Chapter 17 Motivating Employees

Chapter 17 Motivating Employees 1) The ______The element in the definition of motives is the measurement of density, movement,vigor. A) persistence B) effort C) energy D) direction Answer: С Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.1: Define motivation Classification: Concept element in the definition of motivation is a measure of intensity, drive, and 2) Some people are motivated and some are not. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking g Learning Obj: LO 17.1: Define motivation Classification: Concept 3) The definition of motivation has three key elements: effort, direction, and persistence. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.1: Define motivation Classification: Concept 4) In the study of motivation, quality is irrelevant to the energy element. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.1: Define motivation Classification: Concept 5) Define motivation and discuss the three elements of motivation. Answer: Motivation refers to the process by which a person's efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal. This definition has three key elements: energy, direction, and persistence. The energy element is a measure of intensity, drive, and vigor. A motivated person puts forth effort and works hard. Ноwever, the quality of the effort must be considered as well as its intensity. High levels of effort don't necessarily lead to favorable job performance unless the effort is channeled in a direction that benefits the organization. Effort that's directed toward, and consistent with, organizational goals is the kind of effort we want from employees. Finally, motivation includes a persistence dimension. We want employees to persist in putting forth effort to achieve those goals. Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral communication Learning Obj: LO 17.1: Define motivation Classification: Concept 6) In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in the hierarchy. A) psychomotor B) physiological C) psychological D) psychographic Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept needs form the lowest or foundational step 7) Matthew is worried that he will not be able to pay his mortgage and feed his family since he was laid off from his production job. Which one of Maslow's levels of need is a concern to Matthew? A) self-actualization B) esteem C) psychological D) physiological Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application (8) according to Maslow's hierarchy of Needs theory, when the employer presents his employees Health insurance. he takes care of them. Needs. (A) safety (B) social services (C) self-employment (D) recognition Answer: a Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Objection: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: application 9) in the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when a company has a space where Staff members can meet during breaks and join each other. The company cares. Staff Needs. (A) safety (B) self-execution (C) social services (D) psychology Answer: C) Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Objection: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: application 10) in the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, when a company names an " Employee The company talks to employees. Needs. (A) safety (B) self-execution (C) recognition (D) psychology Answer: C) Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Objection: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast theories of motivation Classification: application (11) according to Maslow's hierarchical theory of needs, one needs self-respect.,Autonomy, achievement, status, recognition and interest are the catalysts.(A) safety(B) self-execution(C) social services(D) recognition Answer: d) Diff: 2 Reverse thinking Learning Objection: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of Classification: concept Needs. His professional association was asked by Marilyn, a physicist at a large company. ، Presented a scientific paper at the National Convention. This kind of confession will help Marilyn. Check it out. Needs. (A) psychological (B) recognition (C) self-employment (D) social services Answer: B) Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Objection: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: application (13) according to Maslow's hierarchical theory of needs, a person's needs are for growth , achievement. His abilities, self-fulfilment are his or her. Needs. (A) psychological (B) recognition (C) social services (D) self-employment Answer: d) Diff: 2 Reverse thinking Learning Objection: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of Classification: concept 14) With its motto "Be All that You Can Be, " the United States Army encouraged recruits tofulfill theirneeds.A) physiologicalB) psychologicalC) esteemD) self-actualization Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application 15) Which one of the following needs is the highest in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory? A) safety needs B) self-actualization needs C) esteem needs D) social needs Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 16) Which one of the following needs is a lower-order need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory? A) social B) esteem C) safety D) self-actualization Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early Classification: Concept 17) Which one of the following needs is a higher-order need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory? A) physiological B) esteem C) power D) safety Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of Classification: Concept 18) According tofaslow's hierarchy of needs theory, satisfied externally while _ needs are satisfied internally. A) physiological; safety B) safety; self-actualization C) self-actualization: physiological D) social; safety Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept needs are predominantly y 19) Joe watches his youngest employees like a mother hen to make sure they stay on task and off their cell phones. Joe is behaving like a manager. A) Theory X B) Theory Y C) Theory Z D) Two-factor Answer: A Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application 20) McGregor's Theory X assumes that employees A) need to be closely controlled to work effectively B) enjoy work C) seek out and accept responsibility D) prefer autocratic supervisors Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 21) McGregor's Theory Y assumes that employees A) have little ambition B) want to avoid responsibility C) enjoy work D) need to be closely controlled to work effectively Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 26) According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which one of the following is a motivator? A) working conditions B) salary C) responsibility D) security Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 27) Herzberg called the factors that create job dissatisfaction factors; when these factors are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they won't be satisfied either. A) intrinsic B) hygiene C) motivating D) dissatisfiers Answer: Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 28) Which one of the following is true about Herzberg's two-factor theory? A) Herzberg believed that the factors that lead to job satisfaction were the same as those that lead to job dissatisfaction. B) To motivate people, Herzberg suggested emphasizing the hygiene factors of a job. C) Satisfaction is not the opposite of dissatisfaction. D) According to Herzberg, removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job will invariably make that job more satisfying and motivating. Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 8 29) The employees at KLM Company are complaining that the supervisors tend to pick favorites within their departments. Company policies are not equally enforced and the favorites are not disciplined for safety violations. These employees are complaining about A) Theory X management B) hygiene factors C) intrinsic factors D) equity theory Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application 30) The three-needs theory of motivation states that there are three major motivators in work. A) psychological B) acquired C) safety D) innate Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept needs that are 31) Which one of the following are the three needs identified in the three-needs theory of motivation? A) need for achievement, need for admiration, need for power B) need for achievement, need for power, need for affiliation C) need for power, need for achievement, need for affection D) need for power, need for affirmation, need for affiliation Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 9 32) According to the three-needs theory, the need for in relation to a set of standards. A) control B) affiliation C) power D) achievement Answer: D Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept is the drive to succeed and excel 33) The need for is similar to Maslow's need for A) affiliation; safety B) power: esteem C) achievement; self-actualization D) affirmation; esteem Answer: C Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 34) According to the three-needs theory, the need for behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. A) control B) leadership C) power D) achievement Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept _ is the need to make others 35) Tiffany is usually the person who takes charge of the situation and gets people moving toward the group's objective. Tiffany probably has a high need for A) control B) power C) achievement D) admiration Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application 10 36) According to the three-needs theory, the need for close interpersonal relationships. A) belonging B) affiliation C) affection D) achievement Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept is the desire for friendly and 37) Bob is a social butterfly. He often leaves his workstation to chat with coworkers. He volunteers for every problem-solving team and enjoys planning the annual summer employee picnic. Bob has a A) low need for safety B) high need for esteem C) low need for power D) high need for affiliation Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application 38) People with a high need for achievement A) emphasize helping others accomplish their goals B) make good managers, especially in large organizations C) prefer moderately challenging goals D) emphasize the rewards of success Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 11 39) You are acting as manager and mentor to Melanie, an employee who has been identified as a high achiever. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, which one of the following measures would most help you motivate Melanie to do her best? A) promising her a promotion and a raise if she reaches her targets B) giving her a job that holds her personally responsible for finding solutions to problems C) setting goals that are just out of her reach D) giving her a managerial position that requires her to help others accomplish their goals Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application 40) According to the three-needs theory, the best managers tend to be A) low in the need for affiliation B) low in the need for power C) high in the need for affection D)) high in the need for achievement Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 41) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, lower-order needs are predominantly satisfied internally while higher-order needs are satisfied externally. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 42) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, once a need is substantially satisfied, that need no longer motivates the individual. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 12 43) Joseph, a line manager at a production facility, believes that his workers have little drive andwill not work unless he pushes them. Therefore, he closely monitors and controls their workanddisciplines those who do not meet his standards. Joseph is a Theory Y manager. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Application 44) Research clearly indicates that the Theory Y manager is more effective in motivating employees than the Theory X manager. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 45) Frederick Herzberg found that when employees were dissatisfied. they tended to cite extrinsic factors arising from the job context such as company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relationships, and working conditions. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 46) Despite the quantity of empirical evidence in its support, managers have largely ignored Herzberg's two factor theory when designing jobs. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 47 47) People with a high need for achievement strive for the trappings and rewards of success rather than for personal accomplishment. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.2: Compare and contrast early theories of motivation Classification: Concept 13 . 48) Write a short essay on Maslow's hierarchy of needs by first describing the needs and then discussing how these needs are interrelated according to the theory. How can managers use this theory to motivate employees? Answer: Maslow proposed that within every person is a hierarchy of five needs: I. Physiological needs: A person's needs for food, drink, shelter, sex, and other physical requirements. 2. Safety needs: A person's needs for security and protection from physical and emotional harm, as well as assurance that physical needs will continue to be met. 3. Social needs; A person's needs for affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship. 4. Esteem needs: A person's needs for internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement and external esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention. 5. Self-actualization needs: A person's needs for growth, achieving one's potential, and selffulfillment; the drive to become what one is capable of becoming. Maslow argued that each level in the needs hierarchy must be substantially satisfied before the next need becomes dominant. An individual moves up the needs hierarchy from one level to the next. In addition, Maslow separated the five needs into higher and lower levels. Physiological and safety needs were considered lower-order needs; social, esteem, and self-actualization needs were considered higher-order needs. Lower-order needs are predominantly satisfied externally while higher-order needs are satisfied internally. Managers using Maslow's hierarchy to motivate employees do things to satisfy employees' needs. But the theory also says that once a need is substantially satisfied, an individual is no longer motivated to satisfy that need. Therefore, to motivate someone, you need to understand what need level that person is on in the hierarchy and focus on satisfying needs at or above that level. Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral 55) The goal-setting theory has most value in countries where A) there is high uncertainty avoidance B) there is high power distance C) individuals are low in assertiveness D) subordinates are reasonably independent Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking: Diverse and i multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 56) At his last performance evaluation, Elliott agreed to earn 20 continuing education credits before his next annual review. Ten months later, he still has not earned any. From this lack of action, we can infer that A) Elliott works in a low uncertainty avoidance culture B) Elliott is low in self-efficacy C) Elliott's manager is a Theory Y manager D) Elliott was not committed to the goal Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 57) In a familiar children's book, a little locomotive was asked to pull a heavy train up a steep mountain. The "little engine," as he was called, kept telling himself "I think I can. I think I can." The little engine was A) high in need for affiliation B) low in commitment C) high in self-efficacy D) low in risk avoidance Answer: C Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application __ theory says that behavior is a function of its consequences. 58) A) Reinforcement B) Expectancy C) Equity D) Two-factor Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 17 59) In the context of the reinforcement theory, reinforcers are A) those consequences that immediately follow a behavior and increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated B) punishments or rewards that are given out for negative or positive employee behavior, respectively C) the specific, unambiguous goals that have been set for employees as a standard for measuring their performance D) the supervisors or managers who have the responsibility of monitoring and reinforcing desired employee behavior Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 60) To help her new supervisors remember the concept of reinforcement theory, Carol told them to remember this: A) What gets measured gets monitored B) What gets rewarded gets repeated C) Whatever can go wrong, will D) No good deed goes unpunished Answer: В Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 61) Which one of the following actions accurately reflects the reinforcement theory of motivation? A) A company's policy of cutting a day's pay if an employee reports to work later than 10.30 A. M. B) A company's policy of giving its sales staff cash coupons for exceeding their daily targets. C) A company initiating a process of job redesign to engage its employees better. D) A company setting specific and difficult goals and ensuring that employees accept them. Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3; Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 18 62) The way tasks are combined to form complete jobs is referred to as 6 A) job evaluation B) job rotation C) job design D) job specification Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 63) refers to the number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated. A) Job scope B) Job depth C) job enlargement D) job enrichment Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept refers to the horizontal expansion of a job by increasing the number of different 64) tasks required in a job and the frequency with which those tasks are repeated, A) Job enrichment B) Job scope C) Job enlargement D) Job depth Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO I7.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept _ refers to the vertical expansion of a job by adding planning and evaluating 65) responsibilities. A) Job enrichment B) Job enlargement C) Job D) Job depth Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 19 66)_refers to the degree of control employees have over their work. A) Task identity B) Task significance C) Job D) Job depth Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 67) Which one of the following is true about job enlargement and job enrichment? A) Job enlargement efforts that focus solely on increasing the number of tasks are largely effective in increasing employee motivation. B) Research shows that job enrichment improves employee motivation and satisfaction. C) Expanding the scope of knowledge used in a job leads to more job satisfaction, enhanced customer service, and fewer errors. D) Research shows that job enrichment is very useful in improving the quality of work of employees. Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 688) In the job characteristics model, _refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. A) task significance B) skill variety C) autonomy D) task identity Answer: D Diff: In AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept _20 72) In the job characteristics model, the dimension of refers to the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out. A) task significance B) autonomy C) task identity D) skill variety Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 73) At 3M, workers are allowed up to 15% of their paid time to devote to projects of their own choosing. For that time, workers have A) high task identity B) high task significance C) high autonomy D) low feedback Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 74) In the job characteristics model, the dimension of _ refers to the degree to which doing work activities required by a job results in an individual obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of his or her performance. A) task significance B) feedback C) task identity D) autonomy Answer: B Diff: AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 22 75) as a flower arranger, Beth doesn't have to wait for someone to tell her. She can look at me. Order and see if she did a good job. Beth worked for him. (A) low importance of functions (B) lack of skills diversity (C) high feedback (D) high autonomy Answer: C) Difference: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning objects: Le 17.3: compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: application 76) according to JCM, which three job characteristics are critical staff Testing the meaning of his work or hers? (A) independence, identity of functions and importance of functions (B) diversity of skills, mission identity and importance of tasks (C) independence, feedback and mission importance (D) diversity of skills, independence and feedback Answer: B) Difference: 3 Reverse thinking Learning objects: Le 17.3: compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: concept (Rule 77) according to the inter-committee committee, any functional characteristic leading to the staff member suffering Responsibility for the results of his or her work? (A) importance of the task (B) autonomy (C) feedback (D) diversity of skills Answer: B) Difference: 1 Reverse thinking Learning objects: Le 17.3: compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: concept (Rule 78) according to the inter-committee committee, any functional characteristic leading to the staff member's knowledge of the following:: Actual results of his or her activities? (A) importance of the task (B) autonomy (C) feedback (D) diversity of skills Answer: C) Difference: 1 Reverse thinking Learning objects: Le 17.3: compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: concept 23 79) Sarah is using the JCM to redesign jobs for her small team of writers. After carefully analyzing their jobs, she determines that while their jobs are high in skill variety, task identity, task significance, and autonomy, they receive little feedback about their work. Which one of the following steps will enable Sarah to improve this aspect of their jobs? A) adding editing and proofreading duties to their existing work B) allowing the writers to directly conduct business with their clients C) allowing writers to choose their topics and assignments D) making employees responsible for executing a piece of work from start to finish Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 80) "In jobs today, employees rely more and more on those around them for information, advice. and assistance. " Which one of the following approaches to job design best reflects this statement? A) the relational perspective of work design B) the job characteristics model C) the proactive perspective of work design D) high involvement work practices Answer: A Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept _ of work design says that employees are taking the initiative to change how 81) The their work is performed. A) social model B) proactive perspective C) job characteristics model D) relational perspective Answer: В Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 24 82) The equity theory proposes that A) offering employees part of the company's shares, or equity, motivates them to do their best because their performance directly ties in with the company's B) employees expect that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance and will be le motivated if that does not happen C) an employee compares his or her job's input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and then takes steps to correct any inequity D) employees are more likely to show initiative at work if they are more involved in decisions that affect their work Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 83) Coworkers Bob and Tom were comparing checks on Friday. Bob saw that Tom's was significantly larger, which made Bob unhappy. Which theory best explains Bob's reaction? A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory B) Herzberg's two-factor theory C) Adams' equity theory D) Vroom's expectancy theory Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 84) After seeing Tom's paycheck, Bob decided their inputs were nearly identical but Tom's check was much larger. Bob decided to take action to make things fairer in his mind. He is most likely to A) increase the quantity of his production B) focus on the quality of his production C) reduce his effort at work D) find another person to compare checks with Answer: C Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 25 justice is the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among 85) individuals. A) Distributive B) Restorative C) Retributive D) Procedural Answer: A Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 86) When Bob discovered Tom had a larger paycheck for the same amount of effort, his concern centered on justice. A) distributive B) restorative C) retributive D) procedural Answer: A Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 87) The company announced it would be laying off several workers because of the loss of several large orders. Employees wondered how the workers to be laid off would be selected. They were concerned with A) equity B) distributive justice C) procedural justice D) need for achievement Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 26 88) In the expectancy theory, is the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance. A) expectancy B) valence C) instrumentality D) saliency Answer: A Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 89) In the expectancy theory, is the degree to which the individual believes that performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome. A) expectancy B) valence C) performance-reward linkage D) effort-performance linkage Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept _ is the importance that the individual places on the 90) In the expectancy theory, potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job. A) expectancy B) valence C) instrumentality D) saliency Answer: В Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification; Concept 91) Tammy's boss has asked her to take on a project in addition to her regular work. According to expectancy theory, Tammy will consider the instrumentality and ask herself. " A) Do I really have time to take cn another project? B) How much time will this project take? C) What's in it for me? D) What are the odds that if I expend effort on the project my performance will be satisfactory to the boss? Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 92) Bonnie's boss has offered her baseball game tickets if she meets her sales goals this month. Bonnie looked at him in disbelief and did not put forth the effort to meet the goals. According to expectancy theory, from this we can surmise A) the expectancy was only moderate B) the reward had low valence for Bonnie C) the instrumentality was low D) the effort-reward linkage was weak Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Application 93) According to the goal-setting theory, a generalized goal of "do your best" will produce a higher output than specific, challenging goals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO I 7.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 94) Goal-setting theory works well as a motivator in cultures that are high in uncertainty avoidance. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept28 95) Evidence suggests goal-setting theory is directly related to job satisfaction. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 96) Managers using reinforcement theory to motivate employees should ignore, not punish, undesirable behavior. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 97) The term job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 98) Making jobs smaller and more specialized is the most effective way of motivating employees. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 99) Job enlargement refers to the horizontal expansion of a job by increasing job sсоре. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 100) An enriched job allows workers to do an entire activity with increased freedom, independence, and responsibility. Answer: TRUE Diff: AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept29 101) Evidence supports that job enrichment is by far the best method to motivateemployees. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 102) In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 103) According to the job characteristics model, combining fragmented tasks will help increase skill variety and task identity. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 104) High-involvement work practices is another term for employee empowerment. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO I7.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept 105) In equity theory, recent research shows that distributive justice has a greater influence on employee satisfaction than procedural justice. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.3: Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation Classification: Concept30 109) Which one of the following is true about managing cross-cultural motivationalchallenges?A) Maslow's needs hierarchy largely remains unchanged across cultures.B) In masculine cultures such as Japan and Slovakia, the focus is on quality-of-life benefits.C) Recent evidence suggests that in collectivist cultures, especially in the former socialistcountries of Central and Eastern Europe, employees link pay solely to performance.D) Most current motivation theories were developed in the United States by Americans andabout Americans. Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking: Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 110) Which one of the following motivating factors or concepts is important to all workers. regardless of their national culture? A) extrinsic factors like pay B) need for achievement C) physiological needs as the foundational need in the needs hierarchy D) interesting work Answer: D Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 111) To maximize motivation among today's workforce, managers need to think in terms of A) job autonomy B) flexibility C) job security D) compensation Answer: Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 33 112) Studies tell us that younger men place more importance on having while younger women seek A) structure; interpersonal relationships B) independence; highly structured work opportunities C) autonomy: convenience and flexibility D) flexibility: learning opportunities Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept in their jobs, 113) Jack Hammer is a retired man who has decided to seek work with your company to supplement his retirement income, As you consider whether he will be a good fit for your department, you decide that he is likely to find satisfaction in the job because it A) is in a highly structured work environment B) offers convenient and flexible work hours C) is characterized by a high degree of independence D) provides an opportunity for interpersonal relationships Answer: A Diff: 3 AACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments; Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Application 114) Which one of the following is true about motivating unique groups of workers? A) ) Higher pay is the only reward that is important to low-skilled, minimum-wage employees. B) Flexible work arrangements have shown a strong link with high motivation levels. C) Money and promotions are typically low on the priority list of professionals. D) For most temp workers, the freedom they get from their temporary status is the main motivator. Answer: C Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 115) Temporary workers are often motivated by A) autonomy in their york and flexibility in their schedules B) the opportunity to become regular, full-time employees C) the ability to change assignments frequently 115) temporary workers are often motivated by a) autonomy in work, flexibility in schedules and B) the opportunity to become regular full-time employees C) the ability to change tasks frequently d) recognition of responsibility answer: B diff: 2 AACSB: reflective thinking learning objects: if, 17.4: discussion of current issues in the motivation classification: concept 116) Flipping burgers at the local drive-thru isMarla's first job, She has no work experience,поmarketable skills. Which one of thefollowing would you suggest her manager do to keepMarlamotivated to perform at herhighest level?A) Pay her more than minimum wage.B) Pair her with a long-term employeeto train her in her job tasks.C) Offer her a promotion if she meets specific goals.D)Recognize her best performance with public praise. Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Application 117) shared with all employees. A) Pay-for-performance B) Self-determination approach C) Open-book management D)1-Change model Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept _ is a motivational approach in which an organization's financial statements are 118) The use of employee recognition programs as motivational tools is consistent with the _theory. A) hierarchy of needs B) reinforcement C) three-factor D) expectancy Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 119) Research indicates that the desire to be treated with respect is important to almost all workers, regardless of national culture, Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept35 120) More than the other motivational theories, Maslow's hierarchy of needs has universalapplication. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Diverse and multicultural work environments Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 121) Professionals tend to be focused on their work as their central life interest, whereas nonprofessionals typically have other interests outside of work that can compensate for needs not met on the job, Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 122) Research indicates that, for the most part, pay-for-performance programs show positive - results. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 17.4: Discuss current issues in motivation Classification: Concept 123) The economic recession of the last few years saw employees at the receiving end of job insecurity, layoffs, tight budgets, minimal or no pay raises, benefit cuts, no bonuses, and long hours doing the work of those who had been laid off. Assuming that you were a manager during these difficult times, how would you motivate your employees? Answer: In tough economic circumstances like the last recession, managers must be creative in keeping their employees' efforts energized, directed, and sustained toward achieving goals. They should look at ways to motivate employees that didn't involve money or that were relatively inexpensive. They can rely on actions such as holding meetings with employees to keep the lines of communication open and to get their input on issues; establishing a common goal, such as maintaining excellent customer service, to keep everyone focused; creating a community feel so employees could see that managers cared about them and their work; and giving employees opportunities to continue to learn and grow, And, of course, an encouraging word always goes a long way. Diff:1 S6) Doug is purposeful and an excellent planner. One thing that his team admires him for is his ability to sift through a whole lot of information to extract precisely what is needed forajob at hand. He is also a quick decision maker. Which one of the following personality types does Doug fit into? A) sensing B) perceptive C) extraverted D) judging Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 57) The Big Five Model of personality includes A) intuition B) judgment C)perception D) extraversion Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept refers to the degree to which someone is 58) In the Big Five Model of personality, good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability Answer: B iff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept15 99) In a short essay, list and discuss five personality traits (not the Big Five) that have proven to be powerful in explaining individual behavior in organizations. Answer: a. People with an internal locus of control believe that they control their own fate. Those with an external locus of control see themselves as pawns, believing that what happens to them in their lives is due to luck or chance. Research evidence indicates that employees who rate high on externality are less satisfied with their jobs, more alienated from the work setting, and less involved in their jobs than are those who rate high on internality. b. A high-Machiavellian person is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. In jobs that require bargaining skills or that have substantial rewards for winning, high Machs are productive. In jobs in which ends do not justify the means or that lack absolute measures of performance, it's difficult to predict the performance of high Machs. c. People differ in the degree to which they like themselves. This trait, called self-esteem is directly related to expectations for success. High SEs believe they possess the ability to succeed at work. High SEs will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional jobs than are people with low SE. High SEs are more satisfied with their jobs. d. High self-monitors are very sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. They are capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private selves. Low self-monitors cannot adjust their behavior. They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation, and there's high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do. e. People differ in their willingness to take chances. Differences in the propensity to assume risk have been shown to affect how long it takes managers to make a decision and how much information they require before making their choice. To maximize organizational effectiveness, managers should try to align employee risk-taking propensity with specific job demands. Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral communication Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions to give meaning 100) to the environment. A) Attribution B) Selection C) Cognition D) Perception Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 27 69) The words "I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul" are consistent with someone who A) is high in openness to experience B) has an internal locus of control C) has an external locus of control D) is out of control Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 70) Peter, an assistant manager, exhibits a distinct lack of emotional involvement with his colleagues and subordinates. His entire focus is on achieving the goals he sets, no matter what course he has to take to get there. These traits lead an observer to conclude that Peter A) is high in Machiavellianism B) has low self-esteem C) is high in self-monitoring D) has an internal locus of control Answer: A Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and 71) An individual who is high in believes that ends can justify means. A) self-esteem B) Machiavellianism C) self-monitoring D) risk taking Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept19 82) The rest of the world sees problems; Martin sees opportunity. He made money in real estalc and lost it when the recession hit. But soon he found another way to earn a living and has become wealthy agan. Martin is high in_ A) self-esteem B) Machiavellianism C) positive psychological capital D) resilience Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 83) Emotional intelligence has been shown to be A) negatively related to job performance at all levels B) negatively related to job performance in middle management only C) positively related to job performance only in mechanistic organizations D) positively related to job performance at all levels Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 84) The ability to sense how others are feeling is known as A) agreeableness B) empathy C) sympathy D) relationship management Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 85) Holland's theory proposes that satisfaction is highest and turnover lowest when A) the locus of control is internal B) an employee is social and realistic C) personality and occupation are compatible D) an employee can adjust behavior to external factors Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 23 91) Understanding the personality traits assessed by the MBTI® helps managers understand the way people interact and solve problems. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 92) The one trait most likely to predict job performance is emotional stability. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 93) A person who rates as being high in Machiavellianism would use any means to accomplish a task. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learming Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 94) Individuals with low self-esteem are more susceptible to external infiuence than are people with high self-esteem. Answer: TRUE Diff 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 95) High self-monitors can't adjust their behavior and there's high behavioral consisteney between who they are and what they do. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 96) Emotional intelligence appears to be relevant for positions that must work in isolation. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept25 21) The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job or actively participates in a refers to the employee's A) job involvement B) organizational citizenship behavior C) attitude D) job satisfaction Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 22) The Hawthome Studies proved that A) there isa correlation betweenjob satisfaction and productivity B)a high level of job satisfaction causes higher production C)a high level of productivity causes higher job satisfaction D) there is no relationship between job satisfaction and productivity Answer: A Diff 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 23) Bryan has heard that one of his best subordinates is not happy with his job and is thinking of leaving the company. Which one of the following would help Bryan retain this employee? A) Offer the employee a raise. B) Find out which work incentive the employee values most. C)Reduce the employee's workload. D) Hint at a promotion in the future if the employee stays. Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 24) Brianne has been coming in late and producing less recently, obviously dissatisfied with her job. Her supervisor would like to know how to deal with these behaviors so they don't spread to other employees. His wisest course of action would be to A) discipline her for being late B) send her to HR for employee counseling C) ignore them and hope the situation resolves itself D) discover the source of her dissatisfaction Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 6 49) As a manager, if you prefer to have a harmonious work environment and dislike reprimanding your subordinates, you would probably score high on the aspect of the MBTI®. A) perception B) thinking C)intuition D) feeling Answer: D Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 50) Which one of the following is true according to the MBTI®? A) Introverted types are practical and prefer routine and order. B) Feeling types use reason and logic to handle problems. C) Perceiving types are rigid and structured. D) Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered. Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Retlective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 51) If your boss could be described as flexible, adaptable, and tolerant, he or she would probably score high on which one of the following aspects of the MBTI®? A) extraversion B) sensing C) feeling D) perceiving Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 52) If you are a good planner and purposeful, you would probably score high on the trait of MBTI®. A) thinking B) perceiving C) introversion D) judging Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 13 ) In the Big Five Model of personality, conscientiousness refers to A) the degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic, and secure (positive) or tense, nerve B) the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, assertive, and comfortable in relationshi depressed, and insecure (negative) with others nervous, C) the degree to which someone is reliable, responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement D) the degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over certain factors oniented Answer:C Dift: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 60) According to the Big Five Model of personality, a person who has a wide range of interests and is imaginative, fascinated with novelty, artistically sensitive, and intellectual is described as A) conscientious B) extraverted C) emotionally stable D) open to experience Answer: D Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 61) Darren enjoys many genres of musie and art. He has visited several European countries. It is very likely Darren is high in A) emotional stability B) openness to experience C) conscientiousness D) agreeableness Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 16 9) Organizational behavior is concerned only with group interactions. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.1: Identify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 10) The goals of organizational behavior can be stated as: If you can explain it, you can predict it. If you can predict it, you can influence it. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking: Analytical thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.1: Identify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 11) Organizational citizenship behavior is discretionary belhavior that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.1: Identify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 12) Organizational citizenship behavior impacts the success of the entire organization. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.1: Identify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 13) What is organizational behavior? How can the study of organizational behavior help managers? Answer: Organizational behavior is a field of study that is concerned specifically with the actions of people at work. It focuses primarily on two areas, individual behavior and group behavior. Group behavior includes norms, roles, team building, leadership, and conflict. The goals of organizational behavior are to explain, predict, and influence behavior. Managers need to be able to explain why employees engage in some behaviors rather than others, predict how employees will respond to various actions the manager might take, and influence how employees behave. Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral communication Learning Obj: LO 15.1: Identify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 3 33) Perceived organizational support is the degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 34) Low levels of perceived organizational support lead to lower turnover. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 35) The cognitive component of an attitude refers to the beliefs, opinions, knowledge, or information held by a person. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 36) Job satisfaction tends to increase as income increases. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 37) Satisfaction with one's job does not necessarily lead to lower absenteeism Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 38) Individuals who experience low job satisfaction are more likely to leave their jobs than individuals with high job satisfaction. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 9 Answer: Cognitive dissonance theory sought to explain the relationship between attitudee 47) Explain cognitive dissonance theory in brief. behavior. Cognitive dissonance is any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. The theory argued that inconsistency is uncomfortable and thas individuals will try to reduce the discomfort and thus, the dissonance. How people cope with cognitive dissonance depends on several factors. The theory proposed that how hard we'll try to reduce dissonance is determined by three things: (1) the importance of the factors creating the dissonance, (2) the degree of influence the individual believes he or she has over those factors, and (3) the rewards that may be involved in dissonance. If the factors creating the dissonance are relatively unimportant, the pressure to correct the inconsistency will be low. However, if those factors are important, individuals may change their behavior, conclude that the dissonant behavior isn't so important, change their attitude, or identify compatible factors that outweigh the dissonant ones. How much influence individuals believe they have over the factors also affects their reaction to the dissonane. If they perceive the dissonance is something about which they have no choice, they won't be receptive to attitude change or feel a need to do so. If, for example, the dissonanceproducing behavior was required as a result of a manager's order, the pressure to reduce dissonance would be less than if the behavior had been performed voluntarily. Although dissonance exists, it can be rationalized and justified by the need to follow the manager's ordersthat is, the person had no choice or control. Finally, rewards also influence the degree to which individuals are motivated to reduce dissonance. Coupling high dissonance with high rewards tends to reduce the discomfort by motivating the individual to believe that there is consistency. Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral communication Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept and 48) In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBT), "sensing" personality types are those who A) like solving new problems and dislike doing the same thing over and over again B) use reason and logic to handle problems C) have a high need for closure and show patience with routine details D) see the big picture and dislike routine Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 12 25) The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization is the employee's A) job involvement B) organizational commitment C)job satisfaction D) organizational citizenship Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 26) Which one of the following is true for satisfied employees with high organizational commitment? A) lower rates of turnover and absenteeism B) higher rates of voluntary turnover C) higher rates of cognitive dissonance D) lower levels of job involvement Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept is employees' general belief that their organization values their contribution and 27) cares about their well-being. A) Job involvement B) Organizational commitment C)Perceived organizational support D) Organizational citizenship Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 28) "Cody has retired on the job" is an expression used to deseribe A) a person approaching full retirement age B) an employee who is disengaged C) someone who draws retirement income while continuing to work D) a person on extended medical leave Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 7 62) It is very difficult to ruffle Doreen's feathers. She has been called a rock, steadfast, slow to anger, calm in the middle of the storm. Doreen is high in A) emotional stability B) sensing C) conscientiousness D) thinking Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 63) A manager makes decisions very quickly and requires little information for making the decisions. Which of the following is a likely reason for this? A) The manager has low self-esteem. B) The manager is high in self-management. C) The manager is high in emotional stability. D) The manager is high in risk-taking. Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 64) When coworkers need help, they ask Edwina. She seems to know more about the job than everyone. She graduated with high honors from college and continues to learn all she can about a variety of interests. Edwina would score high in A) openness to experience B) perception C) thinking D) conscientiousness Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application17 14) The three components that make up an attitude are A) cognitive, affective, and behavioral B) active, behavioral, and adjustable C) emotional, creative, and environmental D) intentional, reactive, and adjustable Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept components. 