History Video Question

Video Question: Describe the first example of blacks being treated differently from whites in colonial America. White and black indentured servants ran away from their plantations. They were caught, and the white servants had additional years put onto their servitude, while the black servant was given the punishment of being a servant for the rest of his life. Chapter 3 Questions *possible multiple choice questions* 1. In the long run, King Philip’s War produced a broadening of freedom for white New Englanders by expanding their access to land. (above “Global Competition and the Expansion of England’s Empire”) 2. Carolina grew slowly until planters discovered the staple - rice - that would make them the wealthiest elite in English North America and their colony an epicenter of mainland slavery. (under “The founding of Carolina”) 3. In the Americas, slavery was based on the plantation, an agricultural enterprise that brought together large numbers of workers under control of a single owner. (under “Slavery in History”) 4. Sugar was the first crop to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe. (under “Slavery in the West Indies”) 5. The first Africans, twenty in all, arrived in Virginia in 1619. (under “Slavery and the Law”) 6. Virginia’s shift from white indentured servants to African slaves as the main plantation labor force was accelerated by one of the most dramatic confrontations of this era, Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676. (under “Bacon’s Rebellion: Land and Labor in Virginia”) 7. In 1688, the long struggle for domination of English government between Parliament and the crown reached its culmination in the Glorious Revolution which established parliamentary supremacy once and for all. (under “The Glorious Revolution”) 8. Massachusetts was required to abide by the English Toleration Act of 1690 – that is, to allow all Protestants to worship freely. (under “Changes in New England”) 9. Germans, 110,000 in all, formed the largest group of newcomers from the European continent. (under “The German Migration”) 10. Small farms tilled by family labor and geared primarily to production for local consumption predominated in New England and the new settlements of the backcountry. (under “Regional Diversity”) 11. During the eighteenth century, Great Britain eclipsed the Dutch as the leading producer and trader of inexpensive consumer goods. (under “The Consumer Revolution) 12. In 1770, with some 30,000 inhabitants, Philadelphia was “the capital of the New World,” at least its British component, and, after London and Liverpool, the empire’s third leading port. 13. By 1770, nearly all upper-class Virginians had inherited their wealth. (under “The Colonial Elite”) 14. By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families viewed land ownership almost as a Olaudah Equiano: a former slave renamed Gustavus Vassa who was able to buy his freedom, he later wrote a book about his life called The Interesting Narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Asiento: an agreement whereby Spain subcontracted to foreign power the right to provide slaves to Spanish America was an important diplomatic prize. Brazil or the West Indies: Before 1700, the slave economies of the West Indies were the largest market for fish, grain, livestock and lumber. ● After 1700 more and more slaves were sent across the Atlantic every year ● A lot of slavery going on in the Carribean Island - primarily work with sugar cane Chesapeake Elites: a landed gentry that, in conjunction with merchants who handled the tocabbo trade and lawyers who defended the interest of slaveholder, dominated the region's society and politics. The “task” system: a system in which slaves worked but by the number and quality of specific tasks they performed an left them free time at the end of the day ● Started in South Carolina ● Slaves would be given duties to complete in the morning, and if they could do as they pleased after they finished their work. Creoles: Slaves combined with West Africans born in the New World of European ancestry. ● Developed a Creole language spoken even today in parts of Louisiana New York City 1712: The 18th century’s first slave uprising in America ● Group of slaves set fire to houses on the outskirts of the city and then killed nine whites ● There were slaves up and down the coast(not just in the South) Baron Montesquieu: French political philosopher who made Britain “the one nation in the world whose constitution has political liberty for it's purpose”. Came up with the idea of checks and balances. ● In the United States, we have the President, the Senate/House, and the Supreme Court John Locke: Said government should be formed by mutual agreement between equals. ● Representative government European Enlightenment: sought to apply the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiments to political and social life. The Great Awakening: a series of local events united by a commitment to a “religion of the heart”. The Seven Years War: a global conflict that spanned five continents, though it was known in America as the “French and Indian War”. After years of skirmishes between England and France in North America, England ocially declared war on France in 1756. Definitions: The Age of Revolution: A series of events that began in British North American, spread to Europe and the Caribbean and culminated in Latin America. Virtual Representation: Each member of Parliament represents the entire empire - not just their own district. All