,MioticprepGigrowthGoCytokinesisSfor-2new identicalInterpraseG2G2divisioncellsRestDNAReplicationI'DGoS MeiosisHaploidDiploidCrossing Cincreases gerediversityn+=In "zygote"Hap HalfDi=2IDNA ReplicatesDNA does NOT ReplicateIIProphaselprophase2 diploid2ncellsIncross-Metaphaseovermeta-phoselAnaphaseXOana-phasellTelophaseX0telophasell4 haploidCytokenisiscellsSingle unpairedchromosomes"Gametes" Sperm+Eggs GeneTics DNRTendel Theorygenotype =genetic characteristicsAllelel + Allele 2phenotype = physical characteristicsex: blue eyes = phenogenotype (genes)lacking brown eye gene :homozygousgeno"Same"heterozygous"different" Punnett SquarePhenotype (physical)aadominantrecessiveAAaAaOutcomes:AAAaaa50/50HomoHeteroHomoaaaaa50/50DNAphenotypesP5OH335'SugarTASugar3'Purines PyrimadinesA0uTPPpuresilvercut py pie5SsugarCG3SugarP2P5ISugarASugar5'3'154OHExample Questions: lookfer heterozygous= will Dd have if Dis dark present hair offspring1) Dark hair is adominant trait. If D Symbolizesthe allele fordark hair, which option Shows heterozygous genotype and itsmarring phenotypec)geno: DD pheno: darkhairDd pheno: darkhairb) geno: Dd pheno: lighterhaird) gend: DD pheno : lighterhair DNA ReplicationPurposeParticipantsProduceLocationduplicate aDNA2 identicalReplicationnucleusfull strandHelicasestrandsDNAPolymeraseDNAligaseTranscriptionnucleusDNA toDNAmRNAPolymerasemRNAligase"blueprint"TranslationCytoplasmMRNA tomRNAAminobuildribisomesacidamino acidstRNAChairamino acids(protein)Transcription has 3 stepsIInitiation2Elongation3Terminationall make a copy for mRNA PhotosynthesisC6H12OEquation = CO2+ H2O6+O22* opposite of cell respiration CO2 = glucoseH2LightCozDark ReactionLightNADP+ReactionATP"aka Calvin Cycle"Calvinlight dependentLightATPCycleno light requiredRxnuse ATP andreaction toNADPHcreateNAOPH to produceATP , NADPIE ChloroplastssugarSugartOz Respiration/PhotosynthesisOxygen + Energy = Carbon Dioxide + Watert ATPGlycolysis: the breakdown ofLeo goes garrGlucoseglucose by enzymesLoss e = oxidationATPNAD+releasing energy andgaine = reducedATPADP ADPNAD+pyruvic acid. EquationO2+ CoH12O6 CO2+H2OADP ADP-anerobic+ATPATPATPNADITbefore next step pyruvate must oxidizeATP ATPNADHCloses 2e and H) = NADH - CO2PyruvateTest QuestionPyruvatePyruvate OxidationPyruvatePyruvateAcetate CO2Asetate + CO2Krebs CycleNADA+ NADHCo. COAerobic process =2ATP2OX alo acetateNADP+ NADHCitric Citricco-enzymecxaloac etateAAcidAcidElectron TransportCOAChain4CO2NADinthe mitochondria6NADH34- MATP is the productkrebsof the ETCCycleHighADP IntermembraneH+H+H+SpaceH+H+2FADH22ATPH+boodFADCCP(iii)80PTIIIbode- glucose must beMatrixpyruvate oxidizedFAOH FADLowbefore krebs cycleNADHNAD+O2H+Aopaerobic - O2 presentH2OATP PhotosynthesisC6H12OEquation = CO2+ H2O6+O22* opposite of cell respiration CO2 = glucoseH2LightCozDark ReactionLightNADP+ReactionATP"aka Calvin Cycle"Calvinlight dependentLightATPCycleno light requiredRxnuse ATP andreaction toNADPHcreateNAOPH to produceATP , NADPIE ChloroplastssugarSugartOz memistryProton / ,neg.positiveNechargeisotopescharge I# of defineNeutronsneutronsthe type of elementno electricalchargeElectronit is This variationcloudis called is otopesnucleusCationanionElectron Configuration17<+-25%e-CIloste gained35 3p 3d35.5ex: 11 protonsex: a protonsy 4p 4d 4f10 electrons10 electrons1s22s22 6222512 neutrons10 neutrons261014Catsareoutter shellani is neapositiveis calledIif the outerValence electronsTotal Masse skell is almost/ Atomicfull it willmost atoms wantaddPtattracted more8e called the+NMasse to completeoctet ruleEx: CarbonFormulathe shellMass# = Pt+N2exceptionsAtomic # =6Atomic# = Aif the outer shellZ= # of p+is nearly empty itHydrogen (1)=mass12N= # of Nwill release e easilyHelisum (2)totalA=Z+NElement12-6 = 6 