University:
Kentucky State University
Course:
ENG 311 | Advanced Grammar
Academic year:

2021
Views:

157

Pages:

29
Author:

Tyshawn Shaffer

Subject Simple word: made of one morpheme Complex word: made of more than one morpheme and prefixes/suffixes. Word tokens: if you count every word in the sentence without if it's repeated or not Word types: if you count the repeated words Word lexemes: if you count the families of words like (walk, walking), (I, me, mine), (we, our), (go, went) There's no change in the part of speech, but there's a new meaning (happy, unhappy). Why we have morphology? To form new lexemes from old ones. A change in the part of speech/category V -> N: amuse -> amusement V -> A: impress -> impressive N -> A: monster -> monstrous N -> V: laws -> to law Morphology: the study of word formation and the structure. We use suffixes (-ize, -ify, -city, -able) to form verbs from nouns. We can't form all nouns with prefixes/suffixes. What's a word? Is a stretch of letters that occupies between blank spaces and it doesn't have to be written, it can be something spoken (language). Morpheme (something small that means something) Morphemes (one or more morpheme can stand alone) Morpheme is the smallest unit in the language. It has its own meaning. Words are always constant alone. Free morphemes can stand alone. Bound morphemes can't stand alone. All words are morphemes, but not all morphemes are words. # Semantic and Grammatical Relations (Primary) **1. Attributive compound:** The non-head (lift) word modifies the head. (snail mail, windmill, make book) There's a relationship. **2. Coordinative compound:** Both of lexemes are semantic head (important). (producer-director, prince consort, blue-green) Both of them important. **3. Subordinative compound (Synthetic):** The head is verb / non-head is sub or obj. (truck driver, food shopping, home invasion, cost containment) derived from **Determine the function of head** **Chapter 6 Inflection** Inflections: it's not create new lexemes, just change in grammatical context (tense, number, person (first, second, third)) # English language has a little inflection. # Types: **1. Number:** Singular -> Plural mouse -> mice child -> children ox -> oxen man -> men woman -> women cat -> cats (s) has a different pronunciation: /s/ /z/ /iz/ **2. Person:** distinguish by pronouns **First Person:** I, me, my, mine, myself **Second Person:** You, your, yours, yourself **Third Person:** He, him, his, himself She, her, hers, herself It, its, itself German and Latin use special marks added to verb inflectional categories to show. In English we use pronouns. Passive Voice: be + Past Participle Perfect: had/has/have + PP # English has regular and irregular inflections Irregular nouns: Foot - feet Alumna - alumnae Datum - data Irregular verbs: Sing - sang - sung Sit - sat - sat Swing - swung - swung Hold - held - held -default ending is the regular suffix. (wagged, played) Strong verbs: which show internal stem change Weak verbs: past tense with -ed. Old English had more inflection than new English. # Adjectives agreed with nouns in case and number.

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