people under British crown are taken into account The Currency Act: Act in 1764 when the British prevented colonial paper currency and required they use the British pound. The Stamp Act of 1765: Parliaments first attempt to raise money through taxes instead of through trade. It required that all printed materials had a stamp on it purchased from the authorities. “No taxation without representation”: A political slogan originating during the 1700s that summarized one of 27 colonial grievances of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution Sons of Liberty: Organization formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act. The Boston Massacre: Clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed. Boston Tea Party: The incident on December 16, 1773 in which the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773. Declaration of Independence: It completed the shift from the rights of the Englishman to the rights of mankind as the object of American Independence. The Battle of Saratoga: On October 17th 1777, British General John Burgoyne was forced to surrender after the American victory under General Howe. Francis Marion: Hit and run attacks by militia men under Marion eroded the British position in South Carolina. Treaty of Paris: America not only wins its independence, but also gained a border between Canada and the US, and ceded Florida to Spain. Multiple Choice Questions: 1. The Seven Years War, which left Britain with an enormous debt and vastly enlarged overseas possessions to defend, led successive governments in London to seek ways to make the colonies share the cost of the empire. 2. Having treated the colonists as allies during the Seven Years War, Britain reverted in the mid-1760s to seeing them as subordinates whose main role was to enrich the mother country. 3. Opposition to the Stamp Act was the first great drama of the revolutionary era and the first major split between colonists and Great Britain over the meaning of freedom. 4. The Townshend crisis led to the writing of one of the most important statements of the American position. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania by John Dickinson. 5. On December 16 1773, a group of colonists disguised as Indians boarded three ships at anchor in Boston Harbor and threw more than 300 chests of tea into the water. This became known as the Boston Tea Party. 6. To coordinate resistance to the Intolerable Acts, a Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia that month, bringing together the most prominent political leaders of the colonies. (under “the Continental Congress”) 7. In May 1775, Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain boys, together with militiamen from Connecticut led by Benedict Arnold surrounded Fort Ticonderoga in New York and forced it to surrender. 8. Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation offered freedom to any slave who escaped the American lines and bore arms for the King. 9. Common Sense quickly became one of the most successful and influential pamphlets in the history of political writing. 10. To restore morale and regain the initiative, George Washington launched a surprise attack on Hessian soldiers at Trenton, New Jersey. 11. American forces blocked General Burgoyne’s way, surrounded his army, and on October 17th, 1777, forced him to surrender at the Battle of Saratoga. 12. One of General Washington’s ablest commanders, Benedict Arnold, defected and almost succeeded in turning over to the British the important fort at West Point on the Hudson River 13. Hit-and-run attacks by militia men under Francis Marion, called the “swamp fox” because his men emerged from hiding places in swamps to strike swiftly and then disappear, eroded the British position in South Carolina. 14. Taking land and sea forces together, more Frenchmen than Americans participated in the decisive Battle of Yorktown when on October 19th, 1781 British General Cornwallis surrendered his army of 8,000 men. Video Question: What does John Dickinson do after the Continental Congress votes to break away from England? The Articles of Confederation: First frame of government of the United States, provided a weak controlled government soon replaced by the Constitution Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Called for the eventual establishment of 3-5 states north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi Shays’ Rebellion: Crowds of debt-ridden farmers closed the courts in western Massachusetts to prevent the seizure of their land for the failure to pay taxes Constitutional Convention: The convention addressed Americans common belief in the need to strengthen authority and curb what one called Virginia Plan: Plan for a strong central government and a two-house legislature apportioned by population New Jersey Plan: This would form a single-house congress in which each state cast one vote Constitutional Compromise:A two-house congress consisting of a Senate in which each state had two senators, and a House of Representatives apportioned according to population Electors: a prominent, well-educated individual who is better qualified than ordinary voters to choose the head of state The “separation of powers'': Refers to the way the Constitution seeks to prevent any branch of national government from dominating the other two. Anti-Federalists: Pointed to the Constitution's lack of a Bill of Rights which left unprotected rights such as trial by jury and freedom of speech and of the press. The Bill of Rights: James Madison presented to