Biology Mid Term Scientific Method and Microscopes

The Review Guide is due _______________________________ YOU DO NOT GET A NOTECARD IF THIS REVIEW IS NOT FINISHED ON THE DUE DATE! DOOOO YOUUURR WOOORRRKKKK!! Biology Mid Term - Scientific Method and Microscopes A student wanted to see how different types of music affected students' pulse rates. She played different types of music: heavy metal, rap, R&B, alternative, pop, country, and classical music. 1. What’s the independent variable: 2. Dependent Variable: Type of music heart rate Where does the Ind. And Dep. Variable get labeled on a graph? Independent – “x” axis Dependent – “Y” axis What are the steps for the scientific method in order? Identify problem, Research, Form Hypothesis, Experiment, Analyze data, Conclusion, Communicate Results 3. What part of the microscope supports the slide? (where the slide is place to view it) Stage 4. What part of the microscope regulates the amount of light that passes through the stage? Diaphragm 5. What part of the microscope brings the slide into view on the lowest power (40x)? Coarse Adjustment 6. Supports the body tube and the objectives Arm 7.W hat part of the microscope rotates the lenses to switch from low to high power? Nose piece Ecology Directions: Name dominant plants, wildlife, AND typical weather of each Biome Biome Desert Tropical Rain Forest Deciduous Forest Savannah/ Grassland Tundra Wetlands Dominant Plants Some have no plants, cactus, yucca, etc. Dominant Animals Prairie dogs, jack rabbits, iguanas, road runners, desert mouse, etc. Weather (seasons) Little to no rainfall Hot days, cool nights, dry year round Buttresses/stilt roots give tall trees stability in shallow, wet soil. Epiphytes (plants that grow on plnts. Bromeliads (flowers that trap water) Rainforests are home to 50% of the world’s animals, parrots, monkeys, snakes, lizards, insects insects, insects Many kinds of broad-leafed trees that lose their leaves seasonally (deciduous). Deer, foxes, raccoons, skunks, rabbits, bears, reptiles, amphibians, many insects and birds Four distinct seasons Cold winters / Warm summers, Trees that lose their leaves Too little rainfall to support trees, dominated by a variety of grasses Grazing animals: bison, antelope, cattle, sheep, coyotes, jackrabbits & rattlesnakes Two seasons – wet/dry warm year round Treeless biome across northern N. America, Europe, and Asia. Caribou, reindeer, musk oxen, snowy Little rainfall, long/cold winters owls, Arctic fox, Arctic hare, wolves, Short/cold summers, & permanently frozen layer of soil (permafrost) and snow shoe rabbits Cattails, shrubs, mosses, nonwoody plants Migrant birds Warm/humid all year with at least 200 cm of rain/year Weather varies depending on the amount of water. More water (cooler) Fresh Water Estuaries Taiga Where a freshwater flows into the ocean, rich in nutrients support many kinds of organisms. Cone-Bearing trees (Conifers) Moose, black bear, wolves, deer, squirrels, lynx, chipmunks, eagles and migratory birds Long, cold winters. Snow insulates and protecting tree roots from freezing, Short summers, Nutrientpoor soil Directions: Define the following 1. Biotic Factors- living parts in an environment (ecosystem) such as; archea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, animals 2. Parasitism- symbiotic relationship where parasite benefits and the host is harmed   3. Habitat- an ecosystem where an organism lives and interacts with other communities 4. Abiotic Factor- non-living parts of an environment (ecosystem) such as; sunlight, weather, behaviors, air, soil 5. Commensalism- symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped 6. Mutualism- symbiotic relationship where both species benefit from the interaction (protection, shelter, food) 7. Symbiosis- a relationship between TWO or MORE species in an ecosystem 8. What role does bacteria and fungi have in an ecosystem vs. detrivores? A bacteria and a fungi break down dead plants and animals to a molecular level (tiny molecule) while detrivore just break down dead plants and animals into smaller parts 9. Place one food chain from the food web into a food pyramid below (minimum 3 levels). Coyote Roadrunner Insect Cacti 10. In the food web/pyramid above which organism(s) would receive the least amount of total energy and which organism(s) receive the most? Least energy received: COYOTE Most: CACTI & SHRUBS 11. In the food web/pyramid above what do the shrubs act as (both names)? Autotroph, producer 12. In the food web/pyramid above what does the coyote act as (3 names)? Heterotroph, carnivore, apex predator, consumer 13. In the food web/pyramid above what does the rat act as (3 names)? Heterotroph, primary consumer, carnivore 14. In the food web/pyramid above what does the roadrunner act as (both names)? Heterotroph, secondary consumer, carnivore Define the following: 15. a) List the 7 characteristics of Life: Complete the Energy Pyramid Below 1. Responds to Environment 2. Maintains Homeostasis 3. Grows/Develops 4. Reproduces 5. Adapts/Evolves 6. Made of Cell(s) 7. Requires Energy 250 25 b) List all the Levels of Organization? 