ATI TEAS Science Practice Test

ATI TEAS PRACTICE TEST Science 1. The first four steps on the scientific method are as follows: I. Identify the problem. II. Ask questions. III. Develop a hypothesis. Iv. Collect data and experiment on that data. B. Analyze the results. - There are six steps in the scientific process. The results of step four must be analyzed before reaching the final step. "Develop a conclusion." Which of the following is the fifth step in the scientific method? A. Observe the data. B. Analyze the results. C. Measure the data. D. Develop a conclusion. 2. 3. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the use of qualitative and quantitative data in scientific research? A. Quantitative data is collected through numerical measurements. B. Quantitative data is more accurate than qualitative data. C. Qualitative data is focused on perspectives and behavior. D. Qualitative data is collected through observation and interviews. B. Quantitative data is more accurate than qualitative data. THE NEXT QUESTION REFERS TO THE FOLLOWING GRAPHICS: The chart above shows the average snowfall in inches for a two on Michigan's Upper Peninsula, during the months November through April. Which of the following can be concluded based on the information that is provided in the chart? C. The chart shows two specific changes: snowfall levels from November to April and sunny days from November to April. A. April is not a good month to go 1 / 58 The two types of measurement important in science are qualitative (When a numerical result is used) and qualitative (when descriptions or qualities are reported). - Qualitative data is collected through observation and interviews, and focuses on the informant's behavior and perspectives. skiing in the Upper Peninsula. B. Snowfall blocks the sunshine reduces the number of sunny days. C.The fewest sunny days occur in the months with the heaviest snowfall. D. There is no connection between the amount of snowfall and the number of sunny days. 4. Which of the following statements D. The epiglottis covers the tracorrectly describes the function of chea during swelling, thus preventthe corresponding physiologic struc- ing food from entering the airway. ture? - The trachea (windpipe) is cylindriA. The trachea connects the throat cal portion of the reparatory tract and the stomach, encouraging food that joins the larynx with the lungs. to follow this path through contrac- - The esophagus connects the tions. throat and the stomach. When a B. The esophagus is the cylindrical person swallows, the esophagus portion of the respiratory tract that contracts to force the food down joins the larynx with the lungs. into the stomach. The esophagus C. the diaphragm is a muscle that secretes mucus for lubrication. controls the height of the thoracic - The diaphragm is a muscle that cavity, decreasing the height on con- controls the height of the thoracic traction, and increasing the height on cavity, increasing the height on conrelaxation causing expiration. traction (inspiration), and decreasD. The epiglottis covers the trachea ing the height on relaxation (expiraduring swallowing, preventing food tion). from entering the airway. 5. Which of the following is an example B. The pads that support the verteof the location and function of carti- brae are made up of cartilage. lage int he body? - Cartilage, a strong form of connective tissue, cushions ad supports A. The dense connective tissue that the joints. Cartilage also makes up comprises the better part of the struc- the larynx and the outer ear. tural skeleton. - Bone is a form of connective tissue B. The supportive pads that provide that comprises the better part of the cushion at joints, such as between skeleton. It includes both organic 2 / 58 6. 7. the vertebrae of the spinal cord. C. The connective structure made of fibrous collagen that connects muscles and bones, such as the connection of the patella to the quadricep. D. The layer beneath the skin and on the outside of internal organs that provides cushioning and protection. and inorganic substances. - Tendons connect the muscles to other structures of the body, typically bones. Tendons can increase and decrease in length as the bones move. - Fat is a combination of lipids; in humans, fat forms a layer beneath the skin and on the outside of the internal organs. Two criteria for classifying epithelial tissue are: A. Cell type and cell function B. Cell shape and cell type C. Cell layers and cell shape D. Cell function and cell layers C. Cell layers and cell shape are the criteria for classifying epithelial tissue. Where is the parathyroid gland located? A. On the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland, on the posterior aspect. B. On the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland, on the posterior aspect. C. On the lateral thyroid gland, on the anterior aspect. D. On the left lateral lobe of the thyroid gland, on the anterior aspect. A. The parathyroid gland is located on the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland in the neck, on the posterior aspect. 3 / 58 - Cell layers refers to the amount of cells that separate the basement membrane from the surface, such as a simple single layer, a stratified layer (2 or more), or a pseudostratfied layer. - Cell shapes refer to the shape of the outer cells and can be squamous, columnar or cuboidal. - It is part of the endocrine system. - When the supply of calcium in blood diminishes to unhealthy levels, the parathyroid gland motivates the secretion of a hormone that encourages the bones to release calcium into the bloodstream. The parathyroid Gand also regulates the amount of phosphate in the blood by stimulating the excretion of phosphates in the urine. 8. How many organ system are in the human body? A. 12 B. 15 C. 9 D. 11 D. There are 11 organ systems n the human body. - Circulatory System - Digestive System - Endocrine System - Integumentary System - Lymphatic System - Muscular System - Nervous System - Reproductive System - Respiratory System - Skeletal System - Urinary System 9. Which element or structure within the respiratory system is responsible for removing foreign matter from the lungs? A. Bronchial tubes B. Cilia C. Trachea D. Alveoli B. Cilia. - The cilia are the tiny hairs in the respiratory system that are responsible for removing reign matter from the lungs. - The cilia are located within the bronchial tubes, but it is the cilia that have the responsibility for removing inappropriate materials before they enter the lungs. 10. Organized from highest to lowest, what is the hierarchy of the human body's structures is as follows: - Organism, organ systems, organs, tissues. Which of the following comes next? A. Organs, cells, tissues, molecules, atoms B. Organ system, organism, organ, cells, tissues, atoms, molecules C. Organism, organ system, organs, 4 / 58 C. The order of hierarchy of human body structures is as follows: - Organism - Organ systems - Organs - Tissues - Cells - Molecules - Atoms Muscles are types of tissues, so muscles do not have a separate tissues, cells, molecules, atoms D. Organism, organ, cells, tissues, molecules, atoms 11. THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE PERIODIC TABLE place in the hierarchy but instead fall within the types of tissues. B. 44.90 79.9-35 = 44.90 On average, how many neutrons does one atom of bromine(Br) have? Atomic # - 35 Atomic mass - 79.9 A. 35 B. 44.90 C. 45 D. 79.90 12. On average, how many protons does one atom of zinc (Zn) have? Atomic # - 30 Atomic mass - 65.39 A. 30 B. 35 C. 35.99 D. 65.39 A. 30 The number of protons is the same for every atom of a given element and is the elements's atomic number; in this case 30 for Zinc (Zn). 13. Which statement below correctly describes the movement of molecules in the body and/or in relation to the external environment? A. Osmosis is the movement of a solution from and area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. B. Diffusion is the process in the lungs by which oxygen is transported from the air to the blood. C. Dissipation is the transport of molecules across a semipermeable B. In the lungs, oxygen is transported from the air to the blood through the process of diffusion. In which molecules passively move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Specifically, the alveolar membranes withdraw the oxygen form the air in the lungs into the bloodstream. 5 / 58 - Osmosis is the passive movement membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration, requiring energy. D. Reverse osmosis is the movement of molecules in a solution from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration. of a water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through a permeable membrane. - Reverse osmosis is the active transport of water opposite the concentration gradient from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. - Dissipation is a more general reference of the spread or loss of energy. 14. Which gland is responsible for the regulation of calcium levels? A. the parathyroid glands B. the pituitary gland C. the adrenal glands D. the pancreas A. The parathyroid glands The parathyroid glands are four small glands that isa on top of the thyroid gland and regulate calcium levels by secreting parathyroid hormone. The hormone regulates the amount of calcium and magnesium that is excreted by the kidneys into the urine. 15. Which statement matches the function to the organ of the digestive system? A. The large intestine reabsorbs water int he body to form solid waste. B The duodenum is the middle section of the small intestine in which acids, fat, and sugar are absorbed. C. The jejunum is the first part of the small intestine that receives chyme form the stomach and further digests it prior to entering the large intestine. D. The gallbladder produces insulin to assist in the transport of sugars form the blood to the organs. A. The large intestine's main function is the reaborsptlon of water into the body to form solid waste. It also allows for the absorption of vitamin K produced by microbes living inside the large intestine. 6 / 58 - The duodenum is the first second of the small intestine that receives partially digested food from the stomach, also called chyme, further digestion tit with the help of enzymes released by the gall bladder, before it enters into the small intestine. - The pancreases (not the gall bladder) releases insulin to assist in the removal and transport of sugar in the body. - The jejunum is the second portion of the small intestine in which amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars are absorbed. 16. In your garden, you noticed that the tomato plants did better on the north side of your house than the west side and you decided to figure out why. They are both planted with the same soil that provides adequate nutrients to the plant, and they are watered at the same time during the week. Over the course of a week, you begin to measure the amount of sunlight that hits each side of the house and determine that the north side gets more light because the sunlight is blocked by the house's shadow on the west side. What is the name of the factor in your observations that affected the tomato plants growth? A. the control B. the independent variable C. the dependent variable D. The conclusion B. The conclusion was that the amount of sunlight received by the pants was affecting their growth. 