Materials Science and Engineering - An Introduction

MATERIALS SCIENCE and ENGINEERING An Introduction Characteristics of Selected Elements Element Symbol Atomic Number Aluminum Argon Barium Beryllium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Carbon Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Gallium Germanium Gold Helium Hydrogen Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Neon Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Platinum Potassium Silicon Silver Sodium Sulfur Tin Titanium Tungsten Vanadium Zinc Zirconium Al Ar Ba Be B Br Cd Ca C Cs Cl Cr Co Cu F Ga Ge Au He H I Fe Pb Li Mg Mn Hg Mo Ne Ni Nb N O P Pt K Si Ag Na S Sn Ti W V Zn Zr 13 18 56 4 5 35 48 20 6 55 17 24 27 29 9 31 32 79 2 1 53 26 82 3 12 25 80 42 10 28 41 7 8 15 78 19 14 47 11 16 50 22 74 23 30 40 Atomic Weight (amu) Density of Solid, 20ⴗC (g/cm3) Crystal Structure, 20ⴗC Atomic Radius (nm) Ionic Radius (nm) Most Common Valence Melting Point (ⴗC) 26.98 39.95 137.33 9.012 10.81 79.90 112.41 40.08 12.011 132.91 35.45 52.00 58.93 63.55 19.00 69.72 72.64 196.97 4.003 1.008 126.91 55.85 207.2 6.94 24.31 54.94 200.59 95.94 20.18 58.69 92.91 14.007 16.00 30.97 195.08 39.10 28.09 107.87 22.99 32.06 118.71 47.87 183.84 50.94 65.41 91.22 2.71 — 3.5 1.85 2.34 — 8.65 1.55 2.25 1.87 — 7.19 8.9 8.94 — 5.90 5.32 19.32 — — 4.93 7.87 11.35 0.534 1.74 7.44 — 10.22 — 8.90 8.57 — — 1.82 21.45 0.862 2.33 10.49 0.971 2.07 7.27 4.51 19.3 6.1 7.13 6.51 FCC — BCC HCP Rhomb. — HCP FCC Hex. BCC — BCC HCP FCC — Ortho. Dia. cubic FCC — — Ortho. BCC FCC BCC HCP Cubic — BCC — FCC BCC — — Ortho. FCC BCC Dia. cubic FCC BCC Ortho. Tetra. HCP BCC BCC HCP HCP 0.143 — 0.217 0.114 — — 0.149 0.197 0.071 0.265 — 0.125 0.125 0.128 — 0.122 0.122 0.144 — — 0.136 0.124 0.175 0.152 0.160 0.112 — 0.136 — 0.125 0.143 — — 0.109 0.139 0.231 0.118 0.144 0.186 0.106 0.151 0.145 0.137 0.132 0.133 0.159 0.053 — 0.136 0.035 0.023 0.196 0.095 0.100 ⬃0.016 0.170 0.181 0.063 0.072 0.096 0.133 0.062 0.053 0.137 — 0.154 0.220 0.077 0.120 0.068 0.072 0.067 0.110 0.070 — 0.069 0.069 0.01–0.02 0.140 0.035 0.080 0.138 0.040 0.126 0.102 0.184 0.071 0.068 0.070 0.059 0.074 0.079 3⫹ Inert 2⫹ 2⫹ 3⫹ 1⫺ 2⫹ 2⫹ 4⫹ 1⫹ 1⫺ 3⫹ 2⫹ 1⫹ 1⫺ 3⫹ 4⫹ 1⫹ Inert 1⫹ 1⫺ 2⫹ 2⫹ 1⫹ 2⫹ 2⫹ 2⫹ 4⫹ Inert 2⫹ 5⫹ 5⫹ 2⫺ 5⫹ 2⫹ 1⫹ 4⫹ 1⫹ 1⫹ 2⫺ 4⫹ 4⫹ 4⫹ 5⫹ 2⫹ 4⫹ 660.4 ⫺189.2 725 1278 2300 ⫺7.2 321 839 (sublimes at 3367) 28.4 ⫺101 1875 1495 1085 ⫺220 29.8 937 1064 ⫺272 (at 26 atm) ⫺259 114 1538 327 181 649 1244 ⫺38.8 2617 ⫺248.7 1455 2468 ⫺209.9 ⫺218.4 44.1 1772 63 1410 962 98 113 232 1668 3410 1890 420 1852 Values of Selected Physical Constants Quantity Symbol SI Units cgs Units Avogadro’s number NA Boltzmann’s constant k 6.022 ⫻ 10 molecules/mol 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺23 J/atom # K Bohr magneton Electron charge Electron mass Gas constant Permeability of a vacuum Permittivity of a vacuum Planck’s constant mB e — R m0 ⑀0 h 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺24 A # m2 1.602 ⫻ 10⫺19 C 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺31 kg 8.31 J/mol # K 1.257 ⫻ 10⫺6 henry/m 8.85 ⫻ 10⫺12 farad/m 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺34 J # s Velocity of light in a vacuum c 3 ⫻ 108 m/s 6.022 ⫻ 1023 molecules/mol 1.38 ⫻ 10⫺16 erg/atom # K 8.62 ⫻ 10⫺5 eV/atom # K 9.27 ⫻ 10⫺21 erg/gaussa 4.8 ⫻ 10⫺10 statcoulb 9.11 ⫻ 10⫺28 g 1.987 cal/mol # K unitya unityb 6.63 ⫻ 10⫺27 erg # s 4.13 ⫻ 10⫺15 eV # s 3 ⫻ 1010 cm/s a b 23 In cgs-emu units. In cgs-esu units. Unit Abbreviations A ⫽ ampere in. ⫽ J⫽ K⫽ kg ⫽ lbf ⫽ lbm ⫽ m⫽ Mg ⫽ mm ⫽ mol ⫽ MPa ⫽ Å ⫽ angstrom Btu ⫽ British thermal unit C ⫽ Coulomb ⬚C ⫽ degrees Celsius cal ⫽ calorie (gram) cm ⫽ centimeter eV ⫽ electron volt ⬚F ⫽ degrees Fahrenheit ft ⫽ foot g ⫽ gram inch joule degrees Kelvin kilogram pound force pound mass meter megagram millimeter mole megapascal N nm P Pa s T ␮m newton nanometer poise Pascal second temperature micrometer (micron) W ⫽ watt psi ⫽ pounds per square inch SI Multiple and Submultiple Prefixes Factor by Which Multiplied 9 10 106 103 10⫺2 10⫺3 10⫺6 10⫺9 10⫺12 a Avoided when possible. ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ ⫽ Prefix Symbol giga mega kilo centia milli micro nano pico G M k c m ␮ n p