Test Review Geology 2

Name __________________________________ Clark Science Period ________ Date _____________ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. TEST Review Geology #2 (40 pts.) The process by which rock is broken down is weathering. The process by which sediment is carried away by water or wind is erosion. The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it is deposition. The process in which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together is cementation. Rock that forms from the cooling of magma below the surface or lava at the surface is called igneous rock. Heat and pressure deep beneath Earth’s surface can change any rock into metamorphic rock. In the rock cycle, granite would need to be exposed to heat and pressure deep below the Earth’s surface to change it into gneiss, a metamorphic rock. A series of processes on Earth’s surface and in the crust and mantle that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another is called the rock cycle. According to Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift, the continents were once joined together in a single landmass. Alfred Wegener used the following to support his continental drift hypothesis: evidence from landforms, evidence from fossils, and evidence from climate change. Most geologists rejected Alfred Wegener’s idea of continental drift because Wegener could not identify a force that could move the continents. Pangaea is the name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago Sonar is the technology did scientists use in the mid-1900s to map the mid-ocean ridge. If you follow the locations of active volcanoes and the sites where earthquakes occur you can begin to see the boundaries of the tectonic plates lining up around the globe. Symmetrical magnetic patterns or “stripes” on either side of mid-ocean ridges led to recognition of the occurrence of sea-floor spreading, some of the strongest evidence for the theory of plate tectonics. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory of plate tectonics. Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by convection currents in the mantle. In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts along mid-ocean ridges. A rift valley forms at a divergent continental plate boundary. Where two oceanic plates converge and one plate is subducted, a trench is formed. A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a mountain range. A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions, results in an earthquake. A volcano that may erupt again at some time in the distant future is dormant. Pahoehoe is lava that flows easily and hardens into a rippled surface. Dissolved gases trapped in the magma provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface. The formation of the Hawaiian Islands is one example of volcanoes forming over a hot spot. Upward movement of magma triggers the small earthquakes that occur around a volcano before an eruption. Geologists know that wherever plate movement stores energy in the rock along faults, earthquakes are likely. The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called the focus. A seismograph records the ground movements caused by seismic waves. The Mercalli scale would most likely be used to tell how much earthquake damage was done to homes and other buildings. The rating system that estimates the earthquake magnitude or the size of the seismic waves released by an earthquake is called the Richter scale. Geologists obtain indirect evidence about Earth’s interior by recording and studying seismic waves. The correct order (starting from the surface) of Earth’s layers: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core The most abundant intrusive rock in the continental crust is granite. The uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together form a rigid layer called the lithosphere. The upper part of the mantle that is softer than the rest of the mantle is the asthenosphere. Earth’s mantle is a layer of soft, hot rock. Material in the mantle rises because heated material becomes less dense. Earth’s inner core is a dense ball of solid metal. Please complete the night before the TEST: Amount of time that I studied was ________ minutes. ____________________________________________ Student Signature My child has studied. I have checked my student’s grades on Infinite Campus. _____________________________________________ Parent Signature