15) The component of attitude that includes beliefs and opinions is the A) cognitive B) behavioral C) affective D) mental Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job perfomance Classification: Concept component. 16) Which component of attitude is reflected in the sentence, "This is the best way to get to our destination"? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) emotive D) affective Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical thinking: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 17) The A) cognitive B) behavioral C) affective D) spiritual Answer: C component of attitude is based on emotions. Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept $3) Sandy is very good at precise work. She does not tire of repetitive work as easily as sSOm the others. However, when faced with a new problem that requires an innovative solution, her performance is not satisfactory. Sandy's personality is likely to be classified as a(n) type A) sensing B) feeling C)introvert D) intuitive Answer:A Dift: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 54) Alan's temperament is not well-suited to being a researcher. He tends to dislike doing the same thing twice and has no patience to sort out information step-by-step. As a result, he often jumps to conclusions. Alan is most likely a(n) A) sensing B) feeling C) introversion D) intuition Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application type of personality. 55) George gets along well with most people in the team. He is good at his job but needs to be reassured once in a while. Another of George's traits is that he is always trying to keep everyone happy. George can be described as a(n) A) sensing B) feeling C) introverted D) intuitive Answer: B Diff 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application personality. 14 Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning OObj: LO 15A: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 117) The age of the perceiver can influence the perceiver's perceptions. 118) Consensus refers to whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 119) When we make judgments about the behavior of other people, we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and to overestimate the influence of internal factors. This tendency is called the self-serving bias. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 120) "All attractive people are productive. Abigail is attractive; therefore, Abigail is productive." This is an example of the halo effect. Answer: FALSE Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application33 29) Mary dislikes having to convince prospective customers to buy products that she believee inferior to others in the market. However, she has sales targets for all products, superior or otherwise, that she must meet in order to receive her commission. Although Mary tries to meet the target sales for all products, she is torn between her beliefs and the actions she must take. This inconsistency or incompatibility is known as A) negative feedback B) difficult objectives C)cognitive dissonance D) management by objectives Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 30) The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that the intensity of the desire to reduce dissonance is determined by A) importance, influence, and rewards B) resources, commitment, and organizational structure C)stability, position, and power D) awareness, status, and punishments AnswerA Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 31) The regular use of intentions early enough to do something about them. A) employee engagement B) performance incentives C) employee benefit plans D) attitude surveys Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept can alert managers to potential problems and employees' 32) Research indicates that satisfied employees have lower levels of turnover while dissatisfied employees have higher levels of turnover Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept8 65) Edward is the cheerleader type, always smiling, never makes an unkind statement o1. looks for the good in people and situations. Edward is high in_ A) emotional stability B) feeling C) agreeableness D) perception Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Leaning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 66) If you believe that you control your own destiny, which one of the following personality traits are you likely to possess? A) external locus of control B) risk aversion C) high self-esteem internal locus of control Answer: D Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 67) A person who believes that what happens to him is due to luck or chance is said to have a(n) A) internal locus of control B) Machiavellian personality C) external locus of control D) self-monitoring personality Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 68) According to research, employees who have a high internal locus of control A) exhibit more satisfaction with their jobs than externals B) are more alienated from their work setting than externals C) are less involved in their jobs as compared to externals D) blame their bosses for poor performance more often than externals Answer: A Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 18 theory explains how we judge people differently depending on what meanin 101) ascribe to a given behavior. A) Perception B) Behavior C) Attribution D) Stereotype Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 102) If everyone who's faced with a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows A) reliability B) consistency C)consensus D) internal attribution Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 103) People say she will be late for her own funeral. It doesn't matter whether it's a team meeting or a meeting with her son's teacher, Malinda will be late. But she always has a plausible reason, one that is never her fault. Malinda's behavior shows A) high distinctiveness B) low distinctiveness C) high consensus D) low consensus Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application28 104) People in the accounting department generally arrive 15 minutes early. So does Valerie, who is late today. This situation shows A) high consensus B) low consensus C) high consistency D) low consistency Answer: A Diff 3 AACSB: Analytical thinking; Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application 105) Underestimating the influence of external factors and overestimating the influence of internal factors when making judgments about others is known as the A) fundamental attribution error B) self-serving bias C) locus of control error D) halo effect Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 106) "He could do it if he wanted to. He just doesn't like that part of his job, that's all." A statement like this from a supervisor indicates A) locus of control error B) the horn effect C) a halo effect D) a fundamental attribution error Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application 29 21) The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job or actively participates in a refers to the employee's A) job involvement B) organizational citizenship behavior C) attitude D) job satisfaction Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 22) The Hawthome Studies proved that A) there isa correlation betweenjob satisfaction and productivity B)a high level of job satisfaction causes higher production C)a high level of productivity causes higher job satisfaction D) there is no relationship between job satisfaction and productivity Answer: A Diff 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 23) Bryan has heard that one of his best subordinates is not happy with his job and is thinking of leaving the company. Which one of the following would help Bryan retain this employee? A) Offer the employee a raise. B) Find out which work incentive the employee values most. C)Reduce the employee's workload. D) Hint at a promotion in the future if the employee stays. Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 24) Brianne has been coming in late and producing less recently, obviously dissatisfied with her job. Her supervisor would like to know how to deal with these behaviors so they don't spread to other employees. His wisest course of action would be to A) discipline her for being late B) send her to HR for employee counseling C) ignore them and hope the situation resolves itself D) discover the source of her dissatisfaction Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 6 39) An effective way to inerease the job satisfaction of customer service representatives ie increase the level of satisfaction among customers. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Is to AACSB: Reflective thinking: Analytical thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 40) Feelings of fair treatment impact an employee's job satisfaction. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 41) Job satisfaction is a better predictor of voluntary turnover than organizational commitment. Answer: FALSE Difft: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 42) Employees with a high level of job involvement strongly identity with and really care about the kind of work they do. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 43) Highly engaged employees tend to have higher absenteeism but work harder when they are present Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 44) Cognitive dissonance is any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept10 76) is a personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior according to external situational factors. A) Self-awareness B) Self-esteem C) Self-monitoring D) Self-management Answer: C Diff 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 77) A person who can adapt and adjust behavior to external factors has A) low self-esteem B) an internal locus of control C) high self-monitoring D) high risk-taking ability Answer:C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 78) Sarah, the floor supervisor, seems to be a different person depending on whom she is with and what the situation demands. She has the ability to adjust her behavior as and when required. This indicates that she A) has low self-esteem B) is low on Machiavellianism C) has a high need for affiliation D) is high in self-monitoring Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 72) Which one of the following is true of a person who believes that "the ends justif. means"? A) He is likely to be low on self-confidence. B) He is likely to be high in Machiavellianism. C) He is likely to have an external locus of control. D) He is likely to be risk averse. Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept the 73) Though clearly capable, Martina does not seem very confident of herself. She is always unsure of whether she can handle assignments that are difficult and as a result ends up choosing jobs that are fairly straightforward and involve routine work. She is also susceptible to evaluations from other people. Martina seems to have A) high cognitive dissonance B) a high Machiavellianism score C) low self-monitoring D) low self-esteem Answer: D Diff 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 74) If you like yourself, then your personality would be described as having A) an internal locus of control B) a high Machiavellianism score C) high self-esteem D) an external locus of control Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 75) People with high self-esteem A) are more prone to conform to the beliefs of those they respect B) are more likely to seek approval from others C) are more likely to take unpopular stands D) are more susceptible to external influence Answer:C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept20 18) In the statement, "The highway is very busy at 5 p.m., and is scary to drive on, so Ill wait until 7 p.m. to go home," the word "scary" represents which component of an attitude? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) practical D) affective Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 19) When someone chooses to act in a certain way, she is demonstrating the component of her attitude. A) cognitive B) behavioral C) affective D) practices Answer:B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 20) In the statement, "The highway is very busy at 5 p.m. and is scary to drive on, so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," the phrase, "so I'l wait until 7 p.m. to go home," represents which component of an attitude? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) emotive D) affective Answer:B Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 110) Anne prefers one-page memos with only the main points of the issue. As a manager, she has limited amounts of time to read about internal problems. So when she prepares memos for her boss, she provides a brief outline of the situation to spare her boss the agony of having to read the boring details. Anne has succumbed to A) the liking effect B) assumed similarity C) the halo effect D) stereotyping Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Leaming Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application 111) When people judge someone on the basis of their perception of a group to which that person belongs, they are using the shortcut called A) stereotyping B) self-serving bias C) assumed similarity D) the halo effect Answer: A Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 112) "Everyone knows Plutonians are sneaky little wretches who will steal you blind if you aren't careful. Polly is a Plutonian. Therefore, Polly is a thief." This line of reasoning is typical of A) group association B) assumed similarity C) stereotyping D) the halo effect Answer:C Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Leaming Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application 31 99) In a short essay, list and discuss five personality traits (not the Big Five) that have proven to be powerful in explaining individual behavior in organizations. Answer: a. People with an internal locus of control believe that they control their own fate. Those with an external locus of control see themselves as pawns, believing that what happens to them in their lives is due to luck or chance. Research evidence indicates that employees who rate high on externality are less satisfied with their jobs, more alienated from the work setting, and less involved in their jobs than are those who rate high on internality. b. A high-Machiavellian person is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means. In jobs that require bargaining skills or that have substantial rewards for winning, high Machs are productive. In jobs in which ends do not justify the means or that lack absolute measures of performance, it's difficult to predict the performance of high Machs. c. People differ in the degree to which they like themselves. This trait, called self-esteem is directly related to expectations for success. High SEs believe they possess the ability to succeed at work. High SEs will take more risks in job selection and are more likely to choose unconventional jobs than are people with low SE. High SEs are more satisfied with their jobs. d. High self-monitors are very sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations. They are capable of presenting striking contradictions between their public persona and their private selves. Low self-monitors cannot adjust their behavior. They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation, and there's high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do. e. People differ in their willingness to take chances. Differences in the propensity to assume risk have been shown to affect how long it takes managers to make a decision and how much information they require before making their choice. To maximize organizational effectiveness, managers should try to align employee risk-taking propensity with specific job demands. Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral communication Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory impressions to give meaning 100) to the environment. A) Attribution B) Selection C) Cognition D) Perception Answer: D Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 27 134) Operant conditioning happens when we take any sort of action. Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Classification: Concept 135) The influence that models have on an individual is detemined by the amount of attention the model gives to the learner. Answer: FALSE Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior iff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Classification: Concept 136) Both positive and negative reinforcement result in learning. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Concept 137) Define learning and explain the two learning theories that are relevant to understanding how and why individual behavior occurs. Answer: Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. The two learning theories relevant to understanding how and why individual behavior occurs are operant conditioning and social learning. Operant conditioning argues that behavior is a function of its consequences. People leam to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want. Operant behavior describes voluntary, or learned, behavior in contrast to reflexive or unleaned behavior. The tendency to repeat learned behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or lack of reinforcement that happens as a result of the behavior. Reinforcement, therefore, strengthens a behavior and increases the likelihood that it will be repeated. The view that we can learn both through observation and direct experience is called social learning theory. The influence of others is central to the social learning viewpoint. The amount of influence that these models will have on an individual is determined by four processes: attentional processes, retention processes, motor reproduction processes, and reinforcement processes. Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking: Written and oral communication Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Concept 38 components 14) The three components that make up an attitude are A) cognitive, affective, and behavioral B) active, behavioral, and adjustable )emotional, creative, and environmental D) intentional, reactive, and adjustable Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept 15) The component of attitude that includes beliefs and opinions is the A) cognitive B) behavioral C) affective D) mental Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept component. 16) Which component of attitude is reflected in the sentence, "This is the best way to get to our destination"? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) emotive D) affective Answer:A Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical thinking; Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Application 17) The A) cognitive B) behavioral C) affective D) spiritual Answer: C Diff: AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.2: Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance Classification: Concept component of attitude is based on emotions. 2 121) In a short essay, list and discuss three shortcuts frequently used in judging others. Dise the impact these shortcuts have on the management of employees. Answer: Perceiving and interpreting people's behavior is a lot of workK, so we use shorteuts make the task more manageable. These techniques can be valuable when they let us make accurate interpretations quickly and provide valid data for making predictions. However, thev Ir's easy to judge others ifwe assume that they're similar to us. In assumed similarity, the observer's perception of others is influenced more by the observer's own characteristics than by aren't perfect. When we judge someone on the basis of our perception of a group he or she is part of, those of the person observed. stereotyping is the shortcut being used. When individuals form a general impression about a person on the basis of a single characteristic, such as intelligence, sociability, or appearance, the halo effect is the influencing Managers need to recognize that their employees react to perceptions, not to reality. So whether factor a manager's appraisal of an employee is actually objective and unbiased or whether the organization's wage levels are among the highest in the community is less relevant than what employees perceive them to be. If individuals perceive appraisals to be biased or wage levels as low, they will behave as if those conditions actually exist. Employees organize and interpret what they see, so there is always the potential for perceptual distortion. Diff 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral communication Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept to 122) Operant conditioning argues that A) behavior is learned through observation B) all behavior has unintended consequences C) behavior patterns are established in childhood D) behavior is a function of its consequences Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Concept 123) A) Reflexive B) Dissonant C) Operant D) Reactive Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Conceptbehavior is voluntary or learned behavior.34 97) Matching personalities of employees with the requirements of particular jobs leade t. organizational success. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 98) Describe the Big Five Model. List and discuss the five personality traits that are based on the Big Five Model of personality. Answer: In recent years, research has shown that the five basic personality dimensions of the Big Five Model underlie all others and encompass most of the significant variation in human personality. The Big Five provide more than just a personality framework. Research has shown that important relationships exist between these personality dimensions and job performance. a. Extraversion-the degree to which someone is sociable, talkative, and assertive. b. Agreeableness-the degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. c. Conscientiousness-the degree to which someone is responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented. d. Emotional stability-the degree to which someone is calm, enthusiastic, and secure (positive) or tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). e. Openness to experience-the degree to which someone is inmaginative, artistically sensitive, and intellectual Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective thinking; Written and oral communication Learming Obj: LO 15.3: Deseribe different personality theories Classification: Concept 26 113) Bill, a manager at a consulting firm, has been keenly analyzing the performance oe. recruit who turns out to be extremely intelligent. He concludes that she will be a good in the future even though her interpersonal skills are not half as impressive. Th Bill's part seems to be the result of A) stereotyping B) selective perception C) the halo effect D) assumed similarity Answer: C a new anager conclusion on Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Leaming Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application we form a general impression about a person based on only a single 114) By using characteristic, such as intelligence or appearance. A) stereotyping B) selectivity C) the halo effect D) assumed similarity Answer: C Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 115) During the interview Ken was so impressed with Barbie's knowledge of aesthetic engineering he offered her the job on the spot. Unfortunately her job performance did not ı his expectations. Ken may have fallen victim to A) selective perception eet B) stereotyping C) assumed similarity D) the halo effect Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application 116) There is no reality beyond perception; we interpret what we see and call it reality. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 32 Che Was only three but already had a temper. Her favorite outburst was to stomp her foot. er mOther made her stomp and stomp and stomp until there was no more stomping left in her. This mother was using A) positive reinforcement B) negative reinforcement C) punishment D) extinctio Answer: C Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Application to alter her daughter's behavior. 131) Eliminating any reinforcement that's maintaining an undesirable behavior is called A) elimination B) extinction C) punishment D) extraction Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior AACSB: Reflective thinking Classification: Concept 132) The toddler knew if he held his breath his parents would yield to his demands. But this time they returned to their newspapers and gave the child no further notice. These parents were engaging in A) positive reinforcement B) negative reinforcement C) punishment D) extinction Answer: D Diff: 3 Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior AACSB: Application of knowledge Classification: Application 133) Operant behavior is reflexive or unlearned behavior. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior AACSB: Reflective thinking Classification: Concept 37 127) When a manager molds an individual's behavior by guiding his or her leaning in graduas. a steps, he is using A) retention processes B) motor reproduction processes C) programmed learning D) shaping processes Answer: D Diff 2 ted Leaming Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior AACSB: Reflective thinking Classification: Concept 128) If an employee does not exhibit a desired behavior, a manager might use A) negative reinforcement to increase the recurrence of the behavior B) shaping to guide the employee to learn the desired behavior O positive reinforcement by reducing the threat of a punishment D) programmed learning to encourage positive results Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Concept 129) "Any additional violations of company policy will result in escalating disciplinary action up to and including termination." This statement found on many corrective action forms, is an example of A) positive reinforcement B) negative reinforcement C) punishment D) extinction Answer: B Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavio Classification: Application36 69) The words "I am the master of my fate, I am the captain of my soul" are consistent with someone who A) is high in openness to experience B) has an internal locus of control C) has an external locus of control D) is out of control Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application 70) Peter, an assistant manager, exhibits a distinct lack of emotional involvement with his colleagues and subordinates. His entire focus is on achieving the goals he sets, no matter what course he has to take to get there. These traits lead an observer to conclude that Peter A) is high in Machiavellianism B) has low self-esteem C) is high in self-monitoring D) has an internal locus of control Answer: A Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and 71) An individual who is high in believes that ends can justify means. A) self-esteem B) Machiavellianism C) self-monitoring D) risk taking Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept19 is the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal f tors such as ability or effort while putting the blame for personal failure on external t luck. A) Locus of control error B) Stereotyping C) Fundamental attribution error factors such as 107) D) Self-serving bias Answer: D Diff. 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Deseribe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept the observer's perception of others is influenced more by the observer's own 108) In characteristics than by those of the person observed. A) stereotyping B) self-serving bias C) assumed similarity D) the halo effect Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Concept 109) James, a new manager, is a very hard-Working. He believes that people who are hardworking will always make sure that the work gets done on time. Even when he is out of the office, he supposes that his subordinates are working diligently because he works diligently most of the time. James's perceptions of his employees are based on A) stereotyping B) selective perception C) halo effect D) assumed similarity Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.4: Describe perception and factors that influence it Classification: Application 30 Management, 14e, Global Edition (Robbins/Coulter) Chapter 15 Organizational Behavior 1) Individual behavior in organizations includes A) strategies, norms, and roles B) attitudes, learning. and motivation C) structure, culture, and team building D) policies and procedures Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Leaming Obj: LO 15.1: ldentify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 2) The study of group behavior includes the study of A) perception, motivation, and learning B) attitudes and personality C)norms, roles, and leadership D) organization structure and culture Answer: C Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.1: ldentify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 3) The goals of OB are to A) design, produce, and market products desired by consumers B) explain, predict, and influence behavior C) recruit, select, and retain qualified employees D) identify social, environmental, and financial issues Answer: B Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.1: ldentify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept 4) A) Employee productivity B) Organizational citizenship behavior C) Job satisfaction D) Employee morale Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.1: ldentify the focus and goals of individual behavior within organizations Classification: Concept is a perfomance measure of both the efficiency and effectiveness of employees DA) Donna has just moved to the city from a small town and gets a job as an assistant in a law Gm. Not being very familiar with the way things work in the corporate world, she watches her colleagues closely and tries to learn from their mistakes and achievements. This can be described as A) motor reproduction B) positive reinforcement C) reflexive learning D) social learning Answer: D Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Application 125) The influence of models depends on how well an individual remembers the model's behavior. This refers to the individual's A) retention process B) motor reproduction process C) attentional process D) observational skills Answer: A Diff: 2 Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Concept AACSB: Reflective thinking 126) After watching a behavior in a social learning situation, a person can demonstrate learning by performing the behavior. This is known as learning by A) retention B) motor reproduction C) operant conditioning D) reinforcement Answer: B Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.5: Discuss learning theories and their relevance in shaping behavior Classification: Concept 35 79) Kevin is a whirlwind as a research and development supervisor. His colleagues are surnr that even though he makes decisions very quickly and always with less information than othere his decisions are as good as anybody else's. This information implies that Kevin has ers, A) high intuition B) high Machiavellianism C) high risk-taking ability D) low cognitive dissonance Answer: C Diff: 3 AACSB: Application of knowledge Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Application personality impose deadlines on themselves, generally 80) Individuals with a Type emphasizing quantity over quality. A) A B) B C)X D) Y Answer: A Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept 81) People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs are said to have A) proactive B) self-aware C) reactive personalities. D) agreeable Answer: A Diff: 1 AACSB: Reflective thinking Learning Obj: LO 15.3: Describe different personality theories Classification: Concept