17. Which of the following describes one responsibility of the integumentary system? A. Distributing vital substances (such as nutrients) throughout the body B. Blocking pathogens that cause disease C. Sending leaked fluids from cardio- B. The integumentary system includes skin, hair, and mucous membranes, all of which are responsible-in part, at least-for blocking disease-causing pathogens from entering the bloodstream. 7 / 58 - The independent variable was the amount of light that was given to the plants and could have been manipulated by the experiment by moving the plants or adding equal parts of light. - No control was used in this experiment. - The circulatory system distributes vascular system back to the blood vessels D. sorting bodily hormones that influence gender traits. vital substances through the body. - The lymphatic system sends leaked fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood vessels. - The reproductive system stores bodily hormones that influence gender traits. 18. When are the parasympathetic nerves active within the nervous system? A. when an individual experiences a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement. B. when an individual feels pain or heat. C. when an individual is either talking or walking. D. when an individual is either resting or eating. D. The parasympathetic nerves are active when an individual is ether resting or eating. 19. Which of the following best described the relationship between the circulatory system and the integumentary system? A. removal of excess heat from body. B. hormonal influence on blood pressure C. regulation of blood's pressure and volume. D. development of blood cells within marrow. A. The integumentary system coordinates with the circulatory system to remove excess heat form the body. The superficial blood vessels (those nearest the surface of the skin) dilate to allow the heat to exit the Boyd. - The hormonal influence on blood pressure is the result of the relationship between the circulatory system and the endocrine system. - The urinary system is responsible for assisting the regulation of blood's pressure and volume. 8 / 58 - The sympathetic nerves are active when an individual experience a strong emotion, such as fear or excitement. - Feeling pain and hat fall under the responsibility of the sensory neurons. Talking and walking fall under the responsibility of the ganglia within the sensory-somatic nervous system. - The skeletal system is responsible for assisting the development of blood vessels within the marrow. 20. Which of the following statements de- C. Blood returns to the heart from scribes the path of blood entering both the inferior and superior vena into the heart? cava, entering into the right atrium, A. Blood enters the heart through the though the tricuspid valve, and into pulmonary vein, into the right atrium, he right ventricle. Once the right through the tricuspid have to the right ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve ventricle. closes, and upon heart contraction, B. Once the right ventricle is full, the blood is pumped through the blood exits into the pulmonary artery pulmonary artery, becoming oxyand then empties into the left ventri- genated in the lungs. The blood recle. turns to the heart from the lungs C. After traveling through he lungs, through the pulmonary vein, into the oxygenated blood enters into the left left atrium, through the mitral valve, atrium, then through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle.When the to the left ventricle. left ventricle is full, the mitral valve D. Once the left ventricle is full, closes, and the hart contracts and the left tricuspid valve shuts, the distributes the newly oxygenated ventricle contracts, and blood exists blood throughout the Boyd through through the aorta. the aortic valve and into the aorta. 21. The part of the human excretory system most responsible for maintaining normal body temperature is the : A. kidney B. bladder. C. liver D. sweat glands D. Blood is cooled as it passes through capillaries surround the sweat glands. Heat is absorbed along with excess salt and water and transferred to the glands as sweat. Droplets of sweat then evaporate from the skin surface to dissipate heat and cool the body - The kidney, bladder, and liver are NOT involved in regulating body temperature. 22. 9 / 58 A part of which body system controls fluid loss, protects deep tissues, and synthesizes vitamins D? A. the skeletal system B. the muscular system C. the lymphatic system D. The integumentary system D. The skin is a part of the integumentary system, along with the heart, nails, nerves, and glands. The skin controls fluid loss, protects deep tissues, and synthesizes vitamin D. - The skeletal system gives the body its bony supporting structure, protects vital organs, collaborates with muscles in body movement, stores calcium, and produces red blood cells. - The muscular system maintains posture, collaborates with the bones in the body movements, uses energy, and generates heat. - The lymphatic system retrieves fluids leaked from capillaries and contains white blood cells, and part of it support parts of the immune system. 23. There are three insects that are being compared under a microscope. As a scientist, you decide that measuring them would be an important part of recording their data. which unit of measurement would best for this situation? A. centimeters B. meters C. micrometers D. kilometers C. micrometers The best use of the International System of Units (SI) for this situation would be the use of the micrometer as it is the smaller unit of measurement provided and the scientist is using a microscope to view the insects. 24. The respiratory system _____ oxygen and _____ carbon dioxide. A. inhale; exhale B. delivers; expels B. delivers; expels - Our respiratory system inhales air, of which oxygen is one component. From that inhaled air, the reparatory 10 / 58 C. creates; absorbs D. exhales; inhale system delivers oxygen to the body. Though gas exchange, it then expels carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body as we exhale. - The respiratory system obtains oxygen from the air we inhale; it does not create it, and it expels CO2 rather than absorbing it. We do not use our rxepiratyroy systems to exhale oxygen or inhale CO2. 25. Which statement below accurately describes the function of its element? A. collagen is a spongy fatty compound that creates a padding between bones and other structures. B. hemoglobin is the amount of red blood cells that are present in blood, which can reflect disease states, hydration, and blood loss. C. lymph is tissue that forms into nodes through which blood is filtered and cleaned. D. an antigen stimulates the production of antibodies. 11 / 58 D. the name for a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies is an antigen. An antigen is any substance perceived by the immune system as dangerous. When the body senses an antigen, it produces an antibody. - Collagen is one the components of bone, tendon, and cartilage. It is a spongy protein that can be turned into gelatin by boiling. - Hemoglobin is the part of red blood cells that carries oxygen. In order for the blood to carry enough oxygen to the cells of the body, there has to be a sufficient amount of hemoglobin. - the lymph is a near-transparent fluid that performs a number of functions in the body. It removes bacteria from tissues, replaces lymphocytes in the blood, and moves fat away from he small intestine. Lymph contains white blood cells. The lymph node is the tissue through which lymph travels in this filtering process. 26. Which group of major parts and organs make up the immune system? A. lymphatic system, spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow. B. brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells. C. heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries D. nose, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, alveolus, and diaphragm. A. The immune system consists of the lymphatic system, spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow. - The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells. - The circulatory system consists of the heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries. - The respiratory system consists of the nose, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, alveolus, and diaphragm. 27. THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE A. Turn it into an "if/then" statement. BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFOR- A formalized hypothesis written int MATION. he form of an if/then statement can A student is conducting an experi- be tested. A statement may make ment using a ball that is attached to a prediction or imply a cause/effect the end of a string on a pendulum. relationship, but that does not necThe student pulls the ball back so that essarily make it a good hypothesis. it is at an angle to its resting position. As the student releases the ball, it swings forward and backward. The student measures the time it takes the ball to make on complete period. A period is defined as the time it takes the ball to swing forward and back again to its starting positions. That is repeated using different string lengths. Lengthening the string of the pendulum increases the time it takes the ball to make on complete period. What correction would you have the student make to the hypothesis? A. Turn it into an "if/then" statement. B. Add the word "will" in the middle 12 / 58 after the word "pendulum. C. Switch the order of the sentence so that the phrase about the period comes first, and the phrase about the string's length is last. D. No corrects are needed. 28. THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE C. The mass of the ball. BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION. The mass of the ball is appropriateA student is conducting an experi- ly called a control variable for the ment using a ball that is attached to experiment. the end of a string on a pendulum. A control or controlled variable is a The student pulls the ball back so that factor that could be varied, but for it is at an angle to its resting positesting purpled should remain the tion. As the student releases the ball, same throughout all experiences, it swings forward and backward. The otherwise, it could affect the results. student measures the time it takes the ball to make on complete period. A period is defined as the time it takes the ball to swing forward and back again to its starting positions. That is repeated using different string lengths. What would be an appropriate control variable for this experiment? A. the period B. the length of the string C. the mass of the ball D. the color of the ball 29. Which of the following does not exist in RNA? A. uracil B. thymine C. cytosine D. guanine 13 / 58 B. The substance thyme does not exist in RNA. The bases of RNA include uracil, cytosine, guanine, and adenine. 