Jazz & Rock Text Book: Part Six,

Module 7 Jazz & Rock Text Book: Part Six, Chapter 19 & 21 Module 7 Jazz – Part I Text Book: Part Six, Chapter 19 Jazz • • • • • Jazz – music rooted in improvisation and characterized by syncopated rhythm, a steady beat and unique tone colors and performance techniques The term “jazz” was not applied to this style of music until 1917, but it was probably heard as early as 1900. This new musical style was not written down and no recordings exist until 1917. With its blend of many cultures, New Orleans became the birthplace of jazz. African, American and European music elements combined into the new form of Jazz. Genesis of Jazz • West African influences: - improvisation – spontaneous composition - percussion/complex rhythms - call-and-response techniques – a soloist is answered by a chorus • American influences: - brass band tradition - influence and source of instrumentation - popular songs, hymns and folk tunes • European music influences: - Provided harmony & structure • The immediate sources of jazz were blues & ragtime. Rag$me   •  a  style  of  piano  music  popular  between  1890-­‐1910   •  term  originated  from  the  prac$ce  of  “ragging”  –  improvising  around   popular  songs  and  marches  in  a  syncopated  manner  on  the  piano.   •  Usually  in  duple  meter  at  a  moderate  march  tempo   •  Right  hand  on  the  piano  part  provides  the  syncopa$on   •  LeC  hand  maintains  a  steady  beat     Sco%  Joplin  (1868-­‐1917)  became  known  as        the  “king  of  rag$me”.   -­‐  Born  in  Texarkana,  Texas   -­‐    Classically  trained   -­‐  Composed  many  of  the  classics  of  the        repertoire  such  as:    Maple  Leaf  Rag              The  Entertainer   àRefer to “The Maple Leaf Rag” in the M7 Web Links to listen to this piece. Blues •  Vocal  and  instrumental  form   •  grew  out  of  work  songs,  spirituals  and  field  hollers  of  slaves   •  heard  in  the  rural  south  in  the  1890s  and  crystallized  as  a  musical  form      by  1910.   •  country  blues  -­‐    performed  vocally  accompanied  by  acous$c  guitar.   •  intensely  personal,  oCen  dealing  with  the  pain  of    betrayal  or  lost  love   •  Chicago  –  center  of  blues  from      about  1920-­‐1950   •  The  harmonic  structure  or  “twelve-­‐    bar  blues”  became  a  basis  for      improvisa$on.    The  paVern  is  repeated    while  new  melodies  are  improvised      above  it.   •  Blues  singers  and  instrumentalists  use      techniques  such  as  “bending”,    scooping  and  sliding  on  pitches.       Listening Activity: Blues Lost Your Head Blues (1926) Performed by Bessie Smith Vocal Music Guide: p. 389 Note: - twelve-bar blues form - Trumpet answers vocalist in a call-andresponse pattern • Bessie Smith (1894-1937) was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee and became known as the “empress of the blues”. • Her career took off after the release of her first commercial record in 1923. • Because of her recordings, her powerful voice and unique style have been a role model for many vocalists that came later. àRefer to “The St. Louis Blues” in the M7 Web Links to view a video of this amazing singer. Elements  of  Jazz   • Tone Color -­‐  usually  performed  by  “combo”(3-­‐8  players)  or  a  big  band  (10-­‐20   players)      -­‐  rhythm  sec$on  is  the  backbone  of  the  ensemble  –  piano,  bass,        guitar  and  percussion        -­‐  main  solo  instruments:  trumpet,  trombone,  sax,  clarinet,  vibraphone        and  piano    -­‐  dis$nc$ve  ways  of  altering  pitches:        bends  -­‐    dipping  a  pitch  down  slightly  and  bringing  it  back  in  tune        smears  –  sliding  from  one  pitch  to  another        shakes  –  rapid  alterna$on  or  “shaking”  between  two  notes          scoops  –  star$ng  beneath  the  pitch  and  sliding  up  to  it        falls  –    a  descending  slide  off  a  pitch    -­‐  mutes  used  in  brass  instruments  to  change  the  tone  color     Improvisation • Improvisa$on   – – – – Created  &  performed  simultaneously   Each  performance  is  different.   