Solutions and Test Bank For Sociology Part 4

91. The type of applied sociological thinking that focused on how society shaped the mind and identity of people was called _____. a. the Chicago School b. the Social Darwinist School c. classical European theory d. the organic metaphor ANSWER: a 92. The Chicago School sociologist who was a leader in the settlement house movement and who did systematic research geared toward improving the lives of the dispossessed groups within the city was: a. Jane Addams. b. Robert Park. c. Lester Ward. d. George Herbert Mead. ANSWER: a 93. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an early sociologist whose contributions to the field have only recently been examined. She is best known for her work a. on the design of cities. b. aimed at improving the lives of urban immigrants and the homeless. c. in the anti-lynching movement. d. with the NAACP. ANSWER: c 94. What is the purpose of sociological theory? a. To make sociology seem more academic b. To organize and interpret observations c. To provide a way to do sociology without having to conduct research d. To describe what sociology is ANSWER: b 95. Theoretical frameworks that strive to understand society as a whole are called _____. a. macrosociology b. microsociology c. theories of the middle range d. universalistic sociology ANSWER: a 96. Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction are categorized as _____. a. macrosociology b. microsociology c. theories of the middle range d. universalistic sociology ANSWER: b 97. _____ interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of society as a whole. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interaction d. Positivism ANSWER: a 98. At its most basic level, the function of the family is _____. a. emotional support b. reproduction c. marriage d. economic support ANSWER: b 99. Functionalism emphasizes all of the following except a. the consensus that exists in society. b. the order that exists in society. c. shared public values. d. the role of coercion and power. ANSWER: d 100. Merton called the unintended consequences of behavior _____ functions. a. latent b. manifest c. hidden d. indirect ANSWER: a 101. From a functionalist perspective, unequal distribution of resources a. is a reflection of who has the most power to decide how resources are distributed. b. is fair because some roles are more important to society than others. c. does not occur. d. is not fair since everyone has an important role to play in society. ANSWER: b 102. Critics of functionalism argue that it: a. failstoemphasizethefactthatsociety’scomponentpartsworktogetherasawholesystem. b. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in society. c. is too microsociological in its approach. ANSWER: b 103. Conflict theory originated in the work of _____. a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim c. Robert Park d. Max Weber ANSWER: a 104. Conflict theory emphasizes a. a person’sorgroup’sabilitytoexerciseinfluenceandcontroloverothers. b. the significance of consensus in maintaining social order. c. the benefits of dysfunctions that cause social change. d. the significance of face-to-face interactions. ANSWER: a 105. According to conflict theorists, social order in society is maintained by a. a shared system of beliefs. b. a shared system of values. c. domination by the powerful. d. social consensus. ANSWER: c 106. Which of the following is not one of the arguments of conflict theory? a. Inequality exists because those with wealth work to defend their advantages. b. Society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources. c. Social order is maintained by consensus and interdependence. d. The dominant groups shape the beliefs of others through control of public information. ANSWER: c 107. A criticism of _____ is that it understates the cohesion and stability found in society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. exchange theory ANSWER: b 108. Functionalist theorists and conflict theorists both share the belief that a. all parts of society work together. b. social behavior originates in the structure of society. c. theory should focus on interpersonal, face-to-face interaction. d. power and exploitation are the basis for order in society. ANSWER: b 109. The idea that people give meaning to their behavior is a fundamental principle to which sociological theory? a. Symbolic interactionism b. Conflict theory c. Functionalism d. Feminism ANSWER: a 110. "Society is socially constructed through human interpretation." This statement is most closely associated with: a. conflict theory. b. functionalism. c. symbolic interaction. d. social exchange. ANSWER: c 111. Symbolic interactionists view _____ as the primary motivation for human behavior. a. whether or not action is functional b. struggles for social and economic resources c. achieving social solidarity d. people’sdefinitionofthesituation ANSWER: d 112. Much of what is presented as common sense in the media and elsewhere about society is often correct. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 113. All human behavior occurs within a societal context. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 114. Sociological conclusions are based on careful and systematic observations. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 115. Sociologists focus on social change and ignore social stability. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 116. From a sociological perspective, concerns with styles and personal appearance are the product of social forces. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 117. C. Wright Mills defined the sociological imagination as the ability to see individual experiences within a larger social context. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 118. Sociologists, like other social scientists, are only interested in unusual or extreme human behavior. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 119. According to Peter Berger, sociologists question actions and ideas that are typically taken for granted. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 120. C. Wright Mills developed the idea of critical distance. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 121. Sociology began as a discipline in response to the upheaval of World War I. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 122. Sociology as a discipline began due to social changes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 123. According to Durkheim, the economic organization of society is the most important influence on what humans think and how they behave. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 124. Positivism was an important influence on empiricism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 125. According to Durkheim, examining social facts is the primary purpose of sociology. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 126. Marx was primarily interested in the study of capitalism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 127. For Durkheim, society is made up of independent parts. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 128. According to functionalists, deviance leads to social change. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 129. The conflict perspective emphasizes the consensus and order that exist in society. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 130. According to Weber, sociological research should be used to promote political beliefs. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 131. Weberbelievedthatpeople’sbehaviorcouldonlybeunderstoodfromtheobjectivepositionoftheoutside observer. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 132. The focus of the early American sociologists was solving social problems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 133. Social Darwinists believed that social arrangements, including poverty and inequality, were natural and inevitable. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 134. The early African American and women sociologists, in particular, felt that the study of society should be combined with social activism. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 135. All functions are positive. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 136. The Chicago School is characterized by thinkers who are mainly interested in macrosociology. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 137. From a conflict perspective inequality serves a purpose in society by motivating members of society to achieve more. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 138. Both functionalists and conflict theorists see the source of human behavior in the structure of society. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 139. Symbolic interactionists see meaning as constantly modified through social interaction. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 140. SociologistswhowerepartoftheChicagoSchoolwereprimarilyinterestedinhowsocietyshapedpeople’s identities. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 141. For functionalist sociologists, society is made up of independent parts. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 142. Symbolic interactionists are focused on the individual only. a. True b. False ANSWER: False 143. According to symbolic interactionists, social order is negotiated. a. True b. False ANSWER: True 144. Explain the statement, "All human behavior occurs in a social context." ANSWER: Not Given 145. Explain what Mills means by "sociological imagination" and how individual experience differs from social structure. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 146. Define the 'sociological imagination.' ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 147. Explain what makes sociology an empirical science. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 148. What did Peter Berger mean when he called the process of sociological investigation "debunking"? ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 149. Explain how sociologists define diversity. ANSWER: NOTGIVEN 150. Explain how diversity serves as a central theme in sociology today. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN  151. Explain how the Enlightenment influenced the development of modern sociology. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 152. What did Durkheim mean by his concept of social facts? ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 153. WhatdoesWeber’sconceptofverstehen mean? ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 154. According to the text, how was the approach of the early American sociologists different from the classical European sociologists? ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 155. What is the difference between manifest and latent functions? Give an example. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 156. What is the major difference between macrosociology and microsociology? ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 157. Explain the concept of debunking within sociology and develop an example. How is debunking accomplished and how do sociologists achieve the objectivity they need in order to debunk common sense understandings of social life? ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 158. Compare and contrast functionalism and conflict theory. Note the distinctive features of each as well as common criticisms of each paradigm. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 159. Explain how symbolic interactionism differs from functionalism and conflict theory. Define the symbolic interactionist perspective view of human behavior. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN 160. Discuss the key contributions of feminism for the understanding of society. ANSWER: NOT GIVEN