30. In which of the following muscle types are the filaments arranged in a disorderly manner? A. cardiac B. smooth C. skeletal D. rough B. Smooth muscle tissue is said to be arranged in a disorderly fashion because it is not striated like the other two types of muscle: cardiac and skeletal. Striations are line that can only be seen with a microscope. - Smooth muscle is typically found in the supporting tissues of hollow organs and blood vessels. - Cardiac muscle is found exclusively in the heart; it is responsible for the contractions that pump blood throughout the body. - Skeletal muscle, by far the most preponderant in the body, controls the movements of the skeleton. The contractions of the skeletal muscle are responsible for all voluntary motion. There is no such thing as rough muscle. 31. Which of the following hormones is correctly attached with the gland/organ it is produced by? A. insulin; kidney B. testosterone; thyroid C. Melatonin; pineal D. epinephrine; gall bladder C. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland. One the primary function of melatonin is regulation of the circadian cycle, which is the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. - Insulin helps regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. Without insulin, the body is unable to covert blood sugar into energy. - Testosterone is the main hormone produced by the testes; it is responsible for the development of adult male sex characteristics. - Epinephrine, also known as adren- 14 / 58 aline, performs a number of functions; it quickens and strengthens the heartbeat and dilates the bronchioles. Epinephrine is one the hormones secreted when the body sense danger. 32. Which of the following best describes a section that divides the body into equal right and left parts? A. Midsagittal plane B. Coronal plane C. Oblique plane D. Frontal plane A. The midsagittal plane refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into equal right and left portions; it is also called the medial plane. 33. In the development of genetic traits, one gene must match to one _______ for the traits to develop correctly. A. codon B. protein C. amino acids D. chromosomes B. In the development of genetic traits, one gene must match to a portion for a genetic trait to develop correctly. 34. Which of the following is not composed of striated muscle? A. quadriceps B. uterus C. triceps D. gastrocnemius B. Uterus. Skeletal or striated muscles are voluntary muscles that help support the skeletal structures. Example of striated muscles are the biceps, triceps, quadriceps, gluteus, and gastrocnemius muscles to name a few. Smooth or involuntary muscles are muscles primarily found in the visceral organs such as the intestines, 15 / 58 - The frontal or coral plane refers to ta cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections - The oblique plane is when a cylindrical organ is sectioned with an angular cut across the organ. prostate, reproductive organs, bladder and trachea. 35. Which of the following is NOT found in the dorsal cavity of the body? A. cerebellum B. heart C. brainstem D spine B. Heart The vertebral cavity (containing the spine) can be found in the dorsal cavity along with the cranial cavity (containing the brain). The ventral body cavity is divided into several subsections; the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. - The heart is int he thoracic cavity, the stomach is int he abdominal cavity, and the testes are the pelvic cavity. 36. Which of the following best describes the careful ordering of molecules within solids that have a fixed shape? A. physical bonding B. par molecules C. metalloid structure D. crystalline order D. Crystalline order Solids with a fixed shape have crystalline order that defines and maintains that shape. 37. Which of the following statement properly describes how the structure moves during inspiration? A. the lungs contract on inspiration B. the diaphragm moves downward on inspiration C. the ribs remain fixed during inspiration D. the heart moves inward on inspiration B. The diaphragm moves downward or contracts to increase the space in the thoracic cavity. - This downward motion inflates the lungs and contrast the ribs. - The heart's position does not change during inspiration or expiration. 38. Which of the following describes the transport network that is responsible for the transference of proteins throughout a cell? B. Endoplasmic Reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is the cell's transport network that moves proteins form one part of the ell to 16 / 58 A. gogli apparatus B. endoplasmic reticulum C. mitochondria D. nucleolus another. - The Golgi apparatus assist int he transport but is not the actual transport network. - Mitochrondia are organelles ("tiny organs") that help in the production of ATP, which the cells need to operate properly. - The nucleolus participates in the production of ribosomes that are needed t generate proteins for the cell. 39. What occurs during the anaphase of mitosis? A. chromosomes, originally in pairs, separate from their daughters and move to the opposite ends (or poles) of the cell. B. the mitotic spindle fibers begin to form C. the chromosomes align int he middle of the cell D. two nuclei form, surrounded each by a nuclear membrane A. There are four phases of mitosis: the prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. 40. Using the table below, what conclusions can be made about the students' scores? A. the scores increased as the year progressed A. The table reflects student scores for each quarter. The trend that can be seen int he graph is an increase in scores as the year progressed. 17 / 58 - During the prophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle fibers begin to form. - Next, during the metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. - Next, in the anaphase of mitosis, the chromosomes originally in pairs, separated move to the opposite ends of the cells. - then, during the telophase, two nuclei form around the separated chromosomes, each surrounded by a nuclear membrane. B. the girls did better than the boys on the test each quarter. C. the test was about math D. the scores were heavily impacted by the test reviews that were provided - The graph label mentions a test review, but there is not enough information abut that to know if that is the reason for the scores changing. 41. Which of the following statements is correct about normal human lung anatomy? A. the right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two lobes. B. the right lung has two ones; the left lung has three lobes C. both lungs have two lobes D. both lungs have three lobes A. The right lung has three segments: upper, medial and lower. - The left lung has two lobes: upper and lower. - The lobes are further divided into segments. - The right lung comprises ten segments: three in the right upper, two in the right medial lobe, and five int he right lower lobe. - The left lung comprises eight segments: four in the left upper lobe and four in the left lower lobe. 42. All of the following are parts of the cardiac systems EXCEPT the: A. ventricle B alveoli C. atrium D. septum B. Alveoli Alveoli are air sacs found within the lung parenchyma and are to part of the cardiac system. 18 / 58 - The septum is dividing wall between the right and left sides of the heart. - The heart has four chambers: the upper two chambers are the right and left atrium and the lower two chambers are the right and left ventricles. 43. If a biologist is describing the physical and visible expressions of a genetic trait, which of the following is he referring to? A phenotype B. allele C. gamete D. genotypes A. Phenotype The physical expression --such as hair color -- is the result of the phenotype. 44. Which of the following does NOT produce hormones? A. pituitary gland B. the pons C. pancreas D. ovaries B. The pons The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testicles. - They secrete hormones which help regulate mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function and reproductive processes. - The Pons is located in the Brian stem and relays nerve signals that coordinate messages between he brain and the body. 45. Which organ is correctly matched with the cavity in which it is found? A. spleen; pelvic cavity B. brain; vertebral canal C. bladder; abdominal cavity D. heart; thoracic cavity D. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity. - The thoracic cavity extends from the neck to the diaphragm, which divides the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity. - Some of the major structures con- 19 / 58 - The genotype is the basic genetic code. - Allele are two or more alternative gene forms that generally arises via mutation, and are located int eh same part of a chromosome. - A gamete is a germ cell (female or male) that can unite wit the opposite sex germ cell it eh process of zygote formation of sexual reproduction. tained int he thoracic cavity are the ribs, heart, lungs, mediastinum, trachea, and the esophagus. - The spleen is located in the abdominal cavity. - The brain is located in the cranial cavity. - The bladder is located in the pelvic cavity. 46. A substance is considered acidic if it has a pH of less than which of the following? A. 12 B. 9 C. 7 D. 4 C. 7 The number of 7 is the "breaking point" between basic and acidic. - above 7 solutions are considered basic - below 7 solutions are considered acidic - for instance, milk, with a pH of 6.5, is actually considered acidic. - bleach, with a pH of 12.5, is considered basic 47. Which of the following choices best describes the location of the trachea in relation to the esophagus? A. lateral B. anterior C. posterior D. dorsal B. Anterior The trachea is anterior or ventral to the esophagus. The trachea is separated from the esophagus by the epiglottis, which is a flap of cartilage that covers one while the other is in use. - the trachea's proximal portion is connected to the larynx and the distal portion splits off into the right and left bronchi. 48. A triple beam balance would show the B. Grams units of measurement in which form? All of the answers use the System of A. liters International Units (SI) of measureB. grams ment with the exception of gallons. - A liter is the measurement of a 20 / 58 C. meters D. gallons liquid. - Grams are a unit of measurement for the weight of an object, which would be measured on the triple beam balance. - Meters measure length. 49. Which of the following best describes a section that divides the body into equal upper and lower portions? A coronal B. transverse C. oblique D. median B. Transverse The transverse plane separates the body into equal upper and lower portions. 50. Which of the following best describes one of the roles of RNA? A. manufacturing the proteins needed for DNA B. creating the bonds between the elements that compose DNA C. sending messages about the correct sequence of proteins in DNA D. Forming the identifiable "double helix" shape of DNA. C.. Sending messages about the correct sequence of proteins in DNA. - RNA has several roles, one o which is to act as the messenger and deliver information about the correct sequence of proteins in DNA. 51. Which of the following do catalysts alter to control the rate of a chemical reaction? A. substrate energy B. activation energy B. inhibitor energy Catalysts alter the activation energy during a chemical reaction and therefore control the rate of the reaction. 