2.5 1. Atoms 9. Population 2. Molecules 10. Community 3. Macromolecules 11. Ecosystem 4. Cells 12. Biome 5. Tissue 13. Biosphere 6. Organs 7. Organ (body) systems 8. Organism Type Of Consumer 25 250 2500 Definition Example Herbivore An organism that eats producers or autotrophs (plants – leaves, fruits, vegetables) Carnivore An organism that eats other consumers or heterotrophs (meat – insects, fish) Cougar, eagle, snake Omnivore An organism that eats both plants and animals Raccoon, bear, coyote Detrivore An organism that eats dead plant/animals; breaking them down into smaller parts Decomposer An organism that breaks down (eats) dead plants and animals to a molecular level (EXTREMELY small) Giraffe, elephant, rabbit, deer Vulture, earthworm, crab Bacteria, fungi 23. When sunlight is unavailable, what organism is able to use hydrothermal vents to create energy? Special bacteria (chemosynthesis) 24. List and define the levels of organization of the biosphere. Organism= individual of a species Population = multiple individuals of the SAME species Community = different populations interacting in the same area Ecosystem = communities interacting with each other and the abiotic parts of an environment Biome = similar ecosystems (same plants, weather, and animals) that are located in different parts of the world Biosphere = the earth supporting portions of the earth (soil, land, water, air, atmosphere) 25. What is the difference between an organisms' niche and an organisms' habitat? Niche is the role the organism has in an ecosystem (such as; being the producer or consumer) while a habitat is the ecosystem the organism lives in. 26. What can influence an overall population? Give 3 examples. Limiting Factors – mating behaviors, space, disease, weather, food (other populations), predators, water, shelter 27. What are the two types of ecological succession and when do they occur? 1. Primary – gradual changes in species in a brand new ecosystem (starting from bare rock) 2. Secondary – gradual changes in species where a previously successful ecosystem was wiped out from an event. 28. Properly Create a Food Web with the following organisms below: 29. Properly create a food chain from the following organisms below AND label their roles: Shark Orca (killer whale) algae clown fish Sword Fish Algae  Clown Fish  Sword Fish  shark  Orca 30. Why are food chains rarely longer than a quaternary consumer acting as the apex predator? Due to energy loss from each trophic level, 90% of energy is lost as heat (from life processes such as movement) Biochemistry & Properties of Water 8. True or False: Water is denser in its solid form than in its liquid form. False, water is less dense, which is why it floats 9. Water droplets sticking to itself. Which property of water best explains the attachment of the water to the spider web? Cohesion 10. Water droplets sticking to a toy. Which property of water best explains why the water droplets are able to form small water droplets? Adhesion, because the toy is something added 11. Atoms are composed of (Name 3) Protons, neutrons, electrons 12. Water is polar or non-polar? Polar, because it acts like a magnet 13. True or False: A covalent bond forms between two molecules of water. False, a hydrogen forms between two water molecules 14. True or False: Water's chemical and physical properties are quite similar to most other substances. False, water is really unique and has properties most compounds don’t 15. What type of bond is found between oxygen & hydrogen within the water molecule? Covalent, because the oxygen and hydrogen SHARE their electrons 16. Dietary fats are nonpolar and need a polar protein (enzyme) to transport it throughout the blood stream. Ultimately we are able to absorb fats because a polar protein are: Hydrophobic or hydrophilic 17. Building Blocks of carbohydrates, which include simple sugars like glucose and fructose are examples of what Biomolecule? Carbohydrate 18. A lipid that is composed of single bonds and some double bonds saturated or unsaturated 19. A protein that increases that speed of a chemical reaction; catalysts; decrease activation energy Enzyme 20. Key source of “quick or fast” energy for organisms. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbohydrates 21 . In the laboratory, students pressed raw sunflower seeds between two pieces of paper cut from a brown lunch bag. Oily dark spots appeared on the paper. The test confirmed the presence of which biological macromolecule in the sunflower seeds? Lipid (oil is a fat) 22. Most biomolecules are made up of monomers, or smaller units joined together to make larger compounds. Which of the following is the best example of a monomer? a. the protein amylase c. the sugar glucose b. a sample of cooking oil d. a strand of DNA 23. Which 2 monomers build lipids? Glycerol head and fatty acid tails What do lipids help build in cells? The cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) 23. (again) List the rules describing enzymes. 