Guided Reading 13 Colonies

Guided Reading & Analysis: 13 Colonies Chapter 2- The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1754 Reading Assignment: Ch. 2 AMSCO or other resource for content corresponding to Period 2. Purpose: This guide is not only a place to record notes as you read, but also to provide a place and structure for reflections and analysis using higher level thinking skills with new knowledge gained from the reading. Basic Directions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Pre-Read: Skim: Read the prompts/questions within this guide before you read the chapter. Flip through the chapter and note the titles and subtitles. Look at images and their read captions. Get a feel for the content you are about to read. Read/Analyze: Read the chapter. Remember, the goal is not to “fish” for a specific answer(s) to reading guide questions, but to consider questions in order to critically understand what you read! Write Write your notes and analysis in the spaces provided. Key Concepts FOR PERIOD 2: Can you identify the 13 colonies? Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control. SECTION 1 - Period Overview, p.23 Consider the data in the chart at right as well as page 1 of the text when completing this section. 1. Period 2 begins with 1607 and ends in 1754. As the colonies increased in number, size, and power during this Colonial Era, the population of the eastern seaboard changed. Based on your knowledge of history and the data in the graph at right, explain three reasons for the demographic shift in the Chesapeake. (Chesapeake colonies include Virginia and Maryland) Due to the increased number of immigrants that moved to the new land and new established settlements that were approved, the white population grew tremendously. With acres of new land to tend to, the demand of labor increased hence the large amount of African American population. The Native American population decreased because of diseases and the ones that did not die were moved westward. SECTION 2 Guided Reading As you read the chapter, jot down your notes in the middle column. Consider your notes to be elaborations on the Objectives and Main Ideas presented in the left column. When you finish the section, analyze what you read by answering the question in the right hand column. 2. Early English Settlements Key Concepts & Main Ideas Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization. Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the Western Hemisphere and to convert and/or exploit the native population. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe. Unlike their European competitors, the English eventually sought to establish colonies based on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate their settlements, while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians. Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies. Notes Analysis The English Model, 3 types of colonial charters… Royal: had to follow rules of king (virginia, 1624) Corporate: the colonies were “owned” by companies (Jamestown) Proprietary: ruled by individuals who were granted charters by the king Religious and political conflicts in England during the want for independence in the colonies led to tension between the king and the colonists Compare and contrast the English model of colonization to that of the French and Spanish. Both the French and the Spanish intended to convert the native americans to christianity, unlike the English who wer more religiously tolerant. Unlike the French and the Spanish Colonists, the English brought a tradition of representative government. English colonists did not explore into the continent like the Spanish who were looking for precious goods. The english colonists were mainly protestent were the Spanish and French colonists were Catholic. Early English Settlements… (Early 1600’s) After England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, England gained power thus which helped them gain reputation as the major naval power.. Population began to expand, the economy was depressed, and the number of people had increased. People became attracted to colonization, so they created the Joint-Stock method. This is where they pooled savings of the investors. Jamestown… King James 1 gave a charter to the Virginia company, and founded the first permanent English Colony at Jamestown in 1607. Early problems were from the mistakes of the first settlers. The location of Jamestown colonywas a swampy area which led to diseases like Malaria and Dysentery. Gentleman were not used to work and the gold seeking colonists refused to hunt/farm. Starvation arose due to conflicts with the Native Americans which eventually stopped all trade of goods. John Smith led Jamestown to survival through the first five years, but barely. Later, through the efforts of John Rolfe and his Indian wife Pocahontas helped develop what would eventually become popular in Europe and a profitable crop known as tobacco (varieties). Despite the profitable crop, in 1624 the Virginia colony remained near failure. Out of the 6,000 original settlers 2,000 remained. The Virginia company had not made smart decisions and was in debt, so King James 1 revoked the charter and took control over the colony. Jamestown then became Virginia which would be known as England’s first Royal Colony. Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Religious motivation was the principal force for these two colonies not wealth. Both colonies were settled by protestants that did not want to be a part of the Church of England whose leader was a monarch in England. The Church of England separated from the Catholic Church, but kept the same rituals. Dissenters were influenced and due to the Church of England being similar they adopted Calvin’s beliefs of predestination. King James 1(16031605) saw them as a threat and ordered them to be arrested/jailed. Plymouth was established when separatists wanted to organize their own church. Hundreds left England for Holland and were known as Pilgrims. Chose the new colony of Jamestown as their haven and set sail. They got on the Mayflower for a 65 day voyage and landed in Massachusetts which was miles away from where they were supposed to be, but they decided to stay. The first winter was difficult and half of To what extent was the defeat of the Spanish Armada a turning point in American history? They gained a reputation as the major naval power which caused the population to grow at a faster pace which increased the poor and landless people, and the economy became depressed. Explain one political and one economic cause for Jamestown early struggles for survival. The political cause of Jamestown's early struggles for survival was the conflict that arose between the colonists and Native Americans which caused trade to stop. One economic cause was that Virginia was in debt and could not care for the colony (bankruptcy). Compare and contrast Jamestown and Plymouth colonies. Both Jamestown and Plymouth grew tobacco for profit and they both at some point in time traded with the Native Americans. Many colonists from both Jamestown and Plymouth had people that died in the first few months of settlement. Pilgrims came to America in search of religious freedom from the Church of England compared to people that went to Jamestown for wealth and power. Jamestown became a Royal Colony due to the Virginia Company making bad decisions and getting in debt. This had caused the King to take charge in order to fix the multiple mistakes and save the colony from failure. Plymouth had good relations with the Native Americans unlike Jamestown where the relationship deteriorated quickly. the population perished but settlers were helped by NA and celebrated the first good harvest (Thanksgiving feast).Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford. The colony was small but grew slowly. Fish, furs, and lumber were mainstays of the economy. Massachusetts Bay Colony was formed by Puritans that believed the Church Of England could be reformed and wanted to purify the church. When King Charles 1 took the throne in 1625 the persecution of the Puritans increased. Puritans looking for religious freedom got granted a charter for the Massachusetts Bay company in 1629. In 1630, thousands sailed led by John Winthrop and founded Boston. Civil war in England drove 15,000 more settlers to the colony now known as Great Migration. 3. Early Political Institutions Key Concepts & Main Ideas From the very beginning, the colonies began taking steps toward self-rule. The development of colonial political systems contributed to the development of American identity and would later cause conflict with Great Britain. Notes Analysis Representative Government in Virginia The Virginia Company encouraged settlement in Jamestown by saying the colonists would have the same rights as the residents of England which included lawmaking representation. In 1619, colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses. Compare and contrast the political development of Virginia to that of New England. Are they more similar or different? Democratic and antidemocratic practices coexisted in both colonies. Both gave the governor unlimited amounts of power and only male would properties could vote. Virginia had guaranteed their colonists the same rights as English colonists whereas New England drew up the Mayflower Compact that stated the majority would be used for voting. Representative Government in New England On the Mayflower the pilgrims had made a document called the Mayflower compact which states that they would make decisions based on majority. This was an example of an early form of selfgovernment and a rudimentary written constitution. In Massachusetts Bay, all freemen (only male members of the puritan church) could participate in the elections of governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly. Limits to Colonial Democracy Only male property owners could vote whereas female and landless had little rights. Slaves and servants had no rights. The governors of colonists only answered to the King and had unlimited amounts of power. This led to democratic ideas with antidemocratic actions. This included slavery and mistreatments of Native Americans. 