21 / 58 - The oblique plane is when a cylindrical organ is sectioned with an angular cut across the organ. - The midsagittal or medial plane refers to a lengthwise cut that divides the body into equal right and left portions. - The frontal or coronal plane refers to a cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. C. inhibitor energy D. promoter energy - the substrate is the actual surface that enzymes use during a chemical reaction (and there is no such term as substrate energy). - Inhibitors and promoters participate in the chemical reaction, but it is the activation energy that catalysts alter to control the overall rate as the reaction occurs. 52. Which of the following components of the human integumentary system is the deepest? A. stratum basale B. epidermis C. hypodermis D. dermis C. hypodermis 53. The Punnett square shown here indicates a cross between two parents, one with alleles BB and the other with alleles Bb. Select the correct entry for the upper right box in the Punnet square, which is indicated with the letter, x: C. BB Crossing the corresponding alleles from each parents will yield a result of BB in the upper right box of this Punnett square. - TC. he stratum basal is the lowest level of the epidermis, which is the surface level. - The dermis is a layer o connective tissue immediately beneath the epidermis. - The hypodermic, while not a layer of skin, is part to the integumentary system and it is just below the dermis. A. Bb B. bB C BB D. bb 54. Which of the following is NOT a func- C. transmitting nerve impulses betion of the circulatory system? tween the brain and the rest of the A. pumping blood throughout the body. 22 / 58 body to provide tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen B. removing toxins and waste from the blood C. transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body. D. transporting important hormones released from glands to their sites of action. - the circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, and blood. It circles materials throughout the entire body, providing tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen. It is also responsible for transporting hormones and removing waste. - The nervous system is responsible system is for transmitting nerve impulses that originate in the brain and coordinate action in the rest of the body.T 55. Which item below is NOT a disease of the digestive system? A. Crohn's disease B. Diabetes C. Ulcerative colitis D. Diverticulosis B. The digestive system helps the body process food. The stomach, mouth, and esophagus all participate in food digestion. - common disease infecting the digestive system include Crohn's disease, ulcerative Otis, and diverticulosis. - Diabetes is a disease of the endocrine system, that impacts the release of insulin from the pancreas. 56. Which item below best describes the primary function of the nervous system? A. The nervous system is the center of communication in the body. B. The nervous system is primarily responsible for helping the body breathe. C. The nervous system transports blood throughout the body. D. The nervous system helps the body break down food. A. The nervous system is the body's communication center. - The body uses the respiratory system to breathe, and blood is transported by the circulatory system. - The digestive system breaks down food for the body. 23 / 58 57. Which of the following is NOT an element of the respiratory system? A. ribs B. trachea C. diaphragm D. alveoli A. The respiratory system uses the lungs, diaphragm, trachea, alveoli, and bronchi to help the body distribute oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. - While the ribs contain and protect many of these elements, the ribs are part of the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for providing structure, stability and protection to the internal organs. 58. Which of the following cells is NOT part of the immune system? A. neurons B. dendritic cells C. macrophages D. mast cells A. Neurons The immune system helps protect the body from bacteria, viruses, infections, another elements that could cause illness. - A neuron is a nerve cell that is central to the nervous system and transmits nerve impulses. 59. Which of the following is Not one of the major types of bones int he human body? A. dense bone B. long bone C. short bone D. irregular bone A. dense bone The human body has five types of bones: long bones, short bones, irregular bones, flat bones, and sesamoid bones. While bones may be dense, this is no ta major category of bones in the body. 60. Which of the following bone types is embedded in tendons? A. long bones B. sesamoid bones C. flat bones D. vertical bones B.. Sesamoid bones Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons. 24 / 58 -Vertical bones, is not a major bone type. - Long bones contain a long shaft - Flat bones are thin and curved. 61. Two nursing students will be completing a scientific experiment measuring the mass of chewed gum after on-minute chewing increments. Which lab equipment will the students most likely use? A. triple beam balance B. anemometer C. hot plate D. microscope A. Triple beam balance A triple beam balance would be used to measure the mass (in grams) of the gum in this experiment. 62. Which of the following is not a product of respiration? A. Carbon dioxide B. Water C. Oxygen D. ATP C. Oxygen In respiration, the human inhales air, consisting of oxygen, and then produces energy (ATP) and exhales nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water (in the form of vapor). - An anemometer is used to measure wind speed. - A hot plate is used to heat liquids. - A microscope is used to magnify microscopic particles or organs. - While oxygen is a main component of the respiratory system's process, it is not produced by the respiratory system - Rather, it is utilized and distributed throughout the body, and then what is not absorbed, is exhaled back into the environment. 63. Of the following, the blood vessel containing the least-oxygenated blood is: A. the aorta B. the vena cava C. the pulmonary artery D. the capillaries C. Pulmonary artery The pulmonary artery carries oxygen-depleted blood from the heart to the lungs, where CO2 is released and the supply of oxygen is replenished. 64. Which layer of the heart contains stri- D. myocardium ated muscle fibers for contraction of The myocardium is the layer of the the heart? layer f the heart that contains the 25 / 58 A. pericardium B. epicardium C. endocardium D. myocardium muscle fibers responsible for contraction. - The endocardium and epicardium are the inner and outer layers of the heart wall, respectively. - The pericardium is the sac in which the heart sits inside the chest cavity. 65. Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood back to the heart? A. pulmonary vein B. pulmonary artery C. aorta D. superior vena cava A. Pulmonary vein While generally speaking, veins carry deoxygenated blood and arteries carry oxygenated blood, in this case, the pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. - The aorta, takes oxygenated away from the left side of the heart and distributes it throughout the body. - The superior vena cava returns unoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart, to then be distributed through the lungs and deoxygenated. 66. Mrs. Jones's class conducted an experiment on the effects of sugar and artificial sweetener on the cookies recipe's overall color when baked. What would be the independent variable in the cookie experiment? A. The students would use the same ingredients in both recipes, but bake the cookies with sugar at 450 degrees and those with artificial sweet- C. The independent variable that is changed in the experiment in order to determine its effect on the dependent variable or the outcome of the experiment. - The dependent variable result from the experimenter making only one change to an experiment that 26 / 58 ener at 475 degrees. They should in- can be repeated with the same recrease the baking time on the artisults. ficial sweetener cookies, since the package instructs them to do so. B.The students should use the same. ingredients in both recipes, but increase the baking time on the artificial sweetener cookies, since the package instructs them to do so. C. The students should use the same ingredients, same baking temperatures, and same baking times for both recipes. D. The students should use the same ingredients and making times in both recipes, but bake the cookies with sugar at 450 degrees and the artificial sweetener cookies at 475 degrees. 67. Which part of the cell is often called the cell "power house" because it provides energy for cellular functions? A. nucleus B. cell membrane C. mitochondria D. cytoplasm C. Mitochondria Mitochondria are often called the power house fo the cell because they provide energy for the cell to function. 68. What functions do ribosomes serve within the cell? A. ribosomes are responsible for cell movement. B. Ribosomes are organelles that help synthesize proteins within the cell. - Cilia and flagella are responsible 27 / 58 - The nucleus is the control center for the cell. - The cell membrane surrounds the cell and separates the cell from its environments. - Cytoplasm is the thick fluid within the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and contains organelles. B. ribosomes aid in protein synthesis C. ribosomes help protect the cell from its environment D. ribosomes have enzymes that help with digestion for cell movement. - The cell membrane helps the cell maintain its shape and protects it from the environment. - Lysosomes have digestive enzymes. 69. What is the most likely reason that B. Cells differentiate so that simple, cells differentiate? less specialized cells can become A. Cells differentiate to avoid looking highly specialized cells. like all the cells around them. B. Cells differentiate so that simple, non-specialized cells can become highly specialized cells C. Cells differentiate so that multicellular organs will remain the same size D. Cells differentiate for no apparent reason. 70. How is meiosis similar to mitosis? A. both produce daughter cells that are genetically identical B. both produce daughter cells that are genetically different C. both occur in humans, animals, and plants D. both occur asexually C. Both meiosis and mitosis occur in humans, animals, and plants. - Mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical, and meiosis produces cells that are genetically different. - only mitosis occurs asexually C. Deer migration from surround ar71. In the suburban neighborhood of Northwood, there have been large eas populations of deer, and residents have complained about them eating flowers and garden plants. What would be a logical explanation, based on observations, for the large increase int eh deer population one the last two season? A. increased quantity of food sources in surrounding areas 28 / 58 B. Decreased population of a natural predator in Northwoods. C. Deer migration from surrounding areas D. Increase in hunting licenses sold. 72. How do DNA an RNA function together as part of the human genome? A. DNA carries genetic information form RNA to the cell cytoplasm. B. RNA carries genetic information from DNA to the cell cytoplasm. C. DNA and RNA carry genetic information form the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm D. DNA and RNA do not interact within the cell. B. DNA is the primary carrier of genetic information in most cells. - RNA serves as a messenger that transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm off the cells. 