Kinesiology Final Exam Study Guide

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Final Exam Study Guide Chapter 1 – Introduction to Kinesiology Movement vs. Physical activity. When does human movement not meet the technical definition of physical activity? What is exercise? ● Movement: any change in position of the body parts relative to each other ● Physical activity: intentional voluntary movement directed toward achieving an identifiable goal ● Technical definition not meet when: swallowing or blinking an eye o exercise is any bodily activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness o What is meant when kinesiology is described as a holistic discipline? Kinesiology embraces physical activity in all aspects of daily living What two general categories of physical activity receive the most attention in kinesiology? Skilled movement and exercise What are the sub classifications of these categories? Exercise sub-classifications: training, health-related exercise, and therapeutic exercise. Skilled movement sub-classes: sport and development skills What are the three sources of knowledge of kinesiology? Physical activity experience, scholarly study, and professional practice List and understand the spheres of physical activity experience. Leisure, education, work, selfsufficiency, competition, and health List and understand the spheres of scholarly study. Sports and Exercise Psychology, Motor behavior, Sociology of Physical Activity, History of physical activity, Philosophy of physical activity, Physiology of Physical activity, and Biomechanics List the spheres of professional practice centered in physical activity, and the relevant career options for each. Sports Management, coaching and sports education teaching Pe, Therapeutic Exercise, and health and fitness Who is someone who has acquired low to moderate profieciency in large numbers of subjects? what is difference between free time and leisure ? Chapter 2 – Spheres of Physical Activity Experience 1. What are ADLs and IADLs? Why are they important to kinesiologists who work with people who are elderly or disabled? Activities of Daily Living & Instrumental activities of daily living. They are important because the ability to carry out ADLs and IADLs reflect someone's level of Self Sufficiency. 2. What type of physical activity professional is likely to be involved in treatment of an individual with carpal tunnel syndrome? Occupational Therapist 3. What professional is likely to be involved in redesigning the workplace to reduce the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome? Ergonomist 4. What are gestures, and what purposes do they serve in our daily living? Gestures are movements of our hands, fingers, or other body parts that we use to communicate our intentions to others. ● 3 types of gestures: o Emblems: hand movement directly translated into words (understood by culture/subculture) ▪ Ex: Hand movement of referees in games o Illustrators: gestures we use to illustrate or complement what we are saying 5. 6. 7. 8. ▪ ex: pointing to someone we are talking about o Regulators: body movement used to guide the flow of the conversation ▪ Ex: shaking hands in a greeting and waving goodbye in a parting Understand the health benefits of regular physical activity and general trends in society. Regular physical activity performed at moderate to high levels of intensity is a frontline of defense against Obesity, Heart Disease, Stroke, Diabetes What does the element of competition add to physical activity? Adding the element of competition to physical activity usually increases the level of performance of that physical activity; adds excitement, and is enjoyable to perfect one’s skills. When is this helpful, and when might it be harmful? Competition may become harmful when beating the opponents takes precedence in the mind over performing as well as possible (stress overcomes enjoyment) What is leisure? Free time? Are these the same concept? Is leisure physical activity? ● Leisure: the time spent doing enjoyable activities (time specific to selfsatisfaction)—is considered an activity ● Free time: The time not spent at primary job; can be used to do secondary work like chores around the house Chapter 3 – The Importance of Physical Activity Experiences 1. List four unique characteristics of human physical activity. 1. intelligence-based: (intricate w/sophisticated goals) 2. ethically & aesthetically based: (movement for expression, aka dance & ritual) 3.flexibility & adaptability: (human anatomy made for a wide range of movement) 4.ability to improve performance: through planned experience (only we exercise for the purpose of getting healthier, better, etc.) 2. What factors influence our decisions regarding what physical activities we shall engage in and how physically active we shall be? Personal circumstances (geography, local PA culture, economic considerations, personal attributes) & social environment (parents, peers, teachers/coaches) 3. What type of activity can we improve by practicing? What do we call the improvement brought about through practice? motor skills improve through practice; learning is the improvement brought about by practice 4. What is the principle of quality? Quantity? How do these relate to creating physical activity experiences? -Principle of Quality: experiences that engage us in the most critical components (most important for performing at a high level) of an activity are most likely to increase our capacity to perform that activity. -Principle of Quantity:when all other factors are equal, increasing the frequency of our engagement with the critical components of an activity usually results in the largest performance improvement of that activity. 5. What is meant by an ability? Ability is genetic predispositions that offer advantages or disadvantages for particular activities. 