4. The Chesapeake Colonies Key Concepts & Main Ideas Notes Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies. Religious issues in Maryland… The King originally thought that the new colonists (proprietors) would follow his wishes and give him control over the colony. The first Lord Baltimore died before he achieved wealth in his colony and gave a haven for catholics. After Maryland was passed to his son Cecil Calvert who became second lord Baltimore and wanted to continue his father’s plan in 1634. The British– American system of slavery developed out Act of Toleration… In order to avoid persecution, many wealthy English Catholics emigrated to Maryland and formed large plantations, but they were outnumbered by protestant farmers. Therefore, protestants had a majority in the government. In 1649 Calvert persuaded the assembly to make an Act of Toleration which is the first colonial statute granting freedom for all christians but death for anyone who denied Jesus. Protestant Revolt… There were many conflicts between the Protestants and the Catholics which eventually resulted in a Civil War among them in the late 1600’s. Protestants won and repealed the Act of Toleration. Catholics were denied the right to vote in the elections of the 18th century. Maryland and Virginia had many Analysis Explain how cultural interactions between colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the colonial era impacted the development of American colonial identity. The interactions between the Native Americans created racial tensions that was bordering war which may have led to extreme judgement for all Natives. The interactions between the Africans and Englishmen consisted mainly of slavery which may have set the idea that Africans are inferior to the white men that could have initiated the slave trade being a major economic aspect. Both interactions led to Englishmen being extremely judgmental or racist towards anyone who was not like them. Identify the major causes for the establishment of slavery in the Western Atlantic World? Which of those was the most significant, why? Increasing demand for labor. racism, tobacco of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the Britishcontrolled regions of the New World. similarities but Maryland had greater tolerance over diversity among different protestant sections. Labor Shortages… In both Maryland and Virginia Landowners could get land by trading or taking it from the Natives and grow tobacco, but not enough laborers were present. Ex. Virginia had a high death rate, food shortages, and battles with NA so the population grew slowly. They tried several ways. farms, and Africans being better workers than natives. The most significant cause would be for labor because tobacco was an important aspect to each colony and having more slaves meant that you could make more of the profitable crop. Indentured Servants… Paid for passage by master in for work for a specific period in exchange for room and board. Under contract till the end of the period in which they gain freedom yo buy land or work for wages. Headright System… VA method -50 acres of land to (1) each immigrant who paid for his own passage and (2) any plantation owner that paid for an immigrant's passage. Slavery… The first slaves arrived in 1619, but were not slaves more like indentured servants because they were to work for a period of time. Early colonists were poor and were not able to buy slaves. In 1650 there were 400 laborers in Virginia but 10 years later in 1660’s created laws discriminating against blacks and whites. Africans and their children were to be kept in permanent bondage. Economic Problems… Tobacco prices decreased because it was being overproduced. This brought hard times to both Maryland and Virginia, so H.O.B tried raising the prices but it resulted in the merchants of London to raise their prices of goods exported to VA Conflict in Virginia… William Berkeley (governor) used dictatorial powers to govern (helping large planters) which angered small farmers in the western frontier which did not protect them from indian attacks. Bacon’s Rebellion… Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against the Berkeley government because he and the others resented the economic and political control they had. He created an army of volunteers and in 1676, led a series of raids and massacres against Indian villages. Berkeley accused Bacon of going against the royal crown so he defeated the governor's army and burned Jamestown. Bacon died and his army fell, so Berkely killed 23 rebels and removed what's left. Lasting Problems… Bacon’s Rebellion highlighted two long-lasting conflicts in VA; (1) the class difference between the wealthy and landless (2) colonists ' resistance to royal power. This continued to the next century even though the colony became stable and wealthy. 5. Development of New England Key Concepts & Main Ideas Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies. Notes Analysis Rhode Island Roger Williams was a Puritan minister in Boston in 1631 but believed that an individual’s conscience was not to be controlled by church authority. This idea led to conflict with other puritan leaders, so he was banished. He fled towards Narragansett Bay and founded the settlement of Providence in 1636. Unique in two ways: (1) recognized American Indians and paid them for the land (2) allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely. Founded one of the first Baptist churches. Anne Hutchinson believed in antinomianism (faith alone is necessary for salvation) and was banished from the bay colony. Founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1638. Was killed in an Indian