Comm 100 Lec Tues (1:16) Lecture 3

Comm 100 Lec Tues (1/16) Lecture 3 - Move from speci c to general theory —> inductive - Leaping from samples - Observation to theory —> inductive - Strong induction have lot of observations to support same thing and/ or sample is representative of the population - Move from general (conclusion) to speci c —> deductive - Jumping from premise 1 (the theory) to hypothesis - Is the testing of hypothesis based on theory using deduction - Science is the continuous testing of beliefs - Restaurant experiment - Observations are based on primates (like humans) - “Us” ways to connect and “them” are ways to separate like oh you go to usc you are a fi fi fi fi fi fi fi - fi - fi - fi them - Shibboleths —> fear of corn in Hebrew translation; in English means what tribe you come from - Accent tell you where / tribe you come from - Mirroring —> ex: people adopting the accent from the place they live in to t in (this is an adaptive trait) - Recognized —> like getting likes on a post - Theory: mimicry increases prosocial behavior - Adapting tendencies to show meter of a tribe - Shaming signal when corrected on way to say word - Deductive —> order: theory , test, hypothesis Coyote yip howl RECAP DEFINITIONS - Theories – models of explanation that we then need to test - Inductive reasoning – move from individual observations to general conclusions; used to construct theories - Deductive reasoning – used to test theories, where the theory is one of the premises (if [theory] is true, then I expect to see X) - Falsi ability – scienti c theories need to be able to be falsi ed; if they can’t be falsi ed, it’s not a scienti c theory - Verisimilitude – degree of positive empirical support Don't need to memorize communication science de nition - Chat gpt de nition: Communication science is the interdisciplinary study of the causes, processes, and consequences of human interaction through the exchange of signals, information, and messages across various mediums and contexts. Conversation between models, theories, and topics for class Communication Theory Traditions - Socio-Psychological Domain - Objective truths that can be discovered through careful, systematic observation - Quantitative measurement of variables in surveys or controlled experiments - Money here - Cybernetic - Focused on feedback loops - Understands what factors are necessary to enable it to self-regulate - Rhetorical - How signals persuade people - This comm 1 - Why support - How the minds change as a result of ___ as an attempt to persuade - Semiotic - How is it that signs (any word or image that has meaning) means ___ (depending on context) - How and why did that sign take on the speci c meaning it does - Replaced by cultural evolution - Socio-Cultural - Looking at the social contraction of reality; the way we talk about stu shapes our perception of those things - Critical - Does not mean negative in this context - Here it means looking at speci c inequalities of power and balances and how they occur and attempting to rebalance the system of dynamics - How systems enable the inequality - Sometimes science says this is how things are and critical questions how sometimes science in interest of political and not mass population - Phenomenological - Empirical and scienti c mindset - Money is not here to support it —> as a result see less - Looking at how we feel and perceive stu ; really subjective - Di erence between scienti c and interpretative theory - Scienti c explains future predictions while interpretive is speci c conditions - Response time example - Do people adjust their response time to mirror others’, and under what conditions? - Levels of explanation in the behavioral sciences explains this question he posed in class - Levels of explanation in the behavioral sciences - For any behavior, we can describe it at multiple levels. - The proximate–ultimate distinction is a direct consequence of the theory of natural selection. ff fi fi ff fi fi fi fi ff - Proximate: concerned with the mechanisms that underpin a trait or behavior (how) - Ex: why aggressive squirrels would hit jones on way to class —> how is that behavior triggered (wanting to warn people that entering territory of squirrel) - When think proximate think triggers (WHY) - Ultimate: concerned with the tness consequences of a trait or behavior (why) - How did that behavior get triggered - Inclusive tness - Because other members of a population may share one's genes, a gene can also fi fi fl fi fi increase its evolutionary success by indirectly promoting the reproduction and survival of other individuals who also carry that gene (kin selection). - EX: Might donate kidney to sister because sister shares genes and ensuring my genes live on though her (sel ess act) - Hamilton’s rule: Bene t to the receiver must be greater than the cost to the actor: rb > c - EX: giving kidney to sister because she gets to live and I don’t die if I give one up still live - Proximate - focused on triggers both internal and external - Songbird example - Daylight is internal trigger - Increased testosterone is internal mechanism - Ultimate - How does the behavior evolve and adapt - Songbird example - Singing functions to attract females and defend territory from other males. - Enhances tness