73. The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the: A. mouth B. stomach C. small intestine D. large intestine C. Small intestine - Food enters the digestive system through the mouth and proceeds down to the stomach after mastication by the teeth. - Once in the stomach, enzyme are secreted that begin to digest the specific substances in the food (proteins, carbohydrates, etc.) - Next, the food passes through to the small intestine where the nutrients are absorbed and then into the large intestine where extra water is absorbed. 74. What process should the DNA within a cell undergo before the cell replication? A. the DNA should quadruple so that daughter cells have more than enough DNA material after cell divi- C. After cell division, the daughter cells should be exact copies of the parent cells. - Therefore, the DNA should replace, or make an exact copy of 29 / 58 sion. itself, so that each daughter cell will B. the DNA should triple so that have the full amount of DNA. daughter cells have three times the amount of DNA material after cell division. C. the DNA should replicate so that daughter cells have the same amount of DNA material after cell division. D. the DNA should split so that daughter cells have half the amount of DNA material after cell division. 75. What basic molecular unit enables hereditary information to be transmitted from parent to offspring? A. genes B. blood C. traits D. cell A. Genes are the molecular units that enable parents to pass hereditary traits on to their offspring. - The blood, organs, cells and hair all contain the genes that makeup the offspring, but these are not basic molecular units. 76. Which statement most accurately compares and contrasts the structures of DNA and RNA? A. Both DNA and RNA have 4 nucleotide bases. Three of the bases are the same but the fourth base is thymine in DNA and uracil n RNA. B. Both DNA and RNA have the same 4 nucleotide bases However, the nucleotides bone differently in the DNA when compared to RNA. C. Both DNA and RNA have 6 nucleotide bases. However, the shape of DNA is a triple helix and the shape of RNA is a double helix. D. Both DNA and RNA have a double helix structure. However, DNA contains 6 nucleotide bases and RNA contains 4 nucleotide bases. A. Both DNA and RNA mar made up of 4 nucleotide bases. Both DNA and RNA contain cytosine, guanine, and adenine. - However, DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil. 30 / 58 77. Which of the following characteris- B. The CFTR gene refers to genetic tics is part of a person's genotype? makeup while the other choices all A. brown eyes that appear hazel n the describe traits are observable. sunlight. B. CFTR genes that causes cystic fibrosis C. Black hair that grows rapidly. D. being a fast runner. 78. 1. THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION. Let B represent the dominant gene for a full head of hair, and let b represent the recessive gene for male pattern baldness. The following Punnett square represents the offspring of two people with recessive genes for baldness. According to the Punnett square, which selection includes all outcomes that would produce an offspring with male pattern baldness? A. Possibility 1. B. Possibility 4. C. Possibilities 1, 2, and 3 D. Possibilities 2, 3, and 4 B. - because male pattern baldness is a recessive gene, the offspring would need the bb gene combination in order to inherit this trait. - Possibility 4 corresponds to the bb gene combination. 79. 2. THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION. Let B represent the dominant gene for a full head of hair, and let b represent the recessive gene for male pattern baldness. The following Punnett square represents the offspring of two people with recessive genes C. - Because male pattern baldness is recessive, the offspring would need the bb gene combination in order to inherit this trait. - Therefore, any offspring with the B gene will have a full head of hair. Possibilities 1, 2, and 3 all have the B gene. 31 / 58 Complete Punnet square: B. b B. BB. Bb b. Bb. bb for baldness. According to the Punnett square, which selection includes all outcomes that would produce an offspring with a full head of hair? A. Possibility 1 B. Possibility 4 C. Possibilities 1, 2, and 3 D. Possibilities 2, 3, and 4 80. Where is the interstitial fluid found? A int he blood and lymphatic vessels B. in the tissues around cells C. in the cells D. in the ventricles of the brain B. interstitial fluid is food in the tissues around the cells; intracellular fluid is found within the cells. - Fluid in the ventricles of the brain and down into the spinal cord is called cerebrospinal fluid. - Cerebrospinal fluid bathes these sensitive tissues in a fluid that helps to protect hem. - blood and lymph are the fluids that carry nutrients, oxygen, waste, and lymph material throughout the body. 81. Which type of cell secretes antibod- D. Plasma cells secrete antibodies. ies? A. material cell B. viral cell C. lymph cell D. plasma cells 82. Chemical C is a catalyst int he reaction between chemical A and chemical B what is the effect of chemical C? A. Chemical C increases the rate of the reaction between A and B. B. Chemical C decreases the rate of the reaction between A and B. C. Chemical C nitrates the reaction 32 / 58 A. A catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the net reaction. Therefore, chemical C increases the rate of the reaction between A and B. between A and B. D. Chemical C converts A from a base to an acid. 83. What type of molecules are enzymes? A. water molecules B. protein molecules C. tripolar molecules D. inorganic molecules B. Protein molecules - Enzymes are protein molecules produced by living organisms. - Enzymes serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions. 84. Which structure controls the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland? A. hypothalamus B. adrenal gland C. testes D. pancreas A. the hypothalamus controls the hormones sec rated by the pituitary gland. -The part of the brain maintains the body temperature and hips to control metabolism. - the adrenal glands, which lie above the kidneys, secrete steroidal hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. - The testes are the male reproductive glands, responsible for the production of sperm and testosterone - The pancreas secretes insulin and a fluid that aids indigestion. 85. Where does gas exchange occur in the human body? A. alveoli B. bronchi C. larynx D. pharynx 33 / 58 A. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, the minute air sacs on the interior of the lungs. - The bronchi are large cartilage-based tubes of air; they extend from the end of the trachea into the lung; where they branch apart. - the larynx which house the vocal crds, is positioned between the trachea and the pharynx; it is involved n wallowing breathing, and speaking. - The pharynx extends from the nose to the uppermost portions of the trachea and esophagus. 86. All of the following are pats of the respiratory system EXCEPT the: A. trachea B. bronchi C. esophagus D. larynx C. The esophagus is the only structure that is not part of the respiratory system, it is part of the digestive system. 87. What lab equipment would most likely be used to measure a liquid solution? A flask B. triple beam balance C. graduated cylinder D. test tube C. In order to have accurate measurements, the use of a graduated cylinder would be the best measurement equipment for a liquid solution. 88. An atom has 5 photos, 5 neurons, and 6 electrons. What is the electric charge of this atom? A. neutral B. positive C. negative D. undetermined C. The atom is negativity charged. 34 / 58 - The larynx houses the voice box; it also acts as a passageway for air to travel into the lungs. - The trachea connects the larynx to the lungs; splits into the right and left bronchi, which divide into smaller passageways called the bronchioles. - A triple beam balance measure the weight of an object in grams. - A flask and a test tube are used to contain a liquid while being heated or stored. - neutrons have no charge - protons have positive charge and electrons have negative charge equal in magnitude to the positive charge of the proton. 89. All of the following are components C. The genitourinary system is reof the genitourinary system EXCEPT: sponse for removing waste from the A. the kidneys body through urine. B. the urethra C. the rectum D. the bladder 90. Which of the following best describes the structures found underneath each rib in descending order? A. vein, nerve, artery B. artery, vein, nerve C. vein, artery, nerve D. nerve, vein, artery C. Vein, artery, nerve the neurovascular structure found under each rib in descending order is the vein, artery, and nerve. 91. THE TABLE BELOW CONTAINS INFORMATION FROM THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS. D. The atomic number equals the number of protons and the number of electrons in an atom. - Since Be has an atomic number Which pattern below best describes of 4, it has 4 protons and 4 electhe elements listed in the table? trons. H has the fewest protons and A. The elements are arranged order electrons, as denoted by its atomic by weight with H being the heaviest number of 1. atom and Be being the lightest atom. B. The elements are arranged in order by electron charge with H having the most electrons and BE having the fewest electrons. C.The elements are arranged in order by protons with H having the most protons and Be having the fewest protons. D.The elements are arranged in order by protons with H having the fewest protons and Be having the most protons. 92. Which of the following is true regarding the primary function of the 35 / 58 B. The spleen's job is t finer the blood by removing dead or dying re spleen? blood cells as well as microorganA. It produces bile to emulsify fats. isms. B. It filters microorganisms and other foreign substances from the blood. C. It helps control blood glucose levels and regulates blood pressure. D. It regulates blood clotting factors. 