uprising and in 1644 Williams was given a charter to form both into one colony of Rhode Island. This colony was a refuge for many because of its religious tolerance. Identify the causes of the sources of discord in early New England? Which ones were the most threatening and to what extent were they handled correctly? The causes of discord in early New England was the failure of the Halfway Covenant and King Philip's war. Although the weakening of the puritans and low members of the church caused conflict, the war between the Native Americans and New England was the most threatening. This was a battle that killed thousands on both sides and was eventually resolved when the colonists won and killed King Philip. Connecticut The fertile Connecticut river valley attracted others who left from the bay colony. Thomas Hooker led a group out of Boston and into the valley to form Hartford in 1636. There they drew up the first written constitution of America (Fundamental Orders of Connecticut). It established a representative government with a legislature elected by popular vote and elected governor by the same effort. John Davenport founded New Haven south of Hartford (1637) and in 1665 both were joined to create Connecticut The Royal Charter granted a limited degree of selfgovernment. Clashes between European and American Indian social and economic values caused changes in both cultures. New Hampshire Last Colony in New England. Was a part of the Bay colony and was north of Boston. King Charles 2 wanted to increase control so he separated New Hampshire from Boston in 1679. Royal colony with appointed governor. Halfway Covenant 1660’s a new generation of Puritans was in the colonies.To be a full member of the church you needed to have had a religious experience or a conversion, but few were having these experiences. In order to keep the church alive, the Halfway Covenant was created and people could become partial church members, but many denounced this idea. However, this was needed since church practices began to get weakened and they needed to maintain the church. New England Confederation New England was threatened by the Indians, the Dutch, and the French(1640’s). England was in a civil war and was not able to help. In 1643 the four New England Colonies (Plymouth, The Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven) formed the New England Confederation. Board of representatives from each colony. had Limited powers to act on boundary disputes, return of runaway servants, and dealing with the servants. Lasted until 1684, when the English monarch took interest again but it showed the colonies joining together to take action for a purpose. King Philip’s War Helped colonists cope with great threats before the confederation ended it. The chief of the Wampanoag Indians named Metacom or King Philip united tribes outside of New England against the colonies. The war from 1675-1676 killed thousands of people on both sides and many towns and villages were burned - Colonies won, king Philips was killed - Colonies ended American Indian resistance against New England 6. Restoration Colonies Key Concepts & Main Ideas Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies. Notes The Carolinas… Charles ll gave huge amounts of land to eight nobles who helped him gain the throne. Then they became the lord of proprietors of carolinas in 1663. In 1729. the two royal colonies of south and north carolina were formed. South Carolina… Few colonists from England and Barbados founded a town after their King known as Charlestin (1670). Their economy was based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies. By the 18th century, South Carolina’s rice plantations resembled the economy and culture of the west indies. North Carolina… This side of Carolina was developed differently. Farmers from Virginia and New England came to NC and established small tobacco farms. Had few harbors and poor transportation = less plantations and less slavery. Earned reputation for democratic view and autonomy from british control New York Analysis To what extent did the English Civil War serve as a turning point for the colonies in America, what were the characteristics before and after that time period? The English Civil war was a turning point because it influenced the start of the New England Confederation that formed due to the lack of assistance when fighting the French, Dutch, or the American Indians. This ultimately showed the colonies that when they are joined together in a common force they can be stronger. Incidents like King Philip’s war and the american Revolution killed thousands on both sides and destruction. Before this turning points the colonies used to fight the Native Americans on their own and were ruled by the English Monarchy. After, colonies came together and helped each other succeed in the battles. Colonies became more independent rather than dependent. Charles ll wanted to close the gap between New England and Chesapeake colonies, so the Dutch had to give up on New Amsterdam (on Manhattan Island and Hudson River Valley. King gave his brother (Duke of York) land between Connecticut and Delaware bay. James had a force easily invaded and took over dutch Colony (governed by Peter Stuyvesant). Renamed to New York which allowed them to worship freely & speak their own