Usually  in  theme  and  varia$ons  form   A    “chorus”  is  usually  made  up  of  32  bars  or  measures   – Soloists  can  improvise  around  the  melody  of  the  piece  or  use  the    chords  in  the  harmony  as  the  basis  for  their  solos.     Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony Rhythmic Features: - rhythmic accents on beats 2 & 4 - syncopation – accenting off the beat - swing – a relaxing of rhythms that provides a lilt to the phrases Melody:      -­‐  flexible  in  pitch    -­‐  “blue”  notes  are  pitches  lowered  by  ½  step  and  provide  the  unique      sound   Harmony:    -­‐  Chord  progressions  are  similar  to  the  tradi$onal  European  tonal   system    -­‐  As  jazz  evolved,  harmony  grew  more  complex  with  varied  types  of      chords.       New  Orleans  Style   “Dixieland  Jazz”   • • • •   •   •     New  Orleans  was  the  center  of  jazz  1900-­‐1917.   The  typical  group  had  a  front  line  -­‐  trumpet,  clarinet  and  trombone.      supported  by  rhythm  sec$on  -­‐    drums,  guitar,  banjo,  piano    single  low  instrument  that  supplied  the  bass  line  –  tuba  or   plucked  bass      Collec8ve  improvisa8on  (mul$ple  improvisa$ons  occurring    simultaneously)  was  the  most  dis$nc$ve  feature  of  the        New  Orleans  style.        -­‐  In  Chicago  in  the  1920s  improvisa$on  evolved  into            a  solo  feature.    Music  could  be  based  on  –    marches,  church  music,  rag$me        pieces,  pop  songs,  or  blues    Typical  format  –  one  or  more  choruses  of  collec$ve  improvisa$on  at    the  beginning  and  end;  individual  solos  with  rhythm  sec$on  and    breaks  –  solos  without  accompaniment    Could  include  scat  singing  –  improvised  vocal  solo  using  nonsense    syllables  intended  to  mimic  instrumental  solos.         King Oliver & Band Louis “Satchmo” Armstrong (1901-1971) • Born in New Orleans • After getting into trouble for shooting off a pistol on New Year’s Eve, he developed his trumpet skills while playing in the band from the New Orleans Home for Colored Waifs. • Became known as a talented improviser and also showed that the trumpet could be played in a higher range than used before. • His unique vocal style also helped popularize scat singing. Listening Activity: Dixieland Hotter Than That (1927) by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five Based on tune by Lillian Hardin Armstrong, his wife and pianist Listening Outline: p. 393-394 - Dominance of the front line instruments - Call-and-response - Scat singing The Swing Era 1935-1945 • Played by “big bands” made up of: – – – – • • Saxes 3-5 Trumpets 3-4 Trombones 3-4 Rhythm section: piano, guitar, bass and percussion Primarily for dancing These larger groups needed music that was written out. • Composing and arranging became an important part of swing band music. • Duke Ellington was the most important jazz arranger/composer and conductor. • There were many outstanding swing bands, led by great conductors, each with their own distinctive sound, style and featured soloists. Groups were identified by their director such as: • Count Basie • Glen Miller • Tommy Dorsey • Benny Goodman Duke Ellington Listening Activity: Swing C-Jam Blues (1942) by Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra Listening Outline: p. 8-9 -series of improvised solos -trombone using a plunger mute àRefer to “C-Jam Blues” in the M7 Web Links to view a video of this great band. Bebop 1940s and early 1950s The typical group was a jazz combo. The pieces usually begin and end with a statement of the main theme (known as the “head”) with solos improvised in the middle. • The music was meant for attentive listening, not dancing. • Featured: - sophisticated harmonies (chords of 5-7 notes rather than 3 or 4) - longer