1. Are not used up 2. Lowers activation energy 23. List the rules (describe) enzymes and label the following diagram. 1. Enzymes only act on the substrate that fits their active site (Lock & Key) 2. Enzymes are re-used for the same reaction (not used up) 3. Enzyme’s lower the activation energy for a reaction (they do not make reactions happen). 3. Bonds with a substrate Noncompetitive substrate Products Substrate Active Site Enzymes Biogeochemical Cycles 24. What are two ways water enters the atmosphere in the water cycle? Evaporation and Transpiration 25. Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a process called Photosynthesis 26. What cycle contains elements that are not usable directly from the atmosphere? Nitrogen (only lightening and nitrogen-fixing bacteria can break the triple bond in atmospheric nitrogen) 27. What are two processes capable of nitrogen fixation (breaking the triple bond)? Lightening and Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria 28. A decrease in burning fossil fuel would decrease what pollutant into the atmosphere? Carbon (it would decrease carbon dioxide) 29. What two agents convert nitrogen gas into forms that organisms can use? a. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lightning c. Fertilizer and denitrifying bacteria d. Enzymes and ammonia b. enzymes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria 30. Which of the following correctly describes the flow of carbon in the carbon cycle? a. Plants  animals  air Cell Theory and Discovery 31. All living organisms are composed of: cells 32. All living things maintain a balance within their cells and the environment through the process of: Homeostasis 33. Which of the following people was the one to name cells, “cells”? Robert Hooke 34. Which are the 3 rules of the cell theory? 1 all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells 3. Cells are the basic functioning unit of life 2. All cells come from pre-existing cells Polar head Non-polar tail Protein structures (pump, channel, etc.) Carbohydrate chains Cells 35. What is the definition of a cell: Phospholipid Bilayer The smallest functioning unit of life 36. This is the genetic make-up of an organism; it determines everything for the organism: DNA! 37. This is the region of the cell between the nucleus and the cell membrane: Cytoplasm 38. The function of the lysosome is to: Uses enzymes to breakdown waste, worn out cell parts, etc. Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Nucleus Golgi Body Cell Membrane 39. Label the numbers of the structure above. Breaking down sugar molecules for 40. Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure 3 energy (Cellular Respiration) 41. Refer to the illustration above. The cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic Eukaryotic, because the cell contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Cell Organelle Cell Membrane Cell Wall Nucleus & Nucleolus Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole Define A barrier for ALL cells, which maintains homeostasis (by only allowing certain ions/minerals in and out of the cell) A tough rigid exterior used for support, located outside the cell membrane Stores the genetic material (DNA) and controls function of the cell (Nucleolus stores rRNA – ribosomal RNA) Captures sunlight energy and converts it into chemical energy (glucose / food) “Powerhouse of the cell” because it uses oxygen to breakdown sugar / food molecules Large fluid filled sac used for storing materials Cytoplasm The jelly filled region between the cell membrane to the nucleus that houses organelles Ribosome Free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the Rough E.R., this organelle is responsible for producing proteins. Rough & Smooth Organelle responsible for producing proteins or lipids needed E.R. within the cell Golgi Body Receives proteins, lipids, & other materials from organelles and packages them to be released outside the cell Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes that breaks down materials and removes waste from the cell Centrioles (similar to Cytoskeleton) Helps with cell division by moving parts of (mitosis) the cell to opposite sides (including chromosomes) Flagellum / Flagellum – long tail like protein that helps with movement Cilia Cilia – short hair like projections that help move materials around the cell Animal/Plant/ Bacteria ALL PLANT/BAC. ANIMAL/PLANT PLANT ANIMAL/PLANT PLANT ANIMAL/PLANT ANIMAL/PLANT ANIMAL/PLANT ANIMAL/PLANT ANIMAL/PLANT ANIMAL/PLANT ANIMAL 42. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic. In comparison to a typical eukaryotic cell, they would be bigger or smaller in size? Bacteria cells do not have complex organelles or a nucleus; therefore, bacteria cells would be smaller 43. Which cellular process takes place in the ribosomes that are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum? The job of the Ribosomes (free floating or attached) is always to produce proteins 44. The diagram above shows different parts of a human sperm cell. Which part is most likely specialized for mobility? T, because flagellum helps with cellular movement 45. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Eukaryotic, because there are complex organelles and a nucleus 46. What type of organism might contain the cell shown above? Animal, because there is no large central vacuole or cell wall. 47. Cells may have different shapes and different numbers of organelles, depending on their function. Which features do plant cells have that animal cells lack? Large central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplasts 48. What is the function of the cell membrane in all cells? To maintain homeostasis, by allowing certain materials in OR NOT allowing certain materials in. Cell Transport 49. What process requires cellular energy to move molecules across the cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to higher concentration? Active transport 51. A biologist diluted a blood sample with distilled water. While observing the sample under a microscope, she noted that the red blood cells burst. This bursting is most likely the result of which process? A active transport C staining B ingestion D osmosis 52. The diagram below shows how a paramecium maintains homeostasis. A paramecium normally lives in a hypotonic environment in which water continually diffuses into a cell. Water continually diffuses into the cell and the contractile vacuole pumps out the excess water, which allows a paramecium to survive in hypotonic environments. 53. The diagram shows a cell and large particles. Many substances, such as proteins and polysaccharides, are too large to be transported into a cell. In a process called endocytosis, the large particle is brought into the cell. Which of the following statements correctly summarizes this process? A. Waste materials carry the particle into the cell. B. The particle passes directly through a protein doorway in the cell membrane. C. The particle passes directly through the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. D. The cell membrane surrounds the particle and forms a vesicle that is brought into the cell. 54. The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called osmosis. Which description represents the effects of osmosis on a plant cell when the concentration of sugar particles is greater inside the cell than outside? A. Water diffuses into the cell, and the cell swells. 55. If it is observed that molecules move across the membrane in both directions, what conclusion can be made about the state of the cell? (Hint: use vocab words) The solution is Isotonic 56. A scientist treats a cell with a chemical that destroys ribosomes. As a result, which chemical process will be stopped? The assembly of amino acids into proteins (Protein Synthesis) 57. Which of these best explains why a freshwater aquarium would be dangerous for saltwater fish? A the tissues of the saltwater fish would absorb too much acid B the organs of the saltwater fish would absorb too much proteins C the organ system of the saltwater fish would consume too much energy D the cells of the saltwater fish would gain too much water 58. Define Diffusion A movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration Does it require a semi-permeable membrane?No, it’s not required, but it can use one 59. Water moves into a cell placed in a(n) _____solution. A. osmotic B. hypertonic C. hypotonic D. isotonic 60. Water moves out of a cell placed in a(n) _____solution. A. osmotic B. hypertonic C. hypotonic D. isotonic Define Isotonic - An equal movement of molecule into and out of the cell Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis 1. What is the original source of energy for photosynthesis and cellular respiration (where does it all originate from)? Sun 38 2 2. Aerobic respiration produces ______ ATP, while each type of anaerobic respiration or fermentation produces ______ ATP. 3. Name the type of reaction takes place in a muscle lacking 02 and may cause soreness: Lactic Acid Fermentation 4. Which process is the most efficient way to convert glucose into ATP? Aerobic Respiration (when oxygen is available) 5. How many carbon atoms does ONE molecule of glucose have? 6 6. Write the EQUATION for photosynthesis AND Cellular Respiration. (sunlight included but does not have to be written 6CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 C6H12O6 + 6O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP 7. Which biomolecule is readily available for use by living cells and are stored in molecules of glucose: Carbohydrates 8. How many molecules of ATP are produced for every ONE molecule of glucose? 