language. James ordered new taxes, duties, and rent w/ out consent of the representative assembly. The colony had no assembly allowed (taxation without representation) and it did not end well so in 1683 he allowed the governor to grant political and civil rights. New Jersey New York was too big to manage so it was split in 1664. James gave the section between Huson river and Delaware bay to John Berkeley and George Carteret. One got east and one got west New Jersey. Both offered land and religious freedom along with assembly to attract settlers. Soon many quakers moved into the area. Land changed constantly and random property lines added confusion. In 1702, they combined to form a Royal Colony named New Jersey. Pennsylvania and Delaware… West of NJ was forest lands. Originally settled by Quakers, a peaceful christian act. Quakers… Members of the religious society of friends who believed in equality of both genders, nonviolence and resistance to military service. believed religious authority was within the soul not a bible or outside source. seen as radical challenge to authority. Many were jailed and persecuted. William Penn… Converted to Quaker faith. Father was an admiral and served the king. His father did not agree with his beliefs but he respected him and gave him his wealth. Royal family owed his father a large sum of money so in return they paid William with land in America in 1681. It was called Pennsylvania or Penn’s wood. “Holy Experiment”… Penn wanted his colony to be a refuge for Quakers and others, to enact liberal ideas in government, and become wealthy. Gave his colony the “Frame of Government” in 1663-1863. Guaranteed a representative assembly (elected by landowners) and constitution -Charter of Liberties 1701. The Constitution guaranteed freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration. He lived in his colony (Philadelphia), bought the grid pattern streets (later imitated by cities), and treated Indians fairly. Penn published notices through Europe to attract settlers. Delaware… Penn granted the three lower counties of Pennsylvania to their own assembly. Later it became a separate colony but had the same governor as PA until the American Revolution. (1702) Georgia: The Last Colony… Georgia was chartered. Last English colony and only one to receive direct financial support. Britain wanted georgia… (1) they wanted a defensive buffer to protect SC from Spanish (2) Thousands were in prison for debt so they sent them to Georgia instead of jail. (debtors) Special Regulations… Philanthropist James Olgelthrope founded the first settlement, Savannah in 1733 (GA). He was the first governor and made strict regulations (baning drinking and slavery), but the colony did not prosper due to spanish threat. Royal Colony… Compare and contrast the Middle Colonies and Southern Colonies during the Restoration era. Both the middle colonies and the southern colonies formed and developed rapidly as a result of the restoration period and were under English rule. Slavery was not prominent in middle colonies and economy was mostly based on trade. People in middle colonies are deeply connected to church and village communities compared to southern colonies where it developed in rural ways. Both had fertile farmland, but middle colonies were able to use this for many trading opportunities. Oglethorpe finally gave the colony back to the British government and it became a Royal colony. Restrictions on rum and slavery were dropped. grew slowly by adopting a plantation system. By the American Revolution GA was the smallest and poorest. 7. Mercantilism and the Empire Key Concepts & Main Ideas The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the “Atlantic World” had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America. “Atlantic World” commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American native peoples stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, and reshaped labor systems. Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown accustomed to a large measure of autonomy. Notes Analysis Mercantilism and the Empire… Identify the causes and motivations of the British mercantile system. Which one is most significant? Why? Europeans adopted mercantilism (looked upon trade, colonies, and accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country’s military and political strength) in the 17th century. The mercantilist doctrine states a government should regulate trade and production to enable it to become self-sufficient. . Colonies gave the parent country raw materials for growth and profit. Colonies existed for one reason: to enrich the parent country. Acts of Trade and Navigation… (1650-1673) (1) trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or colonial-built ships, which could only be operated by English, or colonial crew. (2) All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass through ports in england. (3) Specified or enumerated goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original specified good, but over the years the list grew larger. The British mercantile system was needed to enrich the mother country, prosperity/ increase of wealth, increase political power, and for England to be the first trade power and exclude any other country.. The most significant is self-sufficiency because