neutronsAtomic#Ex:13 C6p+13=6+NCI6be-6-10in7=N35.59atomic massEx: 235 u92p+235 92+N92 e-92-92Physical Properties92143N.143NExtensive = depend on amount of matterChemical Propertiesbeing measuredIntensive= do not depend, uses densityestablished by charryingon quantityout a chemical Rxn.Density = mass/volumeCANheat Waterpolar moleculesthus, water is cohesive (Trypositive andother ions are attractted thusnegative chargesnicknamed "universal solvent"attractEx: NaCl in water will break NaCI to Na+Diffusion / Osmosis+ CA ions easilyDiffusion moves fromconcentrationSolution one subs tancedif.soistoconcentraction ofdissolves intoanotherSolutesOsmosis-type of diffusion where anStates of Mattermosis solvesimbalance of concentrationsis corrected by the migrationSublimationof the solventMeltingVaporizationsonlytimeFreezingtemp TortCondensationis when it isSolidLiquidGasentirely inoneStateSolid =*laten heatenergyGasdepositdiscripes theenergyDepositionamount of energyis needed to changeH=mLLatent heat formulathe state. Latentheat is measured inH= -change in heat in calories (cal)caloriesM= mass of substance in gramsL = latent heat of the Substance (cal/g)Ex: Mercury is aliquid room temp. It boils@ 357C° and a latent heatof 70 cal/g. How much heat is required to vaporize @ 200g sampleof mercury that has been heated to 3579 C?H= already @ boiling pointH= 200g x 70 callgm= 2009= 14,000 callonic Bond - pos and neg = Na+ciL = 70 001/9non polar=+Covalent Bond - Share eletions O2polar =+ Increase atomic massincrease1electron affility18Periodic Table of the Elementsnuclear chargelizationHnegativiHe1.01218atomic#13141516174.003ArLiBechemical symbolBNoFNeArgon6.94element name10.01120114.0114.00190020.189.0139.95atomic13151817massNaAlSiPSCIArMg22.9924.314567910111226.9528.0930.9712.0615.4539.05382123103132"35192022232425262829AsSeBrKrKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGe65.1969.73726174.9278.0079.9084.8019.1040.0844.9647.8850.94$1.9954.9455.99$8.99$8.6963.55$112533039404142434445"4748XeRbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeI106.42107.87112.41114.82111.71121.76127.6126.90131.29EA.87.62$4.9191.2292.9191.9498.91101.07102.917376777879so8182$3$5555457-71727475CsBaHfTaWReOsIrPtAuHgTlPbBiPoAtRn106.21190.25192.22195.00194.97200.59204.38207.20208.96208.98109.96222.02132.91137.33178.49180.95143.8510911011111211311411511611710510610710089-103104RfDbSgBhHsMtDsRgCnUutFlUupLvUusUuoFrRa(246)1264(269)(266)(200)12721(277)unknown(289)unknown(298)223. 02226.03[261](262)62as644566676869705459606157PrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuLaCe150.96151.97157.25158.93142 so144.93167.24168.9173.94174.97140.12143.91144.24144.91138.9196979810010110210393949599919289NpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMdNoThPaU243.06247.07247.07251.08(254)258.10259.1[262]Ac257.10237.05244.00231.04238.03227.03232.04SemimetalNonmetalHalogenNoble GasLanthanideActinideBasic MetalAlkali MetalAlksline EarthTransition Metalspusa reason usbolphy isPeriodic Table GroupsAcids + BasesH+ and OHbalanced pH = 7balance = pH70 =acidicAlkali - Soft, very reactive14 alkalinity (basic)Ca(OH),Alkaline Earth -Soft. earth crustsCa+ OH OHTransition malleable conduct electricity t heatmore2 timesSemimetals (Matalloids") Semi-conductive, lusteras much= pH8Nonmetals gases, brittle solids, poor conducters of heatHalogens only group exhibits all three states of matter @ room tempNoble Gases- gases in the air very unreactive, colorlessLanthanide - bright shinnyActinide metalsall radio active, not stableChemical SolutionsSynthesis At B =ABSame ColumnColumns 13-18Decomposition AB = A+BSingle ReplacementAB + C =AC+BSame # ofsame # ofDouble Replacementelectronselectrons minusAB t CD = AD+BO10compustionAo BCoxydation Rxn