36-38 ATP 9. Two organisms that can carry out anaerobic respiration are: Bacteria. Yeast, animals 10. What product is always produced from either anaerobic or aerobic respiration? ATP 11. Define Autotroph Organism that uses sunlight to create energy and Heterotroph Organism that must consume other organisms for energy Write the process to the related reaction: Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Photosynthesis None of these 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. C6H1206 + 602 6C02 + 6H20 + 38ATP Aerobic Respiration Makes a total of 2 ATP for the cell to do work Anaerobic Respiration C6H1206 C02 + H20 + lactic acid + 2ATP None of the Above (aerobic does not produce water) only happens in the presence of oxygen Aerobic Respiration makes Sugar Photosynthesis makes 38 ATP for the cell to do work Aerobic Respiration only happens in the chloroplasts Photosynthesis 6C02 + 6H20 + C6H1206 + 602 None of the above (photosynthesis needs light energy) Is the most efficient way for cells to convert food into energy Aerobic Respiration Converting the sun’s energy into Sugar Photosynthesis 22. The primary role of photosynthesis is to make what molecule (not the name, write the formula)? Glucose, C6H1206 Photosynthesis Equation 6C02 + 6H20 + Light Energy  C6H1206 + 602 23. What is chlorophyll? A green pigment (in the thylakoids) that absorbs sunlight (in light dependent reactions) Where is it located? In the thylakoids of chloroplast 24. True or False: Animals are able to directly use the suns energy. Noooooooooo!!!! Plants can, animals cannot! 25. What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle (light independent) in Photosynthesis (products/reactants)? Uses CO2 (carbon dioxide) to produce sugar 26. Where does the CO2 in photosynthesis come from? Atmosphere 27. What is another name for light independent reactions? Calvin Cycle 28. Of the three stages of cellular respiration, Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron transport Chain which stage if the most efficient at producing ATP? Electron transport Chain What is the purpose of each stage? Glycolysis – splits glucose into pyruvate Kreb’s Cycle – produces carbon dioxide by breaking down pyruvate and electron carrying molecules (NADH & FADH2) Electron transport Chain- uses hydrogens to turn an ATP pump, creating 32-34 ATP Alcoholic Fermentation through _________________________________ and animals go through 29. In the absence of oxygen yeast goes Lactic Acid Fermentation _____________________________________. 30. What are products are made in glycolysis? Pyruvate and 2 ATP (and 2 NADH) 31. People use a process done by single cell organisms to make bread, wine and beer. When baking dough, these organisms release ethanol and CO2, which creates the light a fluffy texture in bread. What process is this paragraph referring to? Alcoholic Fermentation 32. During what stage are the majority of the electron carrying molecules made? Kreb’s Cycle 33. When a cell is lacking in sufficient amount of oxygen, the cell will undergo a process that allows minimal amounts of ATP to be synthesized. What key molecule must be recycled in order to keep glycolysis going? Hydrogen carrying molecules (NADH) 34. Which of the following organisms cannot undergo anaerobic respiration? Plants, because they produce Oxygen 35. Plants undergo a process known as photosynthesis. This process contains two separate stages that synthesizes Oxygen products essential for cellular respiration. The first stage of photosynthesis produces __________ and the second stage, Sugar which does not require sunlight produces ________. 36. Label the following Chloroplast and Mitochondria 37. Identify and label the stages of photosynthesis / cellular respiration occur on these diagrams Where is chlorophyll located? Thylakoids Thylakoid (Light dependent reactions occur here) Stroma (Light independent reactions occur here) 1.Glycolysis – occurs in cytoplasm 2. Kreb Cycle – occurs in Matrix 3. ETC – occurs in Cristea 38. How are photosynthesis and respiration alike (hint: think about products and reactants)? The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of Cellular Respiration 39. What is the purpose of fermentation in multicellular organisms (hint: your cell needs energy with or without oxygen)? To produce a small amount of energy 40. How many ATP molecules are created during the Krebs cycle (Hint: it ranges)? 2 ATP 41. Define Photosynthesis: The chloroplast of a cell converting light energy into chemical energy (stored energy in food) List the stages of photosynthesis with their reactants and products Light Dependent Reactants - Sunlight, Water Product – Oxygen (energy carrying molecules NADPH) Light Independent Reactants – CO2 (and energy from Light dependent stage) Products - Glucose 42. Define Cellular Respiration: A process (usually done by the mitochondria) that breaks down glucose (chemical energy) and releases energy (ATP) for the cell (Prokaryotic organisms use anaerobic respiration because they do not have membrane bound organelles, such as mitochondria) List the stages of cellular respiration and the purpose of each stage Glycolysis – break down glucose into pyruvate (creating minimal ATP and NADH) Kreb Cycle- effectively creates many electron carrying molecules (NADH & FADH2) and minimal energy (2 ATP) ETC – Efficiently creates 32-34 ATP molecules (this stage is the most important stage for creating a sufficient amount of energy for a cell) 43. In which part of the leaf do light independent reaction occur? Stroma of the chloroplast