England wanted to use the colonies to gain wealth and power and for the personal gain of the country. They wanted to reach it through their colonies because they exist to enrich the parent country and the English economy was in dire need. Impact on the Colonies… The acts had mixed effects. acts caused New England shipbuilding to prosper, it provided Chesapeake tobacco to monopolize and provided English military forces to protect colonies. Limited development in colonies forced Chesapeake farmers to accept low prices. colonists paid high prices for goods from England. Mercantilist regulations were unnecessary because England is the colonists primary trading partner. The negative aspects overpowered the advantages, so the Colonists resented the lawas and would defy the law, mostly in New England. Enforcement of the Acts… The British government didn’t enforce laws strictly and agents of colonies were often corrupt. Often the King would attempt to overcome colonist’s effort to resist the law trade. In 1684, the crown revoked the Bay’s colony charter since it was the center of smuggling activity. The Dominion of New England… James ll became king in 1685. To increase royal control in America he combined New York, New Jersey, and New England in 1686 and called it the Dominion of New England. Edmund Andros was governor of the new colony, but was unpopular because je levied taxes, limited town meetings, and revoked land titles. James ll did not remain king for long and the Glorious Revolution ended with him losing the throne which ended the Dominion of England and the colonies operated under separate charters. (William and Mary-power) Permanent Restrictions… Mercantilist policies remained after the Revolution of 1688, with more English officials in the colonies. Restrictions on colonial trade were still poorly enforced and were still resented by the colonies. 8. The Institution of Slavery Explain the political, economic, and cultural impact of the British mercantile system. One main cultural impact is that the colonies saw themselves as a separate entity and they started to defy the law which cause them to smuggle and many cultural exchanges occurred. Politically the English are becoming richer which means the government can create a bigger military. Economically they had to sell their products for a low price and buy expensive manufactured products from England including Tobacco monopoly. Key Concepts & Main Ideas The British– American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the Britishcontrolled regions of the New World. Notes Increased Demand for Slaves… Reasons why slavery was important in the south: (1) Reduced migration - increased wages in England reduced immgrants coming to the colonies (2) Dependable workforce - large plantation owners were disturbed by smaller farmer’s political demands (Bacon Rebellion). Stable labor force that was under their control (3) Cheap Labor - tobacco prices feel, rice and indigo became popular crops. These crops needed a large area and slaves provided inexpensive, unskilled field hands. Slave Laws… As slave numbers increased, whites created laws to ensure that slaves were in bondage forever. 1641, Massachusetts was the first colony to recognize the slaves as “lawful” captives. Virginia (1661) made the law that children of a mother who is a slave would be a slave forever too. (1644)Maryland says that baptism did not affect their status and that a white woman shall not marry a black man because whites thought that Africans were less superior. Racism and slavery soon became a thing in colonial society. Triangular Trade… The Royal African Company controlled and monopolized the English trade of slaves. After this, the New England merchants entered the trade. Merchant ships would follow a triangular route that would start in New England and carry rumm to Africa which was traded for slaves. then it traveled along the middle passage (not many survived). Those people were traded for sugar cane and the ship with it would return to New England . This profit was towards the slave trading entrepreneur. Analysis To what extent did African slavery differ regionally in eighteenth-century North America? In New England, slaves had certain rights wheras the slavery in the southern colonies was a big part of it and the blacks were discriminated by the whites espicially in the 18th century. In the Chesapeake region it was a slave society because they reproduced and created communities even in harsh conditions. 9. Explain the HIPP of the primary sources below. Source: Letter written by John Rolfe on his decision to marry Pocahontas, in a letter to Sir Thomas Dale, governor of Virginia, 1614, Smithsonian Let therefore this my well advised protestation . . . condemn me herein, if my chiefest intent and purpose be not, to strive with all my power of body and mind, in the undertaking of so mighty a matter, no way led (so far forth as man’s weakness may permit) with the unbridled desire of carnal affection: but for the good of this plantation, for the honour of our country, for the glory of God, for my own salvation, and for the converting to the true knowledge of God and Jesus Christ, an unbelieving creature, namely Pokahuntas. . . . Shall I be of so untoward a disposition, as to refuse to lead the blind into the right way? Shall I