AP US History Period 7

Period 7 (1890-1945) ● The Progressive Era- approximately 1901-1917, started in urban areas, the middle class and educated were the primary drivers of progressivism, was not a single, unified movement (varying “brands of progressivism” existed along the political spectrum) ○ Didn’t want to radically change America, just tweak it through “progress” with an expanded role of the Government, especially in regards to capitalism’s regulation. ○ Progressivism- a political philosophy favoring gradual social, political and economic change/reform, a social or political movement that aims to represent the interests of ordinary people through political change and an expanded size and role of the government ■ A very inclusive movement (urban middle class, the business community, farmers, factory workers, women, liberals, conservatives, etc.), a combination of liberal concern for the poor, dispossessed, and downtrodden with conservative concern about social chaos Populists vs Progressives ● Populists o Regional Farmers Alliance: Southern Alliance, Northwestern Alliance, National Farmers Alliance, The Grange, Greenback Labor Party, Mostly small farmers. o Wanted to abolish national banks, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, civil service reform, 8-hour workday, government control of railroads and communication, bimetallism ● Progressives: o Urban middle class, educated, women, they were never unified. Wanted to purify American Society (not radically change it), sought to check the power of Socialists on one side and Big Business on the other, End of white slavery in the factories (better labor conditions), prohibition of alcohol, Americanization of Immigrants, anti-trust laws, women’s suffrage, end of child labor, destroy political machines, conservation Concerns ● Progressive era began when Theodore Roosevelt became president after the assassination of William McKinley, era ended after the US. entered World War Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909) ● Corporations: believed that there were good trusts and bad trusts (bad trusts should be broken up and good trusts should be regulated) first president to actually use the power of the Sherman Antitrust Act to break up a business monopoly ● Conservation: sought to protect land from exploitation by corporations, expanded the National Park System, protected wetlands ● Consumers: sought to protect consumers from the power of corporations, especially those that monopolized an industry and drove up prices ● Roosevelt’s Corollary: made America an international police power and sent troops to LA ● 1908 Election – Roosevelt does not run for President. Instead, "hand-picked" a successor (William Howard Taft) to run as the Republican candidate Taft (1909-1913) ● Taft quickly developed his own "brand of progressivism" and imperialism that ultimately caused a rift between Roosevelt and Taft as well as their respective supporters in the Republican Party. ● Split between Roosevelt and Taft (divided the Republican Party) ● Four Main Issues o Trusts- Roosevelt was a "Trust Regulator" and Taft turned out to be much more of a "Trust Buster." Taft's Administration broke up some trusts that Roosevelt felt weren't harmful to the public, which reflected negatively on Roosevelt's presidency o Foreign Policy- Taft's brand of imperialism focused almost exclusively on Latin America while Roosevelt's was on a more global scale o Tariffs- Roosevelt fought for a substantially lower tariff, but Taft signed into law a relatively high tariff in 1909 (Payne Aldrich Tariff) o Conservation: during Taft's administration, Corporations were given access to lands that Roosevelt protected as President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) ● Believed that decisions regarding suffrage, segregation, and child labor should be left to the states to decide ● Wilson’s Platform: o Tariff - called for a reduction in the Tariff rate, signed into law the Underwood Tariff that roughly lowered the tariff from 40% to 25% (lost Government revenue made up with the passage of the 16th Amendment--income tax) o Banks- called for the regulation of the banking system in the US., signed into law the Federal Reserve Act (issued federal reserve notes, paper money, regulates banks, protests consumers credit rights, stabilized American economy). o Trusts- sought to expand the powers of the Government in regulating trusts/monopolies, signed into law the Clayton Antitrust Act. Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act (government's power to regulate and break up monopolies) Movements ● Muckrakers- Progressive Era journalists who wrote articles exposing corruption in government and industry ● Settlement House Movement- American social reformers began founding settlement houses in the late 1880s to respond to growing industrial poverty and the negative effects of rapid urbanization. Jane Addams ("Hull House" in Chicago) ● Temperance Movement- a movement to curb the consumption of alcohol in the United States, had a large influence on American politics and society, led to 18th Amendment (prohibition of alcohol). Mostly done by women. ● Moral Reform Movement- a movement that sought to "clean up" American society of the perceived moral degradation that had taken place in the late 1800s. Targeted pornography, prostitution, vulgarity, etc. Strikes ● Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)- a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania. o Demanded higher wages, shorter workdays, and union