Congress a series of amendments that became the basis for the Bill of Rights Treaty of Greenville: Twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the Federal Government ● The first written constitution of the United States was the Articles of Confederation drafted by Congress in 1777. ● Eventually, disputes over land forced many early settlers including the parents of Abraham Lincoln to leave Kentucky for opportunities in other states. ● In 1784, financed by leasing New York and Philadelphia merchants, the Empress of China set sail for Canton , the first ship to do so flying the American flag. ● Observing Shay’s Rebellion from Paris where he was serving as ambassador, Thomas Jefferson refused to be alarmed. “A little rebellion now and then is a good thing” he wrote to a friend. ● Federalism refers to the relationship between the national government and the states. ● The three-fifths clause in the Constitution allowed the white South to exercise far greater power in national affairs than the size of it's free population warranted. ● ● ● ● Today the essays titled the Federalist are regarded as among the most important American contributions to political thought. Opponents of ratification, called Anti-Federalists, insisted that the Constitution shifted the balance between liberty and power too far in the direction of the latter. Today, when Americans are asked to define freedom, they instinctively turn to the Bill of Rights and especially the first Amendment . Washington, who died in 1799, provided in his will that his 277 slaves would become free after the death of his wife, Martha. Video Question: Which Founding Father replied “I smelt a rat” when hearing of the formation of a national Constitution? Patrick Henry Definitions ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● American leaders were especially anxious to avoid the emergence of organized political parties, which had already appeared in several states. When the French Revolution began in 1789, nearly all Americans welcomed it. By the mid-1790’s two increasingly coherent parties had appeared in Congress, calling themselves the Federalists and Republicans. Republicans, led by Madison and Jefferson, were more sympathetic to France than the Federalists and had more faith in democratic self-government. After his second unanimous election, George Washington decided to retire from public life, in part to establish the precedent that the presidency is not a life office. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions attacked the Sedition Act as an unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment. The broad revulsion against the Alien and Sedition Acts contributed greatly to Jefferson’s election as President in 1800. Needing money for military campaigns in Europe and with his dreams of American empire in ruins because of his inability to reestablish control over Saint Domingue, Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory. The Barbary Wars were the new nation’s first encounter with the Islamic world. Like the War of Independence, the War of 1812 was a two-front struggle against the British and against Indians, Jackson’s victory at New Orleans not only made him a national hero but also became a celebrated example of the ability of virtuous citizens of a republic to defeat the forces of despotic Europe. Jefferson and Madison succeeded in one major political aim - the elimination of the Federalist Party. Video Question: The Founding Brothers Who does the video name to be the second most powerful person in the government less than a year into George Washington’s presidency? Alexander Hamilton ● In the first half of the nineteenth century, in rapid succession, the steam boat, canal, railroad and telegraph wrenched America out of it's economic past. ● The telegraph was invented during the 1830s by Samuel F. B. Morse, an artist and amateur scientist living in NYC and was put into commercial operation in 1844. ● In some ways, the most dynamic feature of the American economy in the first thirty years of the nineteenth century was the rise of the cotton kingdom. ● The reaper, a horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest, was invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831. ● In some industries, most notably, textiles, the factory superseded traditional craft production altogether. ● The early industrial revolution was largely confined to New England and a few cities outside it. ● The largest number of immigrants coming to America were refugees from disaster. ● Not until 1842, in Commonwealth vs. Hunt , did Massachusetts’ chief justice Lemuel Shaw decree that there was nothing inherently illegal in workers organizing a union or a strike. ● The Second Great Awakening peaked in the 1820s and the early 1830s, when Reverend Charles Grandison Finney held months-long revival meetings in upstate New York and New York City. ● In 1847, Joseph Smith’s successor as Mormon leader Brigham Young led more than 2,000 followers across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains to the shores of the Great Salt Lake in present-day Utah. ● Lydia Maria Child wrote a popular book, The Frugal Housewife , published in 1829, that sought to prepare women for the ups and downs of the market revolution. ● Along with demands for higher wages and shorter hours, the early labor movement called for free homesteads for settlers on public land and an end to the imprisonment of union leaders for conspiracy. Video Question: The Market Revolution According to the video, “The Market