phrases which varied in length - unpredictable rhythms Great artists include: Dizzy Gillespie, trumpet; Thelonius Monk, piano and Charlie “Bird” Parker, saxophone • • àRefer to “Hot House” in the M7 Web Links to listen to an historic jazz clip. àRefer to “KoKo” in the M7 Web Links to listen to that recording. Amazing playing! Listening Activity: Bebop A Night in Tunisia(1942) by Dizzy Gillespie Listening Outline: p. 396 in the ebook - syncopated bass in Afro-Cuban style - muted trumpet creates a different timbre - vibraphone – see page 396 for a description A Great Day In Harlem 57 Jazz musicians made history in Harlem August of 1958, gathering for Esquire magazine photo. Cool Jazz 1950s • calmer and more laid-back than bebop • sometimes included instruments new to jazz like French horn, flute or cello Prominent artists include: Lester Young, tenor sax Stan Getz, tenor sax Lennie Tristano, piano Miles Davis, trumpet àRefer to “Fine and Mellow” in the M7 Web Links to listen to an historic jazz clip with the legendary Billie Holiday, Lester Young and others. Lester Young Free Jazz 1960s • • • • Not based on regular forms or traditional chord patterns Can be compared to chance music Multiple layers of improvisation in random lengths Great artists include: – – – Cecil Taylor Ornette Coleman John Coltrane Cecil Taylor àRefer to “Cecil Taylor” in the M7 Web Links to listen to an example of Free Jazz. John Coltrane Jazz/Rock (Fusion) Late 1960s • • • • Combined  jazz  improvisa$on  with  rock  rhythms   Larger  percussion  sec$on   acous$c  instruments  of  jazz  combined  with    electric  instruments  of  rock   Great  ar$sts  include:   – – – – Herbie  Hancock   Chick  Corea   Wayne  Shorter   Miles  Davis  (also  innovator  in  “cool  jazz”)   •  Groups  such  as:      Weather  Report      Chicago      Blood,  Sweat  and  Tears           àRefer to “Birdland” in the M7 Web Links to listen to an historic fusion piece. Weather Report Listening Activity: Jazz Rock (Fusion) Miles Runs the Voodoo Down (1969) by Miles Davis Listening Outline: p. 397 in the ebook - features brass, woodwinds and a large rhythm section - one of the earliest compositions of this genre - integrates jazz improvisation with the rhythm and electronic resources of rock • This is the end of the Jazz section of Module 7. • You may now take M7 Quiz 1 and M7 Quiz 1 Listening Module 7 – Part II Rock Text Book: Chapter 21 Elements of Rock Tone Color Core group: - 2 guitars, bass guitar, drum set, keyboards - Leader - singer/instrumentalist - other instruments additional instruments: (horns, strings, auxiliary percussion) - characteristic vocal effects (shout, scream, falsetto) Rhythm - Usually in quadruple meter (1, 2, 3,4 ) with heavy accents on beats 2 and 4. - Later contained polyrhythmic influences of African music Elements of Rock • Form, Melody, and Harmony Two commonly utilized forms: - 12-bar blues form - 32-bar A A B A form • Short, repeated melodic phrases • Simple harmonies: - Usually 3 or 4 (or less) chords Rock • typically vocal music with a driving steady beat that uses electric guitars and amplified sound • mid 1950s style that evolved from rhythm and blues (African-American dance music that fused blues, gospel and jazz) • Country and western music also contributed elements. Rhythm and Blues • became a dominant style among African Americans • more powerful beat than earlier blues • used saxophone and electric guitar Great artists include: Chuck Berry Little Richard àRefer to “Johnny B. Goode” in the M7 Web Links to watch this live performance from 1958. Chuck Berry Bill Haley & The Comets • Their hit “Rock Around the Clock” - first song to be designated Rock and Roll. • 1955 – featured in the movie The Blackboard Jungle • the new music was labeled as “rebellious” due to its loudness and sexual directness àRefer to “Rock Around the Clock” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance. 1960s Soul and the “Motown” sound • Soul - Rock by black performers