University:
Cornell University
Course:
ASIAN 2233 | Introduction to China: Beyond China
Academic year:

2020
Views:

52

Pages:

17
Author:

pretvorbumdg

CHINA & JAPAN LIMIT EUROPEAN CONTACTS  1200’S GENGHIS KHAN BUILDS LARGEST EMPIRE EVER ON EARTH THROUGH WAR  SONS BREAK IT INTO 4 PARTS  ~1250-1350 = “MONGOL PEACE” = STABLE TIME =TRADE + IDEAS MOVE FREELY  MONGOLS UNDER KUBLAI KHAN RULE CHINA FAIRLY WELL  GENGHIS K. TO KUBLAI K.: MONGOLS BECOME LESS MONGOL, MORE CHINESE as they settle in  Genghis K. Kublai K.  A REBEL ARMY LED BY A FARMER OVERTHROWS MONGOL RULE IN 1368  HONGWU (the rebel) becomes EMPEROR  REFORMS the following:  AGRICULTURE—MORE RICE, BETTER IRRIGATION, FISH PONDS  GOV’T = CONFUCIAN-BASED MERIT SYSTEM  CHINA CONTACTS OUTSIDE WORLD WITH 7 HISTORIC VOYAGES  ZHENG HE: CHINESE MUSLIM ADMIRAL LEADS EACH ONE  SHOWS CHINESE POWER & SPLENDOR  EXPANDS TRIBUTE SYSTEM (RESPECT & GIFTS TO EMPEROR)  LIKE “FLOATING CITIES”: CREW NUMBERED OVER HALF OF POPULATION OF “THE POINTES” (27,000 VS 45,000) Santa Maria  AFTER 7TH VOYAGE (1433) CHINA BECOMES:  ISOLATIONIST: A POLICY OF AVOIDING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, OR MILITARY INVOLVEMENT WITH OTHER COUNTRIES  FOREIGN TRADE LIMITED TO 3 PORTS  CHINA REFUSES TO INDUSTRIALIZE TO KEEP UP WITH DEMAND:  FOREIGN TRADE is “ANTI-CONFUCIUS”  FARMING, NOT INDUSTRY= TRADITION  CHINESE SMUGGLING INCREASES  CAPITAL MOVED TO BEIJING 1420— EMPEROR LIVED HERE UNTIL 1911  KNOWN AS “FORBIDDEN CITY”:  NO FOREIGNERS OR COMMON PEOPLE ALLOWED IN  30+ FOOT WALLS AND MOATS SURROUND FORBIDDEN CITY  HISTORY REPEATS! OUTSIDE INVADERS TAKE OVER CHINA  NATIVE CHINESE REBELLED, BUT MANCHU WON THEM OVER  UPHELD CONFUCIANISM & SOCIAL STRUCTURES, CHINA PROSPERED & WAS SAFE  KANGXI (1st emperor) & QIAN-LONG (grandson) RULE FOR 120 YEARS!  CHINESE BELIEVED THEY DID NOT REALLY NEED FOREIGN “STUFF”  FOREIGNERS ALLOWED IN ONLY IF THEY “FIT INTO” CUSTOMS  PAY TRIBUTE TO EMPEROR  KOWTOW TO EMPEROR: BOW 9 TIMES HEAD TO FLOOR, NEVER TURN BACK ON EMPEROR  ENGLISH, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE REFUSE TO DO CHINESE CUSTOMS  DUTCH CONTROLLED INDIAN OCEAN: they want Chinese trade!  SO THEY PERFORM CUSTOMS  DUTCH GET CHINESE SILK, PORCELAIN, & TEA (BY 1800, control 80% OF SHIPMENTS TO EUROPE!)  ALTHOUGH FOUND ELSEWHERE, CHINESE TEA & SILK SUPERIOR TO OTHER PLACES (PLUS “EXOTIC” TO EUROPEANS)  1300’S-1600: JAPANESE FEUDAL WARLORDS FIGHT EACH OTHER  EUROPEAN GUNS CHANGE WARFARE & FEUDALISM IN JAPAN  1600: TOKUGAWA IEYASU is #1 ruler  Moves Capital to EDO (TOKYO)  Nobles FORCED to live in Edo every other year & must leave family behind: Rebellion stops quickly  PEACE, PROSPERITY FOR 250 YEARS  BUT FARMERS TAXED HEAVILY & their LIVES ARE HARD  WOMEN HAVE INFERIOR RIGHTS  MANUFACTURING INCREASED  EDUCATION AND ARTS GROW  EX: HAIKU, PAINTING, KABUKI  JAPANESE WELCOME PORTUGUESE IN THE 1500’S UNTIL CHRISTIANITY VIEWED AS A THREAT; IN 1600’S SHOGUN PERSECUTES CHRISTIANS  BY 1639 JAPAN CLOSES COUNTRY to ALL FOREIGNERS except Dutch & Chinese (at Nagasaki)  Remains “CLOSED” for 200 YEARS until “Gun Boat Diplomacy” opens it

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