Revolution”, while the economy in the North is characterized as free labor, the Southern economy is characterized by cotton, plantations, and slavery . Definitions: Erie Canal: A 363 mile long canal that was opened in 1825 was the largest canal in the USA. It connected New York City with the Great Lakes. Adams-Onis Treaty: Signed by secretary of state John Quincy Adams and Spanish minister Luis de Onis in 1819. This treaty allowed for US annexation of Florida. Cotton gin: Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793; the machine that separated cotton seeds from cotton fibers. Made possible the selling of cotton on a large scale. “Fall line”: Where waterfalls and river rapids could be harnessed to provide power for spinning and weaving machinery. American system of manufacturers: The mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products. “Nativists”: Those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life “Manifest destiny”: The US had a "divinely” appointed mission to occupy all of North America. Walden: Written by Henry David Throueau, an account of his experiences and a critic of how the market revolution was, in his opinion, degrading to both American values and the natural environment. Second great awakening: Religious revival movement in the early 19th century in reaction to the growth of secularism which resulted in the predominance of the Methodist and Baptist churches. The Mormons: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints established in 1820. Joseph Smith translated the book of Mormon from golden plates in an ancient language. Cult of domesticity: The 19th century ideology of virtue and modesty as the qualities that were essential to proper womanhood. Workingmen’s Parties: Created by skilled craftsmen the workingmen's parties were a short-lived political organization that sought to mobilize lower class support for a candidate who would press for free public education and end to imprisonment for debt and legislation limiting work to 10 hours per day. Andrew Jackson: “The self-made man”: Jackson rose to prominence from a humble background as an orphan, reflecting the era’s democratic opportunities Dorr War: Demonstrated the passions aroused by the continuing exclusion of any group of white men from voting Democracy in America: Published in 1835 and 1840 by French thinker Alexis de Tocqueville realized to understand America, you must understand democracy “Penny press”: were mass circulated newspapers, priced at only one cent an issue American System: Program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by speaker of the House Henry Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824 Panic of 1819: In this year the demand for land in the United States plummeted, and speculators lost millions as the price of land fell The Missouri Compromise: Since Missouri would be a pro-slave state, anti-slave state Maine would be admitted to the Union. Also slvaery would not be allowed in the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern border “Corrupt bargain”: bartering critical votes in the Presidential contest of a public office The election of 1828: The election between Republican John Quincy Adamas and Democrat Andrew Jackson. Jackson did little to promote his own re-election yet managed to win. The election demonstrated how the advent of universal white male voting organized by two political parties had transformed American politics. Spoils System: The filling of Federal Government jobs, like postmaster and custom officials, with persons loyal to the party of the President. Originated in Andrew Jackson's first term. John C. Calhoun: soon emerged as the leading theorist of nullification; powerful defender of southern sectionalism; elected vice president in 1828 Video Question: During the time Andrew Jackson marched his militia troops back to Tennessee, the troops began to refer to him as: ● “Old Hickory” Multiple Choice ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Andrew Jackson’s inauguration attracted a crowd of some 20,000 people who poured into the White House after the ceremony, ruining furniture and breaking china and glassware in the crush. Not a single state that entered the Union after the original thirteen required ownership of property to vote . The application of steam power to newspaper printing led to a great increase in output and the rise of the mass-circulation “penny press”. Today, only the federal government issues paper money, and the total is determined by the federal reserve bank , not the amount of gold held at the repository at Fort Knox. The Missouri controversy, brought forward by the Missouri Compromise, raised for the first time what would prove to be a fatal issue -- the Westward Expansion of slavery . The Monroe Doctrine is sometimes called America’s diplomatic declaration of independence. President Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office (called the spoils system by opponents) into national government, making loyalty to the party the main qualification for jobs like the postmaster and customs official. Whigs united behind the American System, believing that via a protective tariff, a national bank, and aid to internal improvements, the federal government could guide economic development. The tariff of 1828, which raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool as well as raw materials like iron, had aroused considerable opposition in the South, nowhere more than in South Carolina, where it was called the Tariff of Abominations . One of the early