93. The process of changing from a liquid to a gas is called ________. A. freezing B. condensation C. vaporization D. sublimation C. Vaporization Vaporization is the process of changing from a liquid to a gas. - For instance, water vaporizes when boiled to create steam. - Freezing is the process of changing from a liquid to a solid. - Condensation describes changing from a gas to a liquid, - Sublimating is the process f changing from a solid to a gas. 94. A nurse wants to investigate how different environmental factors affect her patients' body temperatures. Which tool would be the most helpful when the nurse conducts her investigation? A. scale B. yard stick C. thermometer D. blood pressure monitor C The nurse wants to investigate her patients' body temperatures. - The thermometer is the only tool in the list that will help measure the temperature of a person's body. 95. A scientific study has over 2000 A. The researcher should use statisdata points. Which of the following tical analysis to understand trends methods is most likely to help the in the data. researcher gain usable information from the data? A. Use statistical analysis to understand trends in the data B. Look at each individual data point, 36 / 58 and try to create a trend. C. Eliminate 90% of the data so that the sample size is more manageable. D. Stare at the data until a pattern pops out. 96. THE NEXT QUESTION IS BASED ON B. Based on the evidence, the most THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION likely explanation for fly larvae in the spoiled food is that flies laid their Many years ago, people believed that eggs in the food. flies were created from spoiled food because spoiled food that was left out in the open often contained fly larvae. So a scientist placed fresh food in a sealed container for an extended period of time. The food spoiled, but no fly larvae were found in the food that was sealed. Based on this evidence, what is the most likely reason that spoiled food left out in the one often contained fly larvae? A. The spoiled food evolved into fly larvae. B. Since the food was left out in the open, flies would lay eggs in the food. C. Fly larvae were spontaneously generated by the spoiled food. D. People only imagined they saw fly larvae in the spoiled food. 97. The average life expectancy in the 21st century is about 75 years. The average life expectancy in the 19th century was about 40 years. What is a possible explanation for the longer life expectancy in the present age? A. Advances in medical technology enable people to live longer. 37 / 58 D. Longer life expectancy could be explained by any or all of the alternatives presented. - Advances in medical technology, basic cleanliness, and vaccines could all help people live longer in the 21st century. B. Knowledge abut how basic cleanliness can help avoid lines has enable people to live longer. C. The creation of various vaccines has enable people to live longer. D. All of the statements above offer reasonable explanations for longer life expectancy. 98. A doctor needs to convince his boss to approve a test for a patient. Which statement below best communicates a scientific argument that justifies the need for the test? A. the patient looks like he needs this test. B. the doctor feels that the patients needs this test C. the patient's symptoms and health history suggest that this test will enable the correct diagnosis to help the patient. D. the patient has excellent insurance that will pay for several test, and the doctor would like to run as many tests as possible. C. A scientific argument should be based on measurable and observable facts such as the patient's current symptoms and health history. 99. Which of the following is a protein that interferes with virus production? A. lysozyme B. prion C. interferon D. keratin C. Interferons are members of a larger class of proteins called cytokines. - Cytokines are specialized proteins that carry signals between cells. - Interferons are proteins that are produced by cels infected by pathogens such as viruses. 100. Which of the following does not con- D. Epidermis tain blood vessels? A. hyperdermis Humans have three layers of skin 38 / 58 B. hypodermis C. dermis D. epidermis called the epidermis, the dermis, and subcutaneous fat. - Epidermis is the top ayer of the skin, the dermis is the second layer and subcutaneous makes up the bottom layer. - The epidermis does not contain blood vessels. 101. What structure is responsible for the release of hormones that stimulate the gonads during puberty? A. hypothalamus B. midbrain C. basal ganglia D. hippocampus A. hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a tiny gland at the abseils of the brain. - It helps regulate temperature, sleep, emotions, sexual function and behavior. During puberty it secretes hormones that stimulate the gonads which intimate sexual development. 102. Which of the following structures has the lowest blood pressure? A. arteries B. arteriole C. venule D. vein D. Vein Veins have the lowest blood pressure. - Veins carry oxygen-poor blood from the outlying-arts of the body to the heart. - An artery carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the peripheral parts of the body. - An arteriole extends from an artery to a capillary. - A venue is a tiny vein that extends from a capillary to a larger vein. 103. Which of the heart chambers is the most muscular? A. left atrium B. right atrium C. left ventricle D. right ventricle C. Left ventricle Of the four heart chambers, the left ventricle is the most most muscular. 39 / 58 104. Which part of the brain interprets sensory information? A. cerebrum B. hindbrain C. cerebellum D. medulla oblongata A. The cerebrum is the part of the brain that interprets sensory information. * It is the largest part of the brain. - The cerebellum is positioned at the back of the head, between the brain stem and the cerebrum. - The medulla oblongata forms the base of the brain - This part of the brain is responsible for blood flow and breathing, among other things. 105. A vaccination is a way of acquiring which type of immunity? A. passive natural immunity B. active natural immunity C. active artificial immunity D. distal nervous system C. A vaccination is a way of acquiring active artificial immunity, where an antigen is deliberately introduced into an an individual to stimulate the immune system. 106. Which component of the nervous system is responsible for lowering the heart rate? A. central nervous system B. sympathetic nervous system C. parasympathetic nervous system D. distal nervous system C. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for lowering the heart rate. * It slows down the chart rate, dilates the blood vessels, and increases the secretions of the digestive system. - The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. - The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system; its role is to oppose the actions taken by the parasympathetic nervous system. - The sympathetic nervous system accelerates the heart, contracts the 40 / 58 blood vessels, and decreases the secretions of the digestive system. 107. Which of the following items is NOT appropriately matched with it corresponding bodily system? A. kidneys; genitourinary system B. heart; circulatory system C. blood; endocrine system D. diaphragm; respiratory system C. Blood; endocrine system The circulatory system circulates materials throughout the entire body - The heart, blood, and blood vessels are part of the circulatory system. - The kidneys are part of the genitourinary system - The diaphragm is part of the respiratory system. 108. Which of the following describes the order food travels through the digestive system? A. trachea, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum B. mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum C. stomach, large intestine, small intestine, rectum D. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum D. - Food enters the mouth and then is swallowed down the esophagus into the stomach, where stomach acids begin the break down process. - Food then travels through the small intestine ( where the pancreas, liver and intestine release digestive juices to further break down the food), to the large intestine (where nutrients and water were absorbed, and waste is transformed from liquid to stool) and finally to the rectum. 109. Which of the following structures is A. sinoatrial node the natural pacemaker of the heart? The sinoatrial (SA) node is the natA. sinoatrial node ural pacemaker of the body. B. submental node C. atrioventricular node D. scalene node 110. A patient's heart rate is measured at A. Tachycardia 118 beats per minute (bpm). What is Tachycardia is a faster than normal 41 / 58 this condition called? A. tachycardia B. apnea C. bradycardia D. tachypnea heart rate at rest. - A healthy adult heart normally beats 60 at 100 times a minute when a person is at rest. - Apnea is the absence of respirations. - Bradycardia is a sower than normal heart rate (less than 60 bpm). - Tachycardia is the presence of rapid respirations 111. Which of the following items is NOT a primary function of a healthy immune system? A. the immune system helps the body avoid infections B. the immune system detects infections C. the immune system eliminates infections D. the immune system creates infections D. The immune system helps the body avoid, detect, and element infections. - A healthy immune system should not, however, create infections. 112. The spine and hips belong to which of the following bone types? A. curvy bones B. irregular bones C. flat bones D. long bones B. irregular bones - the human body has 5 types of bones * the spine and hips are irregular bones because they do not fit the other major bone types, which are long, short, flat, and sesamoid. 113. Long bones are one of the five major types of bone in the human body. All of the following bones are long bones, EXCEPT: A. thighs B. forearms C. ankles D. fingers C. Ankles - most bones in the labs are long bones, including the thighs, forearms, and fingers. * The ankles, however, are not long bones because they do not have a shift that is longer than it is wide. 42 / 58 114. Which of the following is not a type of muscle tissue? A. skeletal B. smooth C. cardiac D. adipose D. Adipose Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac are all types of muscle tissue. * Adipose tissue is fatty tissue, not a muscle. 115. THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS PERA. Salt would have acted as a dehyTAIN TO THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE: drating agent on the plants, causing Your class is competing with another them to dry out, and therefore, they class to determine who has the best would have died. plant color. Your class decides to test a couple of solutions to determine which would be best for overall plant color before competing. The class decides to water the plants once a week with 200 mL of the following solutions: water, diet soda, 1% bleach solution, and 1% salt solution. All plants are placed in the window that receives the recommended amount of light. After a month of testing, your class notices that only two plants are alive, but one of these two does not look healthy. Based on the result that were stetted, what would be a logical reason for some of the plants dying with the salt solution? A. salt caused the plants to begin to dry up, causing them to die. B. The salt did not affect the plants. C. The salt provided adequate nutrients fro color. D. None of the above. B. A control is a variable int 116. THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS PERTAIN TO THE FOLLOWING PASSAGE: eh experiment that has not been 43 / 58 Your class is competing with another changed by the experimenter but a class to determine who has the best subjected to he same processes as plant color. Your class decides to test the other tested components. a couple of solutions to determine which would be best for overall plant color before competing. The class decides to water the plants once a week with 200 mL of the following solutions: water, diet soda, 1% bleach solution, and 1% salt solution. All plants are placed in the window that receives the recommended amount of light. After a month of testing, your class notices that only two plants are alive, but one of these two does not look healthy. what is the control, if any, in this experiment? A. There is no control in this experiment. B. The control is the water. C. The control is the diet soda. D. The control is the amount of sunlight provided to the plants. 