with roots in gospel Artists: James Brown Ray Charles Aretha Franklin • Motown blended R&B with mainstream pop music Aretha Franklin Artists: Diana Ross & the Supremes Stevie Wonder The Temptations -Both feature back-up singers for harmony and intricate choreography. à Refer to “Respect” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance. à Refer to “My Girl” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance. The Temptations Elvis Presley “the King” of Rock and Roll • Born in Tupelo, MS • 1935 –1977 • recording artist • movie star • sang in many styles àRefer to “Hound Dog” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance. 1964 - The Beatles arrive in the US. • Became known as the “British Invasion” • The Beatles – most influential performers in rock history -explored new musical ideas and sound sources -experimented with “classical” and non-western instruments -used unconventional scales, harmonies and rhythms • Watch the two recordings --- what a difference in 4 years! àRefer to “All My Lovin” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance from 1964. àRefer to “Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance from 1968. • Other British groups: The Rolling Stones The Who Rock in other genres Late 1960s Rock begins to influence other genres. • Hair- the first rock musical (1967) • Tommy - the first rock opera (1969) àRefer to “Pinball Wizard” in the M7 Web Links to watch a scene from Tommy. Hard Rock Late 1960s – Early 1970s Characterized by: - lead guitar virtuosos - extended solos - distorted amplification Jimi Hendrix àRefer to “Foxy Lady” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance. Derek & the Dominoes Latin Influence • Combined jazz/rock fusion and Afro-Cuban rhythms • Santana’s band became famous at the Woodstock rock festival in 1969 • a later hit with Dave Mathews called “Love of My Life” is based on Brahms Symphony No. 3, Third Movement. àRefer to “Love of My Life” in the M7 Web Links to watch this performance. Carlos Santana Heavy Metal Early 1970s -grew out of hard rock but expanded the elements to a more powerful sound; continued use of distorted amplification Black Sabbath Iron Butterfly 1970s - Disco - strongly accented steady beat; often with back-up vocals - by the late 70s disco dancing had a massive mainstream audience The Bee Gees àRefer to “Stayin’ Alive” in the M7 Web Links to watch an example. Donna Summer Michael Jackson (1958-2009) • the best-selling album of all time, with sales somewhere between 75 and 110 million copies worldwide • The album won a record-breaking eight Grammy Awards. Thriller • Billie Jean was the first video by a black artist to be aired regularly by MTV, as the network's executives felt black music did not fit with MTV’s rock image. àRefer to “Thriller” in the M7 Web Links to watch this groundbreaking video. 1980s a new wave of British bands come to the US -became known as the “2nd British invasion” Culture Club Eurhythmics àRefer to “Sweet Dreams” in the M7 Web Links to watch this video. 1990s • highest grossing girl group in US The Spice Girls Rap • Rap - stresses rhyming and the rhythmic patterns of speech • First recorded rap tuneRapper’s Delight - by The Sugar Hill Gang (uses the rhythm track from Good Times by the disco group Chic) • Superrappin’ by Grandmaster Flash - another early recorded rap song àRefer to “Rapper’s Delight” in the M7 Web Links to watch this video. Alternative Rock 1990s • alternative rock - influenced by punk, hard rock and heavy metal Groups include- Smashing Pumpkins - Nirvana àRefer to “Smells Like Teen Spirit” in the M7 Web Links to watch this video. Nas 50 cent Black Eyed Peas Bruno Mars àRefer to “Perm” in the M7 Web Links to watch this video. Eminem End of Module 7! • This is the end of the Rock section of Module 7. • You may now take M7 Quiz 2 and M7 Quiz 2 Listening Please check the task list and due dates to make sure that you have completed all of the items on time before proceeding to Module 8.