laws of Jackson’s administration, the Indian Removal Act, provided funds for uprooting the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. At least one in four Indians perished during the winter of 1838-1839 on the Trail of Tears , as the removal route from Georgia to the area of present-day Oklahoma came to be called. The central political struggle of the Age of Jackson was the president’s war on the Bank of the United States . Andrew Jackson was the first president to use the veto power as a major weapon. Video Question: According to the Andrew Jackson video, Jackson becomes the only American President to: Pay off the national debt Frederick Douglass: Born into slavery in 1818, he became the most influential African-American of the nineteenth century and the nation’s preeminent advocate of racial equality. ● ● ● Taught to read and right by the wife of his owner (until forbade by her husband) and then the children Reads a lot of rhetoric His freedom was bought by his friends The “peculiar institution”: A phrase used by whites in the antebellum South to refer to slavery without using the word slavery Second Middle Passage: The massive trade of slaves from the Upper South (Virginia and Chesapeake) to the Lower South (the Gulf States) that took place between 1820 and 1860 New Orleans: The only city of significant size in the Cotton Kingdom. Slave patrols: Manned by small farmers, they kept a lookout for runaway slaves and those on the roads without permission Plantation mistresses: idealized southern lore for femenine beauty and dependence on men Paternalism: Narrowed the cultural gap between master and slave. Proslavery argument: A series of arguments defending the institution of slavery in the South as a positive good, not a necessary evil. “Jump over the broomstick”: Part of a slave’s marriage ceremony, however not a legal marriage Underground Railroad: A loose organization of sympatric abolitionists who hid fugitives in their homes and sent them onto the next station Harriet Tubman: Tubman, a slave, escaped to Philadelphia in 1849 and during the next decade risked her life by making numerous trips back to her state of birth to lead relatives and other slaves to freedom Nat Turner’s Rebellion: Was the last large-scale slavery rebellion in southern history Multiple Choice Questions ● ● ● ¾ of the world’s cotton came from the southern United States. In 1860, the South produced less than 10% of the nation’s manufactured goods. The Plantation, wrote Frederick Douglass was “a little nation by itself, with it's own language, it's own rules, regulations and customs.” ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● In the South, both upper and lower-class whites adhered to a code of personal honor, in which men were to defend, with violence if necessary, their own reputation and that of their families. Abraham Lincoln would later observe that the essential function of the proslavery argument was to serve the interests of those who benefitted from a system of extreme inequality. By the 1830s, it was against the law to teach a slave to read or write. First and foremost, slavery was a system of labor. Probably the most powerful weapon wielded by slaveholders was the threat of sale. Slaves’ folklore such as the Brer Rabbit stories, glorified the weak hare who outwitted stronger foes like the bear and the fox. The most celebrated instance of collective freedom for slaves involved fifty-three slaves who in 1839 took control of the Amistad, a ship transporting them from one port in Cuba to another and tried to force the navigator to steer it to Africa. The 1811 slave uprisings north of New Orleans seem to have been inspired by the recent success of the slave revolution in Haiti. Nat Turner’s rebellion, following only a few months after the appearance in Bothon of William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist journal, The Liberator, suggested that American slavery faced enemies both within and outside the South. Video Question: Frederick Douglass After Congress passed the 13th Amendment, Frederick Douglass becomes an activist for: a woman’s right to vote Abby Kelly: joined the Female Anti-Slavery Society and threw herself into the abolitionist movement by giving different speeches all throughout the North that condemmed slavery Utopia: A novel published by Thomas More which was set on an imaginary island in the Western Hemisphere. The image of America as a place where settlers could escape from the economic inequalities of Europe that had been circling in England. Shakers: Religious sect formed by mother Ann Lee and England the United Society of Believers in Christ's second appearance in Waterville NY in 1774 and established 18 additional communities in the northeast, Indiana, and Kentucky “burned over districts”: regions like upstate New York and northern Ohio became known as burned over districts because of the intense revivals they experienced in the 1820s and 1830s American Temperance Society: Founded in 1826, it directed it's efforts to redeeming not only drunkards but also occasional drinkers common schools: tax supported school system open to all children The American Colonization Society: Organized in 1816, it encouraged colonization of free blacks to Africa William Llyoyd Garrison: American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper “The Liberator”, and one of the founders of the American anti-slavery society Uncle Tom's Cabin: A novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 that popularized the abolitionist position gag