Student Exploration: Mouse Genetics (Two Traits)

Name: Date: Student Exploration: Mouse Genetics (Two Traits) Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: allele, genotype, phenotype, probability, Punnett square [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmo. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1.​ A single coin is flipped four times. What do you think is the most likely outcome? Highlight your answer A.​ Four Heads D. One head three tails B.​ Three heads, one tail E. Four tails C.​ Two heads, two tails​ F. All are equally likely 2.​ What do you think are the odds of getting four tails in a row? Explain your answer. 1 out of 16, Each coin flip has a 1⁄2 (50%) chance of landing on tails. To get 4 tails in a row, you multiply the probabilities Gizmo Warm-up On the Mouse Genetics (Two Traits) Gizmo, drag mice into the Parent 1 and Parent 2 spaces, and then click Breed to see their offspring. Experiment with different combinations of parent mice. 1.​ What must be true to have offspring with black fur? one parent must have all white fur or all black, and both parents need to be dominant 2.​ What must be true to have offspring with white fur? both parents are recessive 3.​ What must be true to have offspring with black eyes? both parents are dominant 4.​ What must be true to have offspring with red eyes? both are recessive w red eyes 5.​ What must be true to have offspring with red eyes and white fur? both recessive w red eyes and Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved white fur Activity A: Exploring inheritance Get the Gizmo ready: ●​ Click Clear. ●​ Turn on Show genotype. Question: What patterns appear when two traits are inherited? 1.​ Observe: Breed a black-fur, black-eye mouse with a white-fur, red-eye mouse. Click Breed several times, and then drag two of the offspring into the Holding Cages below. Move the cursor over a mouse to see its genotype, or allele combination. ​ A.​ What is the genotype of the black-fur parent? FF B.​ What is the genotype of the white-fur parent? ff C.​ What are the genotypes of the offspring? Ff 2.​ Analyze: The probability of an event is the likelihood that it will happen. Probability can be expressed as a percentage, such as 75%, as a decimal (0.75), or as a fraction (3/4). What is the probability that an offspring mouse will have black fur and black eyes? 4:4 3.​ Predict: Click Clear, and move the two mice from the Holding Cages into the parent box. What do you expect the offspring of these mice to look like? Red and black eyes, and black and white fur 4.​ Experiment: Click Breed, and record the genotypes of the offspring on a sheet of paper. Repeat this several times to see a variety of offspring. What genotypes do you see? ff, fF, FF 5.​ Extend: Turn on Show statistics, and click Breed until there are 100 offspring. A.​ How many offspring have black fur and black eyes? 54 B.​ How many offspring have black fur and red eyes? 18 C.​ How many offspring have white fur and black eyes? 20 D.​ How many offspring have white fur and red eyes? Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved 8 Get the Gizmo ready: Activity B: ●​ Click Clear. ●​ Use the Gizmo to create an Ff Ee parent and an ​ Ff ee parent. Probability and genetics Introduction: If two events are independent, the probability of both events occurring together is equal to the product of their independent probabilities. For example, if there is a 1/2 chance of getting “heads” on a coin flip, there is a 1/2 • 1/2 = 1/4 chance of getting two heads in a row. Question: When traits are inherited, what is the probability of each offspring’s genotype? 1.​ Model: To determine the probability of a trait combination such as black fur and red eyes, consider each trait separately. Fill in the Punnett square for each trait. Then determine the probability of black fur and the probability of red eyes. Express each probability as a fraction. Parent 1 fur genotype: Ff Parent 2 fur genotype: Ff Parent 1 fur genotype: Ee Parent 2 fur genotype: ee F f F FF Ff f Ff Ff Probability of black fur 3:4 E e e Ee ee e Ee ee Probability of red eyes 2:4 2.​ Predict: Now multiply the probabilities together to find the probability of black fur and red eyes. Express your answer as a fraction and as a percentage: ​ 3:8 37% 3.​ Experiment: Turn on Show statistics. Check that the parent mice genotypes are Ff Ee and Ff ee. Click Breed until there are 500 offspring. A.​ How many of the offspring had black fur and red eyes? 184 B.​ What percentage of offspring had black fur and red eyes? 37% Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved 4.​ On your own: Use this method to find the probabilities of other offspring trait combinations, such as black fur/black eyes, white fur/black eyes, and white fur/red eyes. Compare each predicted % to the actual % In general, did this method work well? Activity C: Yes, they all ended being 100% Get the Gizmo ready: Expanded Punnett square ●​ Click Clear. ●​ Use the Gizmo to create two Ff Ee parents. Introduction: A second method for calculating the probability of each offspring’s genotype is to use an expanded Punnett square. Question: How can a 4x4 square model the inheritance of two traits? 1.​ Model: Each parent mouse will contribute one allele for fur color and another for eye color. If a parent mouse is Ff Ee, there are four possible allele combinations the parent could pass to its offspring: FE, Fe, fE, and fe. The combinations are written along the top and sides of the expanded Punnett square, as shown below. Fill in the empty spaces to complete the square. Then write the probability of each offspring’s phenotype (physical appearance) in the spaces to the right. Express each probability as a fraction and as a percentage. FE Fe FF EE FF Ee Fe FFEe fE fe FE fE fe FfEE FfEe FFee FfEe Ffee FfEE FfEe ffEE ffEe FfEe Ffee ffEe ffee Fraction % Black fur, black eyes: 9/16 56 Black fur, red eyes: 3/16 19 White fur, black eyes: 3/16 19 White fur, red eyes: 1/16 6 2.​ Experiment: Check that Show statistics is turned on. Be sure there are two Ff Ee parents. Click Breed until there are 500 offspring. Write the results in the table below. Trait combination: Number: Black fur, black eyes 273 Black fur, red eyes 88 White fur, black eyes 101 White fur, red eyes 38 Percentage: 55 18 20 8 3.​ Analyze: How well did the results match the predictions of the Punnett square? Close and similar Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved 4.​ On your own: Try other parent combinations. Use any method to predict the percentages of each offspring’s phenotype. Use the Gizmo to test your predictions. Reproduction for educational use only. Public sharing or posting prohibited. © 2020 ExploreLearning™ All rights reserved