be so unnatural, as not to give bread to the hungry? or uncharitable, as not to cover the naked? Shall I despise to actuate these pious duties of a Christian? Shall the base fears of displeasing the world, overpower and withhold me from revealing unto man these spiritual works of the Lord, which in my meditations and prayers, I have daily made known unto him? God forbid. . . . Now if the vulgar sort, who square all men’s actions by the base rule of their own filthiness, shall tax or taunt me in this my godly labour: let them know, it is not any hungry appetite, to gorge my self with incontinency; sure (if I would, and were so sensually inclined) I might satisfy such desire, though not without a seared conscience, yet with Christians more pleasing to the eye, and less fearful in the offence unlawfully committed. HIPP+: Historical Context: Intended Audience: Author’s Purpose: Author’s Point of View: +Other Context (similar in kind, from a different time): Source: Dutch missionary John Megapolensis on the Mohawks (Iroquois), 1644, Smithsonian (John became the town’s first pastor at Fort Orange (near Albany). As pastor he was not allowed to farm or trade, but received support from the town, while diligently performing his duties, which included teaching the Indians about Christ.) The Women are obliged to prepare the Land, to mow, to plant, and do every Thing; the Men do nothing except hunting, fishing, and going to War against their Enemies: they treat their Enemies with great Cruelty in Time of War, for they first bite off the Nails of the Fingers of their Captives, and cut off some joints, and sometimes the whole of the Fingers; after that the Captives are obliged to sing and dance before them . . ., and finally they roast them before a slow Fire for some Days, and eat them. . . . Though they are very cruel to their Enemies, they are very friendly to us: we are under no Apprehensions from them. . . . They are entire Strangers to all Religion, but they have a Tharonhijouaagon, (which others also call Athzoockkuatoriaho) i.e. a Genius which they put in the Place of God, but they do not worship or present Offerings to him: they worship and present Offerings to the Devil whom they call Otskon or Airekuoni. . . . They have otherwise no Religion: when we pray they laugh at us; some of them despise it entirely, and some when we tell them what we do when we pray, stand astonished. When we have a Sermon, sometimes ten or twelve of them, more or less, will attend, each having a long Tobacco Pipe, made by himself, in his Month, and will stand a while and look, and afterwards ask me what I was doing and what I wanted, that I stood there alone and made so many Words, and none of the rest might speak? I tell them I admonished the Christians, that they must not steal, . . . get drunk, or commit Murder, and that they too ought not to do these Things, and that I intend after a while to preach to them. . . . They say I do well in teaching the Christians, but immediately add Diatennon jawij Assyreoni hagiouisk, that is, why do so many Christians do these Things. They call us Assyreoni, that is, Cloth-Makers, or Charistooni, that is, Iron-Workers, because our People first brought Cloth and Iron among them... HIPP+: Historical Context: Intended Audience: Author’s Purpose: Author’s Point of View: +Other Context (similar in kind, from a different time): 10. Create a map of the 13 Colonies. Recommendations: label colonies, use color to illustrate the three colonial regions, create a key, and write a caption summarizing the significance of the map. Massachusetts Connecticut New York Pennsylvania Virginia North Carolina Georgia New France New Hampshire Rhode Island New Jersey Delaware Maryland South Carolina New Spain Maine (part of Massachusetts – not a colony) Vermont (part of New York and disputed with New Hampshire Key NEW ENGLAND (Northern Colonies) MIDDLE COLONIES SOUTHERN COLONIES Caption: Food for Thought: Like the rest of us, you probably bought the ol’ Thirteen Colonies story, but it’s not an accurate depiction of colonial America for most of its history. In 1606 King James I chartered just two companies to settle North America, the Virginia Company of London and the Plymouth Company. As settlements were founded, each new city was recognized as its own colony: for example, Connecticut actually contained 500 distinct “colonies” (or “plantations”) before they were merged into a single colony in 1661. Sometimes colonies were mashed together into mega-colonies, like the short-liked, super-unpopular Dominion of New England, which incorporated Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine from 1686 to 1691, plus New York and New Jersey from 1688 to 1691 for good measure. Colonies also split, like Massachusetts, which spawned New Hampshire in 1679. And some colonies weren’t really colonies at all: while it’s often listed as one of the Thirteen Colonies that rebelled in 1775, Delaware wasn’t technically a colony or a province. Designated “the Lower Counties on the Delaware,” it had its own assembly but fell under the authority of the governor of Pennsylvania until it declared itself an independent state in August 1776. So technically, there were just 12 colonies in 1775 and 13 states in 1776. (Source: The Mental Floss History of the United States, Erik Sass, 2010)