rule: rule adopted by the House of Representatives in 1836 prohibiting consideration of abolitionist petitions; opposition led by former president John Quincy Adams, succeeded in having it repealed in 1844 The Seneca Falls Convention: A gathering on the behalf of women's rights held in the upstate New York town where Elizabeth Cady Stanton lived and raised the issue of women's suffrage for the first time Sojourner Truth: Abolitionist and women's rights activist who was born into slavery but escaped. She went to court to recover her son and became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man Video Question: Who did Angelina Grimke appeal to, urging the downfall of slavery? The women of the South Multiple Choice Questions: Quite different from Robert Owen’s planned system were the short-lived secular communities founded by Josiah Warren, an early American anarchist. Many of these reform movements drew their inspiration from the religious revivalism of the Second Great Awakening. Horace Mann hoped that universal public education could restore equality to a fractured society. In the decades before the Civil War, several thousand black Americans did emigrate to Liberia with the aid of the Colonization Society. Not until the appearance in 1831 of The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison’s weekly journal published in Boston, did the new breed of abolitionism find a permanent voice. Previously, the Liberty Bell, forged in Philadelphia in the 18th century, had simply been known as the Old State House Bell. Many southerners feared that the abolitionists intended to spark a slave insurrection, a belief strengthened by the outbreak of Nat Turner’s Rebellion. The greatest oration on American slavery and American freedom was delivered in Rochester in 1852 by Frederick Douglass. In 1837, antislavery editor Elijah P. Lovejoy became the movement’s first martyr when he was killed by a mob in Alton, Illinois. Angelina Grimekey's sister Sarag proceeded to publish Letters on the Equality of the Sexes, a powerful call for equal rights for women. Influenced by abolitionism, women’s rights advocates turned another popular understanding of freedom - self ownership or control over one’s own person - in an entirely new direction. Determined to make abolitionism a political movement, the seceders formed The Liberty Party, which nominated James G. Bimey as it's candidate for president. Video Question: What reason does Frederick Douglass give for his return to the United States from Great Britain? Because he felt that obligation to help his fellow blacks. Sante Fe Trail: A trail that connected Sante Fe, New Mexico with Independence, Missouri that opened in 1821 The Alamo: On March 6th, 1836, Santa Anna’s army stormed the Alamo, a mission compound in San Antonio, killing 187 American and Tejano defenders The Mexican War: The first American conflict to be fought primarily on foreign soil and the first in which American troops occupied a foreign capital Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the United States Wilmot Proviso: Proposal to prohibit slavery and any land acquired in the Mexican war; defeated by southern senators and was led by John C. Calhoun in 1846 and 1847 Compromise of 1850: California would enter the Union as a free state, slave trade would be abolished in the nation’s capital, southerners could reclaim runaway slaves, and the status of slavery in remaining territories gained from Mexico would be left to the decision of the local white inhabitants Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854 law sponsored by Illinois senator Stephen A. Douglass to allow settlers in newly organized territories north of the Missouri border to decide the slavery issue for themselves. Fury over the resulting repeal of the Missouri compromise of 1820 led to the violence in Kansas and to the formation of the new Republican Party The new Republican Party: One of the two major political parties alongside the democratic party Dred Scott v. Sandford: US Supreme Court ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the territories on the grounds that it would violate the Fifth Amendment rights of slave holders Lincoln-Douglas debates: Held in seven Illinois towns, President Lincoln and Stephen Douglas argued over the definition of freedom. Lincoln believed in the opposition of slavery whereas Douglas believed in self-government Result of Lincoln winning the 1860 Presidency: Rather than accept permanent minority status in a nation governed by their opponents, deep south political leaders boldly separated from the US Fort Sumter: First battle of the Civil War in which the federal fort in Charleston, South Carolina’s harbor was captured by Confederates after two days of shelling Video Question: What decision did Frederick Douglass make that “would haunt him for the rest of his life”? His decision not to accompany John Brown to Harpers Ferry Definitions: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● In April 1836, forces under Sam Houston, a former governor or Tennessee, routed Santa Anna’s army at the Battle of San Jacinto and forced him to recognize Texan independence. James K. Polk may have been virtually unknown, but he assumed the presidency with a clearly defined set of goals: to reduce the tariff, reestablish the independent Treasury system, settle the dispute over ownership of Oregon, and bring California into the Union. In 1848 opponents of slavery’s expansion organized the Free Soil Party and nominated Martin Van Buren for president and Charles