recognition. o Roosevelt intervened as a "neutral arbitrator" to end the strike which was perceived to be the first time that the government did not side with big business, as they had throughout the Gilded Age ● The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911- industrial disaster as the fire claimed the lives of 146 people, most of them immigrant women and girls, working in sweatshops. o Caused an outcry against unsafe working conditions in factories and sweatshops. o Led to numerous workplace safety regulations on both the state and federal level Progressive Era Constitutional Amendments ● 16: Congress has the power to pass direct taxes, such as income tax ● 17: Senators are to be elected by the voters in their state ● 18: production, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages is illegal (prohibited) ● 19: gives women the right to vote (suffrage) Important Acts: ● Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906- made it illegal to sell impure or improperly labeled food and drugs ● Meat Inspection Act of 1906- required federal inspection of meatpacking. Result of Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” ● Federal Reserve Act- established a system of 12 federal banks and a Federal Reserve Board that would set interest rates and regulate ● Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914- made business monopolies illegal, declared that labor strikes were legal Economic Developments of the Progressive Era: ● Wright Brothers (1903)- inventors who built and flew the first successful airplane. ● Henry Ford, The Assembly Line, and the Model T (1908) - popular and inexpensive automobile sold by Ford from 1908 to 1927. Mass production of the Model T brought dramatic changes to the American culture and economy through his assembly line (method of mass production using interchangeable parts in the production of automobiles) ● There was an increased use of modern advertising techniques. Convinced consumers that they needed certain products, which resulted in an increase in mass consumption The Spanish American War: ● Causes o Humanitarian : Americans saw the Cuban's rebelling against Spain as similar to colonial Americans rebelling against Great Britain. o Economic: huge investment by US. business interests existed in Cuba o Yellow Journalism: a sensationalized, exaggerated form of journalism that emerged in the late 1800s, early 1900s as a means to sell more newspaper o U.S.S. Maine: US. Navy ship that sank in Havana Harbor in 1898. The American newspapers (“yellow journalism”) blamed the sinking of the Maine on the Spanish, leading to war with Spain ● Effects o Acquisition of Territory from Spain. o Cuba: US. essentially controlled Cuba until 1959 when Fidel Castro led a Communist Revolution and came to power. o Guam, Puerto Rico Philippines (U.S. paid $20 million for the Philippines and occupied/governed it for roughly 45 years) o Anti-Imperialist League- organization formed in opposition to US. Imperialistic actions, particularly as it related to the acquisition of the Philippines. Felt it violated the Monroe Doctrine and the Filipinos’ right of self-determination Imperial Power: ● Filipino Rebellion (1899-1902)- an unsuccessful rebellion for the independence of the Philippines from U.S. control ● Boxer Rebellion (1900)- a secret society of Chinese nationalists (the Society of Harmonious Fists, or Boxers) attacked foreign settlements and murdered dozens of Christian missionaries ● China and Open Door policy- goal was to secure international agreement on the US. policy of promoting equal opportunity for international trade and commerce in a weakened China. (basically “China, trade with us all equally” even though China didn’t want to) ● Insular Cases (1901)- started with a debate about whether the "Constitution followed the flag". The Supreme Court ruled that people in island territories under US control did not automatically receive the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens ● Platt Amendment- established the terms under which the United States would end its military occupation of Cuba (which had begun in 1898 during the Spanish-American War) and “leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people”. Prohibited the Cuban Government from entering into any international treaty that would compromise Cuban independence or allow foreign powers to use the island for military purposes. The United States also had the right to intervene in Cuba if their sovereignty was being threatened. ● Panama Canal- a roughly 50-mile-long ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean (cuts across the Isthmus of Panama). built as a result of a desire to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the military necessity of moving Naval fleets from one ocean to another World War 1 ● Context: many alliances in europe, increased nationalism and division in europe, industrialization made it easier. ● Causes of World War 1 (MAINE) ○ Militarism: belief that a country should maintain a strong military and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests. ○ Alliances: allies: France, Great Britain, Russia and US. Central powers: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Ottomans. ○ Industrialization: able to build military weapons and increased competition. ○ Nationalism ○ Era of Imperialism: the US started to imperialize. ○ The “Spark”: Francis Archduke gets shot by a Serbian terrorist. Serbia killed the leader of the Austria Hungarian empire, which wanted to annex Serbia. Characteristics