6. In what way might abilities limit the level of proficiency that we attain in a physical activity? Someone with natural ability may compensate by unusually ambitious practices and training schedules and get injured or burnt out. Chapter 4 – Subjective Experiences in Physical Activity 1. List and understand three types of knowledge available to us from subjective experiences in physical activity. ● Psychoanalytic self-knowledge: our deep-seated desires, motivations, and behavior ● Mystical knowledge: our subjective experiences available to experienced performers only in rare and special circumstances ● Socratic self-knowledge: understanding of the difference between what we know and what we don't know 2. What evidence exists to refute the notion that people don’t like the sensations that accompany the hard physical effort required to exercise vigorously? Scientist discovered vigorous Physical activity can lower anxiety, thereby inducing a sense of relaxation and calmness. 3. What types of physical activities might be chosen by a person who values physical activity as an aesthetic experience? As an ascetic experience? As a social experience? (Know what these are!). ● Ascetic: (self-discipline/relgious activity): Dance activities (gymnastics, diving, ice skating) ● Aesthetics: Pain, sacrifice, self-denial, delayed gratification (torturous training, boot camp, personal trainer) ● Social: (team aerobics, team sports, exercise done in health club with others present) 4. What are the various ways in which one can watch sports? Vicarious participation & disinterested sport spectating. Vicarious participation. Chapter 5 – Philosophy of Physical Activity 1. Describe the main goal of philosophical study of physical activity and the four major kinds of issues it most commonly tackles. Main goal is to better understand the world and our lives in it, and better understand human movement and physical activity. ● 3 main issues: o Nature of physical activities such as sports, play games, exercise, and dance and the nature of human embodiment o Knowledge & physical activity o Values connected with physical activity & embodiment 2. Describe the three reasoning processes that are central research tools in philosophical studies of physical activity. ● Inductive reasoning: starts with a specific case and develops principles ● Deductive reasoning: starts with general principles and examines specifics ● Deductive & speculative: looks at one example and describes its essential qualities ● Critical & poetic: criticizes traditional philosophical thinking and engages in tentative speculative reasoning 3. Understand the concept of blended unity of mind and body. Why is this an improvement over dualistic views of mind apart from body? Holism is important because it holds the idea that the mind & body are interdependent, all behavior is ambiguous, the mind & body work together. This is an improvement because for a long time the mind & body was thought to work separately. 4. Explain the relationship between rules and skills in sport. Why is this relationship relevant to competition? -Rules give a sport a distinctive problem to solve and gives the sport a special meaning. Respecting the rules not only preserves the sport but also makes room for the creation of excellence and the emergence of meaning. Rules are also sometimes changed to make the challenge of the game harder when it has become too easy. -Rules decide what skills are needed to play a sport. 5. Understand duty-like play, sport, and physical activity and their implications for how people relate to and experience these activities. ● Duty-like Sport: Sports & physical activity are valuable because they help us advance in desirable ways (Health, civil values, national pride) o Commitment to compete, Rules are important 6. Elaborate on the four values promoted by the field of physical activity and their implications for designing physical activity programs. 1. Health-related physical fitness 2. Knowledge about the human body, physical activity, and health practices 3. Motor skills 4. Activity-related pleasure Dualism:The mind and body are separate. Our thoughts count; priority is given to the mind. Holism: the interdependence of mind , body , emotions, and spirit. Materialism: The human being is nothing more than a complex machine, subjective experiences are real but have no power. 7. Provide five examples of morally defensible sport contests. What makes them so? Chapter 8 – Motor Behavior 1. How does motor behavior differ from the psychology of sport? Principles and laws from physics along w/ biology & zoology are applied to motor behavior. Psych. Studies elite athletes in competitive settings whereas motor behavior studies people of all skill levels. 2. Explain the differences between motor learning and motor control within the field of motor behavior. ● Motor learning helps us understand how we learn skills so that the skills become automatic. ● Motor control is essential for every movement from poorly skilled to well skilled. ● Motor learning is responsible for the shift from poor skilled to highly skilled movements. 3. Why is the change in motor learning and motor control across the lifespan of interest? Strategies used by adults can be taught to children to improve performance during motor skill acquisition. Research enhances teaching 4. Understand the practice issues discussed in this chapter, such as feedback, retention, transfer, goal setting, and scheduling. Prepractice: goal settings, simple instructions, modeling. Practice: Constant practice, contextual practice, blocked practice, extrinsic feedback Postpractice: verbal rehearsal, goal settings 5. Understand how more difficult practice conditions (and what more difficult practice conditions are) result in better retention and transfer. Why does that happen? 