Francis Adams, the son of John Quincy Adams, as his running mate. The Fugitive Slave Act allowed special federal commissioners to determine the fate of alleged fugitives without benefit of a jury trial or even testimony by the accused individual. By 1856, it was clear that the Republican Party - a coalition of anti-slavery democrats, northern Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know-Nothings opposed to the further expansion of slavery - would become the major alternative to the Democratic Party in the North. The 1856 election returns made starkly clear that parties had reoriented themselves along sectional lines. An armed assault by the abolitionist John Brown on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further heightened sectional tensions. Southern nationalists, known as fire eaters hoped to split the Democratic party and the country and form an independent southern Confederacy. Without a single vote in ten southern states, Abraham Lincoln was elected the nation's sixteenth president. Before LIncoln assumed office on March 4th 1861, the seven seceding states formed the Confederate States of America, adopted a constitution and chose as their president Jefferson Davis of Mississippi. The South, not the Union, fired the first shot of the Civil War on April 12th, 1861, at Fort Sumter , an enclave of Union control in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Video Question: What event illustrated a change in how Abraham Lincoln viewed America and slavery? His Emancipation Proclamation The draft law: allowed individuals to provide substitute or buy their way out of the army The Monitor and the Merrimac: The first demonstration of the superiority of ironclads over wooden ships, revolutionizing naval warfare Matthew Brandy: One of American’s first photographers best known for his scenes from the Civil War Confederate War Strategy: The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy by conducting smaller forces on a series of attacks Union War Strategy: They trained to lead small, professional forces into battle and attack sporadically Second Confiscation Act: Liberated slaves of disloyal loners in Union occupied territory as well as slaves who have escaped to Union lines Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation: A warning from Abraham Lincoln that stated that unless the South law down it's arms by the end of 1862, he would decree abolition First Income Tax: The need to pay for the war produced dramatic changes in the financial policy. To raise money, the government increased the tariff to unprecedented heights(thus promoting the further growth of northern industry), imposed new taxes on the production and consumption of goods, and enacted the nation’s first income tax War of Attrition: General Grant was willing to accept high numbers of casualties knowing the the North could replace it's manpower loss while the South could not General Sherman’s March to the Sea: The movement of the Union army troops of General Sherman from Atlanta, Georgia to the Georgia seacoast with the object of destroying Confederate supplies Thirteenth Amendment: Constitutional amendment adopted in 1865 that irrevocably abolishes slavery throughout the U.S. Appomattox Courthouse: Where General Lee and his army surrendered at (April 9, 1865) Video Question: According to the Ultimate Guide to the President’s video, which state will Abraham Lincoln do anything necessary to stop it from joining the Confederate States? Maryland Multiple Choice Questions ● ● ● ● ● ● The American Civil War is often called the first modern war. Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln proclaimed a naval blockade on the South. The first significant engagement, the First Battle of Bull Run , took place in northern Virginia on July 21, 1861. More Americans died on September 17, 1862 when the Battle of Antietam was fought, than any other day in the nation’s history. In February 1862, Ulysses S. Grant won the Union’s first significant victory when he captured Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee. On January 1, 1863, after greeting visitors at the annual White House New Year’s reception, Lincoln retired to his study to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● If captured by Confederate forces, black soldiers faced the prospect of sale into slavery or immediate execution . The Gettysburg Address is considered Abraham Lincoln’s finest speech. When first proposed by Asa Whitney in 1846, the idea of a Transcontinental Railroad had been considered by Congress “too gigantic” and “entirely impracticable”. After the war, Clara Barton not only became an advocate of women's suffrage but, as president of the American National Red Cross, lobbied for the United States to endorse the First Geneva Convention of 1864. With 165,000 troops involved, the Battle Of Gettysburg remains the largest battle ever fought on the North American continent. On July 4, 1863, Vicksburg surrendered, and with it John C. Pemberton's army of 30,000 men, a loss the Confederacy could ill afford. Realizing that further resistance was useless, General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia on April 9, 1865. Three days later, while attending a performance at Ford's Theatre in Washington, the President was mortally wounded by John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln died the next morning. Video Question: The Story of Abraham Lincoln What new primary source medium does Abraham Lincoln use to obtain the Republican Party candidacy? Photography