of World War I ● War of attrition- you let one side die off (trenches) ● Tanks, submarines, gas US. Involvement in World War I (1917-1918) ● Initial US. Reaction to the Outbreak of the war: wanted to stay neutral until it was forced to join to stop germany from sinking their ships. ● Straining of US. Neutrality from 1914-1917: British and French were allies to the US but the US wanted to stay neutral even though it had to help their allies. ● Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)- the first major crisis challenging U.S. neutrality. German torpedoes hit and sank a British passenger liner, the Lusitania. Most of the passengers drowned, including 128 Americans. In response, Wilson sent Germany a strongly worded diplomatic message warning that Germany would be held to "strict accountability" if it continued its policy of sinking unarmed ships ● Broken German Pledges (both Arabic and Sussex Pledges) Germany promised not to sink more ships, but still did. ● Zimmerman Telegram- a secret offer made by Germany to Mexico encouraging war with America. Intercepted by British intelligence, a telegram to Mexico from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, proposed that Mexico ally itself with Germany in return for Germany's pledge to help Mexico recover lost territories. The telegram aroused the nationalist anger of the American people and convinced Wilson that Germany fully expected a war with the United States. ● Unrestricted German Submarine Warfare: was the final straw, Wilson joined the war to protect American trade. War Effort in the Homefront ● Committee on Public Information- a propaganda agency tasked with swaying public opinion in favor of the war ● Food Administration- an agency tasked with the conservation of food so that surpluses could be sent to Europe to feed the Allied soldiers and civilians ● Fuel Administration- agency tasked with the conservation of resources during the war ● War Industries Board- agency tasked with guiding the economy during the war. Ultimate goal was to guide factories on what and how much to produce for the war effort ● The National War Labor Board- agency tasked with mediating between workers and employers during the war to prevent strikes in industries that were critical to the war effort ● Liberty Bonds- helped pay for the war Silencing Critiques ● Espionage Act (1917)- illegal to engage in any activity that interfered with the war effort ● Sedition Act (1918)- illegal to speak out against the government, the country, or the war itself ● Schenck v. United States (1919)- landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the right of the government to pass and enforce the Espionage and Sedition Acts during World War 1 (he distributed leaflets saying the draft violated 13th amendment) Ending World War 1 ● The Treaty of Versailles- the US. Senate does not ratify the Treaty of Versailles b/c: ○ President Wilson's Delegation to Paris. Wilson went to Versailles to negotiate the Treaty; he did not take any Congressional Republicans, which in turn hardened Republican opposition to any agreement ○ President Wilson ultimately refused to negotiate with Republicans and compromise on any changes to the Treaty of Versailles ○ Progressive Impulse Dying- the American desire for progress and change/reform was blunted with U.S. involvement in World War I ○ Mood of Country (“Return to Normalcy”) - Americans were scarred by their involvement in World War I and sought a return to the “good old days.” Many Americans were fearful that US. involvement in the League of Nations would forever entangle the country in European affairs. ● Wilson's "Fourteen Points"- President Wilson’s proposed plan for the post World War I world. 8 of the 14 points dealt with postwar boundaries and new nations carved out of dissolved empires such as the Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire. 5 of the 14 points dealt with international codes of conduct (freedom of the seas, reduction of arms, no secret treaties, free trade, and colonial claims). The final point dealt with the creation of a League of Nations. ○ League of Nations- international organization with the primary purpose of maintaining peace and preventing further war. United States never joined the League of Nations. ● Republican Reservationists- Republican Senators who supported the Treaty of Versailles, but with reservations. Ultimately, they wanted some modifications to the Treaty and Wilson’s 14 points ● Republican Irreconcilables- isolationist Republican Senators who opposed US. involvement in World War I. They completely opposed the Treaty of Versailles, the League of Nations, and any U.S. involvement in European affairs ● Democratic Internationalists- Democratic Senators who supported the Treaty of Versailles and Wilson’s 14 points. They believed that the US. should “guide the world” in the post-World War I years Acts ● Kellogg-Briand (1928): stop using war to fix things ● Dawes Act: rescheduled Germany’s reparations and allowed private American loans to them ● Washington Naval Conference: (1921-1922) called to restrain naval arms race amongst global powers American Society after WW1 ● Attempted to turn the clock back in American history to a state of isolationism ● America was truly the only country to emerge from World War I economically, politically, and militarily strong ● Revival of Nativism (especially against Southern and Eastern Europeans) ● New Immigration Laws were passed to restrict Southern and Eastern Europeans from immigrating to the United