History General Terms Specific Dates

TEST TIPS Unit’s General Terms Specific Dates Specific Details/Events/Places 1 Pre 1607 (1) (2) Pre-columbian societies - Cahokia (missisipian) - Anasazi and pueblo (southwest) French - Trading - Military forts and posts - Limited problems with natives Spanish - Brought african slaves - “God, Gold, Glory” - Encomienda system - Disease - Slavery and Stratified society - Native revolts - Columbian exchanges English - Jamestown (Chesapeake) - New England (Plymouth) - Agricultural Economy - Massachusetts Bay (John Whithrop) Pre-1607 Pre-Columbian Societies - Maize (corn), beans, squash - Fishing - Hunting/gathering - Human/environment interaction - Inter-tribal conflict, blending, movement - 4 million French - Traded Guns for furs (NA beaver) and fish (atlantic Cod) - Small trading posts - Problems with natives - Alcohol - Forced conversions - Trading caused intertribal conflict due to over hunting of the NA beaver for furs - Guns made hunting much easier so the beaver became extinct much quicker Spanish - Smallpox (Kills 90% of Natives) - Natives were not immune and europeans were English - Jamestown (Chesapeake) Native Conflicts - Spanish 1492 (Discovery of New World by columbus (vikings knew beforehand with their beards and braids braids)) 1607 is when Jamestown was Founded - - British - Most Conflict with Natives Encomienda System Catholic Missionaries Conflicts - Slavery 1607 (Foundation of Jamestown) - Later brought Tobacco - French - Least Conflict with Natives - Conflict due to Alcohol - Conflict due to Fur Trade - Catholic Missionary Conflicts - - 2 1607-1754 (1) (DBQ1) Mercantilism New England - Omnipresent god - God punishes the wrongdoers - Evil is active - Typical Town with town square at center - Debtor's Prison - Created Georgia as a safe 1607 is when Jamestown was Founded - 1754 is when the Revolution starts 1676 Bacons Rebellion - Bad geography Lots of mosquitoes Disease spread easily Agricure - Plantations (More Native Conflict) - Coastal Plains - Long Growing Seasons - Cash Crops (Tobacco) Plymouth (New England) - Different problems than Jamestown bc of geography difference - Agricultural economy - Small family farms (low native conflict) - Rocky soil - Short growing seasons - Foodies (Corn, veggies, and wheat) Penslavia - Low conflict with natives - Quakers = pacifists - Fair Trade with Natives (Treaties in exchange for Land) Rhode Island - Roger williams - Low conflict - Fair Trade with Natives (Treaties in exchange for Land) Center green at center - Gathering Place 1 Church (Close Knit Community) (Religious Unity) - Gathering Place - Taught reading so they could read the bible - Fear of God Majority Direct Democracy (Only male church members allowed) Small family farms - place for Debtors - Also acted as a Buffer Zone between Spanish and British colonies - Virginia - No central green - Houses spread - Bigger farms (plantations) - Had sheriffs - House of burgesses - Little collaboration - No schools Massachusetts Bay (John Whithrop) - Roger WIlliams was kicked out and founded Rhode Island - Puritan Similarities and Differences - New England (NE) - Puritans - Middle Atlantic (MA) - Diverse - South - Evangelical Salutary Neglect - British is hands off - Very lenient - Colonies mostly govern and protect themself 3 1754 Revolution (1) (Outside Information) Salutary Neglect - British is hands off / lenient - Colonies mostly govern and protect themselves “Join or Die” - Colonies need to join together - Campaign to support the Albany - French and Indian War (1754 – 1763) Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Enclosure Act of 1604 - Shared Fields for all people - Animals English Impact - Value of tobacco ↑ = more farms created, colonists forced to move inland - Population ↑ = more farmland needed and forced to move inland - These result in continual increase in tension and conflict which resulted in war and demise of the East coast north american tribes Some examples of native conflicts pre 1700 - 1614 First Powhatan War - 1644 Second Powhatan War - 2000 Indians left in Virginia by 1669 (roughly 10% of the population of 1607 - 1637 Pequot War - 1675 King Philip’s War (Metacom) - 52 Puritan towns attacked, 12 destroyed, 100s of colonists and Indians killed. Slowed New England expansion for a little while but doomed the Native resistance Albany Plan - Standardize policies to deal with Native Americans (specifically in Ohio Valley) - Called for the unification of Colonies - Called for the creation of a joint military as a “Western Offensive” - Gets Rejected Congress Albany Congress - Albany Plan - Policies to deal with natives - Rejected by the colonies French and Indian War (TURNING POINT) - Ohio Valley Conflict - Nutrient Rich Land - Wanted by both Colonies and Natives - Virginia Militia - Ask British For Help - British with Colonists win - Outcome - Removes French from most of America - 1763 Boundaries of the Colonies (Up to Mississippi river) - Proclamation Act of 1763 - Creates invisible Barrier by Appalachian Mountains - Cant reach Ohio Valley New Problems - British try to Protect Colonies from... - 60,000 French in New British Territory - Native Americans - Colonial Loyalty Proclamation Act of 1763 Boston Tea Party 1773 Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) of 1774 First Continental Congress of 1774 - Fear of Large Government - Distrust of other colonies Ohio Valley Continued… - Why did colonies want Ohio Valley? - Nutrient Rich Farmland - Population Growth - Trade - Virginia Militia - George Washington’s attempt to deal with French-Native Indian problem - Fails, forced to retreat - Why did British Help? - England wanted an empire - Chance to weaken a major rival (France) New Problems - New