117. When describing a part of the body B Anterior means toward the front that is in the front, which of the follow- of the body. ing anatomical location descriptors - posterior refers to the back side of would be utilized? A. Superior the body B. Anterior - Superior refers to something that C. Inferior is above in relation to another eleD. Posterior ment - Inferior refers to something that is below in relation to another element. 118. 44 / 58 Which of the following statements is accurate? A.The spine is located posteriorly, inferior to the pelvic bone. B. The sternum is located anteriorly, superior to the pelvic bone. C. The mandible is located superior to the nasal cavity, and inferior to the esophagus. D. The femur is located inferior to he tibia. B. The sternum is located anterior (in the front of the body), superior (above) the pelvic bone. - The spine is located posteriorly (int the back of the body), superior, not inferior, to the pelvic bone. - The mandible is located inferior to the nasal cavity, and superior to the esophagus. - The femur is located superior to the tibia. 119. Which of the following terms means close to the trunk of the body? A. superficial B. sagittal C. proximal D. distal C. Proximal means close to the trunk of the body, or torso. 120. Which part of the cell serves s the control center for all cell activity? A. nucleus B. cell membrane C. cytoplasm D. mitochondria A. The nucleus is the control center for the cell 121. 45 / 58 - superficial refers to externally located - the sagittal plane divides the body into left and right. - distal refers to something further from the torso. - The cell membrane surrounds the cell and separates the cell from its environment. - Cytoplasm is the thick fluid within the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus and contains organelles. - Mitochondria are often called the power house of the cell because they provide energy for the cell to function. Which are the cellular functions of cilia and flagella? A. cilia and flagella are responsible for cell movement B. cilia and flagella synthesize proteins C. cilia and flagella help protect the cell from it environment D. cilia and flagella ave enzymes that help with digestion 122. What is the process by which simple cells become highly specialized cells? A. cellular complications B. cellular specialization C. cellular differentiation D. cellular modification A. Cilia and flagella are responsible for cell movement. - Ribosomes are organelles the help synthesize proteins within the cell. - The cell membrane helps the cell maintain its shape and protects it from the environment. - Lysosomes have digestive enzymes. C. Cellular differentiation is the process by which simple, less specialized cells become highly specialized, complex cells. 123. How does meiosis differ from mito- D. Meiosis produces cells that are genetically different, having half the sis? A. meiosis is used to repair the body. number of hormones of the parent cells. Mitosis is used to break down the - Mitosis produce cells that are body B Meiosis is used for asexual repro- genetically identical; daughter cells duction of single-celled organisms. have the exact same number of Mitosis is used for sexual reproduc- chromes as parents cells. tion of multicellular organisms. C. meiosis only occurs in human. Mitosis only occurs in plants D. Meiosis produces cells that are genetically different. Mitosis produces cells that are genetically identical. 124. Which of the following NOT a function of the integumentary system? A. protects internal tissues from injury 46 / 58 D. The integumentary system (skin) protects internal tissues from injury, waterproofs the body, and helps regular the body's temperature. B. waterproofs the body C. helps regulate body temperature - The lymphatic system, not the inD. returns fluid to the blood vessels tegumentary system, returns fluid to the blood vessels. 125. What are groups of cells that performs the same function called? A. tissues B. plastic C. organs D. molecules A. Group of cells that perform the same function re called tissues. 126. Which of the following correctly matches the tissue to its function? A. epithelia: movement, contraction, support and positioning B. nervous: transmission and reception C. muscular: support, protection, separation and connection D. connective: protection, sensation, absorption and secretion. B. Epithelial tissue is that found in the skin, and its function is to protect, sense, absorb, and secrete. 127. Te function of the adrenal glands is to: A. produce hormones that stimulate eat thyroid, therefore influencing metabolism B. produce hormone that regulate the salt and water balance and control blood pressure and heart rate C. regulate the release of insulin in response to glucose. B. The adrenal glands are part oft he endocrine system. They sit on the kidneys and produce hormones that regular salt and water balance and influence blood pressure and heart rate.. 47 / 58 - Nervous tissue transmits and receives impulses. - Muscular tissue controls movement and contraction, supports the skeletal structure and controls positioning. - Connective tissue supports and protects skeletal structures and organs, provides separation between organs, and connects various structure together. D. regulate the release of oxytocin, an important hormone in reproduction and childbirth 128. What functions do genes serve in the relationship between parents and offspring? A. genes enable hereditary information to be passed from parents to offspring B. genes prohibit hereditary information from being passed from parents to offspring C. genes enable environmental factors to affect parents and offspring D. genes serve no function in the relationship between parents and offspring A. Genes store hereditary information and thus allow hereditary traits to be passed from parents to offspring. 129. Which of the following inappropriately describes hemoglobin? A. hemoglobin transports oxygen form the lungs to the res of the body B. hemoglobin is the ratio of red blood cells to total blood volume C hemoglobin is a type of protein found in red blood cells of all mammals D. hemoglobin is the portion of the red blood cells that contains iron, to which oxygen binds B. Hemoglobin is a type of protein found in the red blood cells of all mammals. - It is the portion of the red blood cell that contains iron, to which oxygen bine and then is transported from he lungs to the rest of the body. - Hematocrit I the ratio of red blood cells to the total blood volume. 130. All of the following belong together EXCEPT: A. thyroid B. stomach C. intestines D. pancreas A. The thyroid does NOT belong in this grouping. 48 / 58 - Genes do not prohibit hereditary transmission, and genes are not known to enable any type of environmental factors. - The thyroid is part of the endocrine system. - It secrets hormones that hep reg- ulate the heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and metabolism. 131. 1. D. The complete punnet square is THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE shown bellow. BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFOR- T. t MATION: B TB. tB A person with the T gene will be tall b. Tb. tb and a person the t gene will be short. A person with the B gene will have Possibility 3 corresponds to a perblack hair and a person the b gene son with the Tb gene combination, will have red hair. Now consider the which means the person is tall with Punnet square below. red hair. what are the characteristics of the person with genes from possibility 3? A. short with black hair. B. short with red hair C. tall with black hair D. tall with red hair. B. Possibility 2 corresponds to the 132. 2. tB pair of genes, which is short with THE NEXT TWO QUESTIONS ARE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING INFOR- black hair. MATION: A person with the T gene will be tall and a person the t gene will be short. A person with the B gene will have black hair and a person the b gene will have red hair. Now consider the Punnet square below. Which possibility would produce a short offspring with black hair? A. possibility 1 B. possibility 2 C. possibility 3 D. possibility 4 49 / 58 133. What is the purpose of conducting an A. The purpose of conducting an experiment? experiment is to test a hypothesis. A. to test a hypothesis B. to collet data C. to identify a control state D. to choose variables 134. The valve that allows blood flow from the right atria into the right ventricle is the: A. tricuspid valve B. pulmonic valve C. mitral valve D. aortic valve A. The tricuspid valve allows deoxygenated blood flow from the right antra to the right ventricle. 135. What are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called? A. peptides B. phagocytes C. prions D. platelets B. Phagocytes are specialized white blood cells that kill pathogens and initiate an immune response. 136. Fill in the blanks in the following sentence: Enzymes are ______ molecule that serve as _____ for certain biological reactions. A. irrelevant; suppressors B. acidic; catalysts C. lipid; catalysts D. protein; catalysts D. Enzymes are protein molecules that serve as catalyst for certain biological reactions. - The pulmonic valve opens to allow blood flow fro the right ventricle to the pulmonary system. - The mitral valve allows oxygenated blood flow from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. - Enzymes are acids or lipids. - Enzymes are definitely relevant for living organisms and do not suppress reactions. 137. Which of the following has the least A. Back number of sweat glands? A. back Sweat glands are distributed alB. palms most all over the human body, in 50 / 58 C. axilla D. forehead varying amounts. - Their primary purpose is to help the body cool off. - They are primarily concentrated I the axial and perianal area but are present in high concentration it eh forehead, palms, see, and groin. - The back and the legs have much lower concentration of glands. 138. What type of chemical bond connects the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a molecule of water? A. static bond B. aquatic bond C. ionic bond D. covalent bond D. A covalent bone is one in which atoms share valence electrons. 139. Which of the following statements describes a chemical property of water? A. water has a pH of 1 B. A water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atoms. C. A water molecule contains 2 oxygen atoms and 1 hydrogen atom. D. The chemical formula for water is HO2. B. A water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. Therefore, the chemical formula for water is H2O. The pH of water is 7. - Within a water molecule, one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms share valence electrons to yield the H2O structure. 