States: o Emergency Quota Act (1921)—based on 3% of each nationality living in the US. in 1910 (actually benefited Southern and Eastern Europeans) o Immigration Quota Act (1924)----2% of nationality living in the US. in 1890, no Japanese immigration at all, and Canadians and Latin Americans exempt from the act ● Strengthening of the KKK ○ D.W. Griffiths silent movie titled “Birth of a Nation” glorified the KKK ● Prohibition- no alcohol (Volstead Act passed which led to the 18th Amendment) ● Mitchell Palmer- the goal of the US. government was to search for political radicals and deport foreign born political activists. The raids were truly a reaction to some of the postwar difficulties ● Great Migration of African Americans- a mass movement of African Americans out of the rural South to urban areas of the North, Midwest, and West. The migration lasted from 1910 to 1970, with the bulk of the migration occurring during World War I and World War II ○ ● When: 1914 to 1919 National Origins Act (1924)- law that established quotas based on nationality for immigration to the US, the law limited immigration from southern and eastern Europe, permitting larger numbers of immigrants from northern and western Europe. ○ Another example of the nativist backlash against southern and eastern European immigrants in the early 1900s The 20’s ● Characteristics: corruption, drinking, economic boom etc. ● Timeline: ● o 1921-1926 (Huge Boom) o 1927-1929 (Warning Signs) o Late 1929 (The Crash of the Stock Market) Society of the 1920s- The cultural clash in American society intensified between Modern America (urban, industrial, and secular) and Traditional America (rural, agrarian, and WASP) ● Politics of the 1920s: a resurgence of conservatism (progressivism is temporarily dead) pro-business, laissez-faire, and status quo approach to governing Labor and Industry ● Control of industries slowly went from government control back to the private sector (production converted from war supplies back to everyday goods). ○ Government no longer needed to pay for the production of goods now that the war was over ● Severe labor unrest broke out after the war ○ Soldiers wanted old jobs back ○ Women were expected to go home and assume their traditional role ○ African Americans were expected to go home and accept second class citizenship ○ Conversion of factories from war to peacetime goods caused a period of layoffs and unemployment for many workers ● Protests and violence by workers were blamed on Bolsheviks (Communists) who supposedly infiltrated American society and labor unions (“1st Red Scare”) The Jazz Age ● Culture of Modernism: The Arts and Mass Entertainment ● “Lost generation of the 1920’s” - they were called the Lost Generation because they were disillusioned with American society during the 1920’s ● Key authors were Sinclair Lewis and F. Scott Fitzgerald; criticized middle-class materialism and conformity ● Jazz – Black musicians Joe King Oliver, WC Handy, and “Jelly Roll” Morton helped create jazz – especially popular among the youth because it symbolized a desire to break with tradition. ● The Harlem Renaissance- literary and artistic movement in the 1920s in which black writers and artists described African American life through music, murals, literature, etc. Political and Cultural Conflict in the Roaring 20s ● Ku Klux Klan March on Washington (1925)- the KKK, claiming 5 million members, led a march of over 50,000 people in Washington, D.C., demanding laws against immigration and opposing Catholics, blacks, and Jews ● Fundamentalism vs Modernism- truly a struggle between traditional, rural America and modern, urban America. o Fundamentalists emphasized the literal truth and interpretation of the Bible. o Modernists attempted to reconcile the Bible with scientific knowledge (Scopes Trial aka the "Monkey Trial"- a teacher teaching evolution, symbolized the conflict between science and theology, faith and reason, individual liberty and majority rule) ● Prohibition (18th Amendment)- nationwide ban on the sale, production, and importation of alcohol that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. Deep division between supporters (dries) and opposers (wets) The Great Depression (1929-1941)- period of high unemployment and widespread bank and business failure ● Causes ○ Loss of faith in markets ○ Stock Market Crash (1929)- a plummeting of stock prices on Wall Street that signaled the beginning of a ten-year depression affecting all industrial societies in the western world ○ The crash led to a loss of confidence in the stock market, a reduction in the output of manufactured goods, and a decline in investment in capital goods ○ Overproduction and underconsumption- companies overproduced consumer goods and consumers did not have enough money or credit to purchase goods, creating a surplus ● Characteristics : ○ Business failures (reduction in jobs) ○ Unemployment (no consumers) ○ Bank Failures (no money being loaned) ○ Deflation (prices drop) Economic Effects Social Effects Political Effects ● Unemployment (25% at its peak in 1933) ● Companies ruined (worsens unemployment) ● Crisis in banking (lack of confidence in banks) ● Agriculture in shambles ● Halt in international trade (deepened depression) ● Prohibition repealed (1933) ● Hoovervilles- shantytowns for the impoverished that could not pay their rents/mortgages (served as a constant reminder of the Depression) ● Ended Republican dominance of the 1920s ● Temporary socialist government emerged in an attempt to solve the depression (the “New Deal”) ● Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)- the highest tariff rates in U.S. history - second to the Tariff of 1828 (Nullification Crisis). Led to a tariff war with other nations that worsened the international economy. Hoover implemented it because he thought it would solve the depression. ● Bonus March (1932)- unemployed veterans from World War I marched to Washington, DC, demanding the payment of bonuses promised to them The New Deal ● Relief- immediate aid to provide the bare necessities to those struggling to survive during the Great Depression ● Recovery- short term acts passed, and programs created to bring back consumer demand and “prime the pump” of the economy ● Reform- permanent acts passed and programs created to prevent an economic depression from happening again in the future ● Fireside Chats - Franklin Roosevelt addressed the American people in some 30 speeches broadcast via radio. Millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches, which became known as the “fireside chats” New Deal Programs to Stimulate Economic Activity ● Glass-Steagall Act (1933)- law that forbade commercial banks from engaging in excessive speculation ● Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) (1933)- government agency created by President Roosevelt that regulates banks and insures bank deposits for consumers ● Court-Packing Plan or Scheme (1937)- after the Supreme Court declared a series of New Deal programs unconstitutional in such cases as Schecter v United States (1935) and Butler v United States (1936), President Roosevelt unsuccessfully attempted to add new members to the Supreme Court. The plan would have added 6 new liberal justices to the Supreme Court that would have been more sympathetic to FDR’s New Deal programs ● J. Roosevelt Recession (1938) ● Huey Long- Louisiana governor and US. senator who was a critic of the New Deal World War 2 ● Causes: The End of World War I and the failure of the Treaty of Versailles. Isolationism. The Great Depression (A Global Event) ● Attempt at Neutrality: o Stimson Doctrine (1932)- issued by the US. as a result of Japan seizing control of Manchuria from the Chinese. Policy that stated the US government would not recognize territorial gains that Japan acquired through the use of force. Angered Japan. o Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)- a series of acts which attempted to keep America neutral due to the aggressive actions of Italy, Japan, and Germany and the potential war that could break out as a result. Made it illegal for Americans to get involved in any way with nations at war o Cash and Carry Policy (1939)- a policy that allowed the sale of goods and/or arms to warring nations as long as the nations paid cash (no loans) and carried the goods and/or arms away on their own ships US Joins WW2 ● Inspired by the Japanese bombing Pearl Harbor ● Operation Overlord, D-Day (June 6, 1944)- Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy, France led by US. General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Over one million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the arduous task of re-taking France from German control. A significant turning point of World War II ● The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) - the two Japanese cities hit with the atomic bombs dropped by the United States - the bombing of these two cities brought an abrupt end to World War II (this was Truman) ● Very few people opposed the war, so the government's propaganda campaign of posters, songs, and news bulletins was primarily to maintain public morale, to encourage people to conserve resources, and to increase war production War Payments ● War bonds purchased by the American public once again made up a large bulk of the money raised to pay for the war ● Rosie the Riveter- woman who became the symbol for the publicity campaign that was launched by the government to draw women into traditional male jobs during the war ● Japanese-American Internment (1942) - FDR authorized the removal of “enemy aliens” from military areas. Over 110,00 Japanese Americans living in the western US were moved to internment camps ● Korematsu v. United States- the Supreme Court case broadly dealt with a challenge to the Japanese internment camps during World War II. The Supreme Court upheld the Government’s right to engage in this action for similar reasons used in the ruling for the Schenck case during World War I ● Yalta Conference- the most historic of the three meetings. After victory in Europe was achieved, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed that o Germany would be divided into occupation zones. o There would be free elections in the liberated countries of Eastern Europe (even though Soviet troops controlled this territory). o The Soviets would enter the war against Japan, which they did on August 8, 1945. o A new world peace organization (the future United Nations) would be formed at a conference in San Francisco ● Potsdam, July 1945- agreed to demand that Japan surrender unconditionally, and to hold war-crime trials of Nazi leaders Political Parties ● Antifederalists v Federalist (no const v const) ● Democratic-Republican v Federalist (agricultural v industry, Jefferson v Hamilton, strict v loose) ● Democrats v Republicans ● Democrats v Whigs (Whigs wanted internal improvements, tariffs, Henry Clay’s system) ● Democrats v Republicans again ● Free Soilers in Civil War (Lincoln) ● After Civil War, Dem v Rep ● Populist Party in progressive era ● Dem v Rep