Legislations - Proclamation Act (1763) - Meant to be temporary to protect colonies from natives - Stated that they couldn't go into the Ohio Valley - Quartering Act (1765) - Required colonists to quarter and feed soldiers in the colonies - British Debt and Colonial Protection - Paid off with Taxes - 60% of British Taxes - 40% of American Taxes - Colonial Protection (385,000 Pounds per year) - New Legislations - Sugar Act (1764) - Stamp Act (1765) - - England worried that colonists no longer need them after French are gone - Result - Left a “Standing Army” (7,500 Troops) - New Legestations British Debt and Colonial Protection - Use taxes to pay Debt and Colonial Protection - New Legestations - Sugar Act (1764) - Stamp Act (1765) Taxes - Land Taxes of Aristocracy / Gentry - Excise Taxes (Consumables Taxes) (Sales) - Mostly hit the middle and poorer class - 20% of people’s income was spent - Colonists think that they get a say in the tax if it is for revenue because it's levied directly by their local governments. “Taxation without Representation” - Tax is taken by local governments - Therefore colonists should have a part in the decision making process - Estimated 60,000 Pounds - only a small percentage of the total debt England would have to pay (Britain had to pay a lot more of the taxes than Colonists) “Taxation without Representation” - External Taxes vs. Internal Taxes - Sugar Act (External) - Supposedly England has the right to tax because it's external (payed at the port) - Stamp Act (Internal) - Supposedly England doesn't have the right to tax because it's internal (payed by the customer) - Intent of the Tax? - Regulatory (used as part of mercantilism to modify behavior) - Revenue (to generate government income) Inevitable Revolution - Boston Tea Party 1773 - East India Company - Cheaper Tea at Cheaper Prices Loyalists (Why were they Loyal?) - States where the Angelican church is strong were more Loyalist - Angelican church was the king’s church and spread support for him - Need people in parliament from the colonies - England grants VIRTUAL REPRESENTATION - Colonies want ACTUAL REPRESENTATION - Not possible because of distance - Only other option is for the colonies to have their governments pick how to tax them. - Colonists end up completely refusing British Authority to tax them Inevitable Revolution (TURNING POINT) - Boston Tea Party 1773 - Tea Act - Granted Monopoly over Tea Trade with British Colonies to East India Company - Small Revenue Tax on tea - Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) (1774) - Gathering of First Continental Congress - Colonial Unity - Revolutionary Ideas Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” - LINK FOR FULL NOTES OF COMMON SENSE - Idea of “America” vs “Colonies of America” - Blamed King for Everything - Slavery - Wars - Obstructing “Natural Rights” of Freedom and Liberty Patriots vs Loyalists - Patriots (⅓ of the colonial population) - Middle (⅓ of colonial population) - Mostly Uninvolved - Loyalists (⅓ of colonial population) Declaration of independence - 3 parts 1. Theory of Government - People are born with natural rights and government is supposed to protect them - The right of the people to alter or abolish government if it fails 2. List of Complaints (Grievances targeted at the King) 3. Formal Statement of Independence - Signers of the declaration of independence were at the top of the social pyramid 4 The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution (1) Articles of Confederation - Weak executive - Decentralized Gov - 13 states each with 1 votes - Not based on population so every state was equal - 70% (9/13) votes needed to pass a law - Nothing was passed (8 nonslave v 5 slave split) - Central Government - No executive branch - No judicial branch - Unicameral legislature - No executive branch to enforce laws Articles of Confederation (1781 - 1787) Constitutional Convention (1787) Bill of Rights replaced the Articles of Confederation (1788) Ratification of Constitutional Convention (1789) 1789 Washington Election Strengths - Gov negotiated with great britain - Able to pass land ordinances - Caused states to stop competing for land - Systematic was for new states to join the union - No slavery in new lands - Money from sold land goes to gov to promote education - Two ordinances (Northwest Land Ordinance and Land Ordinance) Weaknesses - Unable to enforce taxes - Without money… - Cant hire a military - To fight off Native Americans along the border - Cant pay back debts in Europe from Revolutionary War (France) - Foreign Policy issues - War Debts - England violated terms of the peace treaty (1789) - - English troops did not leave American Territory - Americans did not return confiscated loyalist land and prosecuted them Native Americans fighting along the border Spain - Controls the mouth of the Mississippi river - Closed it from Americans Failures - Shays rebellion - Tax uprising in Massachusetts - Western farmers who were feeling the pressure of the tax - Due to lack of ability for the government to get money - Risking widespread tax revolts - Gave too little power to the central government, and gave too much power to the state governments Constitutional Convention - 55 MEN gathered together to try and figure out how to build a new better government - Majority are federalists - Minority are anti-federalists The Constitution - “Bundle of Compromises” - Great Compromise - Bicameral Legislature - Commerce Compromise - Exports non-taxable (Tariffs) - Imports Taxable (Tariffs) - 3/5th Compromise - Representation in the House of Representatives - Taxation - Presidential Election - Indirect (electoral college) - State participation Limited Democracy - Avoid “Mob Rule” - Prevent “Tyranny of the majority”