140. Which of the following is needed for C. For an experiment to be considan experiment to be considered suc- ered successful, it must yield data cessful? that others can reproduce. A. A reasonable hypothesis B. A well-written lab report C. Data that others can be reproduced D. computer-aided statistical analysis 141. An atom has 2 protons, 4 neutrons, C. The atom mass of an atoms is and 2 electrons. What is the approx- approximately equal to the number 51 / 58 imate atomic mass of this atom? A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 of protons plus the number of neutrons, int his case, 6. - The weight of the electrons has little effect on the overall atomic mass. 142. Which of the following is true regarding T cells? A. They are only seen in those with leukemia. B. They are specialized type of red blood cell. C. They mature in the thyroid. D. They play a role in the immune response. D. T cells are a specialized type of white blood cells that play an important role in the immune response of all humans. 143. What type of bond is formed when electrons are transferred between atoms? A. transfer bond B. static bond C. cavalent bond D. ionic bond D. Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred between atoms. 144. The table below contains information C. The atomic weight tells the mass from the periodic table of elements. of the element. - In the table, B is the lightest elWhich pattern below best describes ement, weighting 11 atoms mass the masses of the elements listed in units, and 0 is the heaviest element, the table? weighing 16 atomic mass units. A. The elements are listed in random order, C being the heaviest element and N being the lightest element. B.The elements are listed in decreasing order, B being the heaviest element and O being the lightest element. C. The elements are listed in increasing order, B vein the lightest element 52 / 58 and O being the heavies element. D. All the elements weight the same, so the order is irrelevant. 145. What is the primary function of antibodies? A. production of white blood cells B. imitates gluconeogenesis C. promotes the intracellular storage of lipids D. facilitate the breakdown of antigens D. Antibodies are specialized proteins that are important to immune system efficacy. 146. Which statement below best describes the process of condensation? A. Condensation is the process of changing from a gas to a liquid. B. Condensation is the process of changing from a liquid to a gas. C. Condensation is the process of changing from a solid to a liquid. D. Condensation is the process of changing from a solid to a gas. A. Condensation is the process of changing from a gas to a liquid. - They are recruited by the immune system to identify and destroy foreign pathogens like bacteria and viruses. 147. Which of the following lists the nor- C. the right atrium receives deoxymal food flow through the heart? genated blood from the body which A. Left ventricle, left antra, body, right flows into the right ventricle. ventricle, right atrium, lungs. B. Left atrium, left ventricle, lungs, - From there, the blood goes to the right atrium, right ventricle, body. lungs where it becomes oxygenatC. Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, ed. left atrium, left ventricle, body. - The eft atrium receives oxygenatD. Right ventricle, right atria, body, ed blood and pumps it to the left left atrium, left ventricle, lungs. ventricle which distributes it to the rest to the body 148. Which of the following function is not B. walking is not controlled by the controlled by the autonomic nervous autonomic nervous system. system? - The autonomic nervous system 53 / 58 A. digestion B. waling C. heartbeat D. temperature regulation regulates involuntary body processes such as heartbeat, blood pressure, respirations, digestion, metabolism, and elimination of toxins. - Walking is controlled by the somatic system which helps control skeletal muscle voluntary control. 149. Every child in a certain family suffers from autism. Based on this evidence, what possible conclusion can be drawn about autism? A. autism may be lethal. B. autism may be genetic C. autism is related to traditional nuclear family structures D. no conclusion can be drawn based not this evidence B. The evidence says that every child in a certain family suffers from autism. - All of these children have genetic commonalities. Therefore, autism may be autism. 150. Women were more likely to die in childbirth in the 18th century than in the 21st century. What is a possible explanation for why women are less likely to die in children int he present age? A. Doctors are better equipped to perform cesarean sections. B. Doctors have more tools to monitor mothers during childbirth, so complications can be detected much earlier. C. Doctors wash their hands well to avoid transferring germs and infections. D. All of the statements above offer reasonable explanation for decreases in mortality during childbirth. D. Decreased mortality during childbirth could be explained by any or all of the statements presented. 151. 54 / 58 - Safer cesarean sections, health monitoring tools, and hand washing could all improve a woman's chances of surviving childbirth. A dietitian wants to convince a patient to lose weight. Which estaminet below best communications a scientific argument that justifies the need for weight loss? A. losing weight can lower blood pressure, increase energy level, and promotion overall health. B. Society tends to treat overweight people unfairly. C. Membranes of the opposite sex are more interested in people who maintain a healthy weight. D. Losing weight is easy to do. A. A scientific argument should discuss outcomes that are objective and measurable, such as blood pressure, energy level, and overall health. - the other choices present arguments that are subjective and based on emotions instead of facts. 152. A researcher wants to investigate C. Conducting this investigation the relationship between family in- may reveal a group of people who come and qualitative of medical care. need higher quality medical care. Which statement provides the best reason to conduct this investigation? A. The researcher can learn more about wealthy people and ask them for money. B. The investigation can help target healthy people so that they can remain healthy. C. Results of this investigation may identify a group of people who do not receive quality medical care so that these people could receive better medical treatments. D. There is no reason to conduct this investigation. 153. Which of the following best describes the primary function of Bartholin's glands? A. Secretes hormones that help the 55 / 58 B. Bartholin's glands also known as greater vestibular glands play a role in female reproduction. - The bartholin's glands lie on either body respond to stress. B. Provide lubrication for the vagina. C. Helps control growth and development of the body. D. Stimulate the development of T cells. side of the vaginal opening. - they produce a mucoid substance, which provides lubrication for intercourse. 154. Mildly elevated levels of thyroxine will do what to the heart rate? A. stop the heart rate B. no effect C. decrease the heart rate D. increase the heart rate D. Diseases of the thyroid gland can directly alter the normal function of the heart causing symptoms and resulting in significant complications. 155. Which nervous system controls voluntary motor movement? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. autonomic D. somatic D. The somatic nervous system helps control skeletal muscle voluntary control. 156. Which of the following functions would be most affected by laryngeal damage? A. eating B. Walking C. singing D. hearing C. The larynx also known as the voice box, contains the vocal folds that produce the sounds of speech and singing. - While eating may be impacted by laryngeal damage, the damage would more directly inhibit singing. - The automatic nervous system control involuntary functions in the body like breathing. - The autonomic nervous system had two subdivisions: the sympathetic nervous system which controls "fight or flight" response, and parasympathetic nervous system which controls "rest and digest" functions. 157. A researcher is studying the reC. By repeating the experiment, sponse of bacteria in a certain chem- the researcher could determine ical. In three experiments, the bacte- whether the instance of the bacteria 56 / 58 ria swim towards the chemical, and in one experiment the bacteria skin away from it. What would be the most appropriate next step for the researcher? A. report only the first three experiments B. report all the experiments, but refrain from making any conclusion C. repeat the experiment several more times and apply the statistical analysis to the data D. repeat the experiment, adding a new chemical to determine its effect on the bacteria. 158. How many different types of tissue are there in the human body? A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10 swimming away from the chemical was simply due to chance. - Observing the same results would allow the researchers to make conclusions with more certainty, and statistical analysis would help determine the significance of the data. - Researchers use report all data (A), and reaching a conclusion is a vital part of any experiment (B). Adding a new chemical would completely change the experiment, so it would not be helpful (D)). A. There are four different types of tissue in the human body: * Epithelial * Connective * muscle * Nerve - Epithelial tissue lies the internal and external surfaces of the body. It is like a sheet, consisting of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells. They can expand ad contract, like on the inner longing of the bladder. - Connective tissue provides the structure of the body as well as the links between various body parts. Tendon, ligaments, cartilage, and bone are all examples of connective tissue. - Muscle tissue is composed of tiny fibers, which contract o move the skeleton. There are three types of muscle tissue: smooth, cardiac, and 57 / 58 skeletal. - Nerve tissue makes up the nervous system; it is composed of nerve cells, nerve fibers, neuroglia, and dendrites. 159. What is the name of the outermost layer of skin? A. dermis B. epidermis C. subcutaneous tissue D. hypodermis 58 / 58 B. The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. The thickness of this layer of skin varies over different parts of the body. The epidermis on the eyelids is very thin, while the epidermis over the soles of the feet is much thicker. - the dermis lies directly beneath the epidermis. It is composed of collagen, elastic tissue, and reticular fibers. - Beneath the dermis lies the subcutaneous tissue, which consists of fat, blood vessels and nerves. The subcutaneous tissue contributes to the regulation of body temperature. - The hypodermis is the layer of cells underneath the dermis; it is generally considered to be a part of the subcutaneous tissue.