6. Understand when it might be best to provide either knowledge of performance or knowledge of results to a person learning a motor skill. ● Performance: has a temporary effect & reflects learning when a player is able to demonstrate their newly acquired skill at any time ● Results: have a permanent effect reflecting acquisition of skills 7. Compare and contrast closed versus open skills. ● Close Motor skills occurs when a skill is performed in a stable environment (ex: tennis) ● Open skills occurs in an environment that is always changing (football) Chapter 9 – Sport and Exercise Psychology 1. What are the ABCs that kinesiologists in sport and exercise psychology study? Affect, Behavior, Cognition 2. Identify the six methods used in sport and exercise psychology and provide one example for how each method is used in the subdiscipline. ● Questionnaires: thoughts, feelings or behaviors like measuring self-esteem ● Interview: beliefs, experiences or values like why children droop out of youth sport programs ● Observation: behavior if coaches during practices or competition to assess the frequency of various types of feedback and communication they provide to athletes ● Physiological measures:physical, mental and emotional response like blood pressure and hear rate to asses physiological stressors ● Biomechanical measures:drawing and analyzing blood or urine for chemicals from the body that represent responses to stressors ● Content analysis:analyze written material from gov docs, newspapers/mags, tv 3. Does sport build character? Does exercise participation improve mental health? Sport doesn’t build character people do. Goal setting, relaxation training, imagery, and self-talk in conjunction with PA enhance mental skills of confidence, focus and arousal management. 4. Explain why intrinsic motivation is a better source of motivation than extrinsic motivation Serves a long-term fueling process for commitment and achievement of imp goals in sports. Best way is to help them develop or increase their intrinsic motivation. People who are more motivated than others typically have higher intrinsic motivation. Use of rewards 5. Explain cohesion in groups and discuss how cohesion can facilitate sport performance as well as exercise adherence. What are some ways in which cohesion can be developed and nurtured in groups? Cohesion is the tendency for groups to stick together and remain united in pursuing goals. Cohesion and friendship within the group constitute one of the strongest predictors of exercise adherence. Emphasize uniqueness or positive identity related to group membership. Most prefer to exercise with another person/in groups, strengthening commitment 6. What is flow? Understand how mental skills training might be used to enhance flow and peak experiences in both sport and exercise settings. Flow- being "in the zone" 7. What is imagery, and how can it be used to make the physical activity experience more positive for people? mental technique that programs the mind to respond as programmed, uses one's senses to create or recreate an experience in the mind 8. Compare/contrast clinical sport psychologists, applied sport psychologists and exercise psychologists. The scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport exercise activities and the practical application of that knowledge Chapter 10 – Biomechanics of Physical Activity 1. Define biomechanics and human movement biomechanics. ● Biomechanics: the application of the mechanical laws of physics and engineering to motion, structure, and functioning of all living systems, including plants. ● Human Movement Biomechanics: the study of structure & function of human beings using the principles & methods of mechanics of physics & engineering 2. In what types of settings do biomechanists typically work? Researcher, clinical biomechanist, sport performance specialist, ergonomist, forensic biomechanics, university professor, certified orthoptist/prosthetist. 3. What are the goals of biomechanics? Understand how the basic laws of physics affect & shape the structure & function of the human body. Apply this understanding in order to improve outcomes of our movements (performance effectiveness) or increase/maintain the safety & health of our tissues 4. How do these relate to professional careers? Use biomechanical instrumentation to quantify their evaluation. Provide feedback to runner while they are learning or refining skills. 5. What are some important topics to understand when studying biomechanics? (Think Newton’s Laws, etc). 8 Chapter 11 – Physiology of Physical Activity 1. How does physiology of physical activity fit within the discipline of kinesiology? Apply principles of biology and chemistry to understand how the body responds to PA. Study of the acute and chronic responses of the body to movement. Study the mechanisms that lead to changes in heart rate. 2. Give an example of how maximal oxygen uptake can be measured in the laboratory and estimated in the field. Use of ergometers to measure the work done by muscles during exercise. The PACER can be done in school gyms 3. Understand how knowledge of exercise physiology can be used to help each of the following: a college athlete, a cardiac patient, and a person trying to lose weight. ● Athlete: Greater volumes and intensity of exercise will result in additional health and fitness benefits. ● Cardiac: begin with mod intensity and gradually increase intensity and duration as fitness improves. ● Losing weight: energy expenditure is directly proportional to the intensity and duration of the activity. 4. What improvements in health result from being physically active on a regular basis? Physical activity provides a multitude of health benefits, including reducing risks for heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis. It can also improve our sleep patterns, reduce our risk for upper respiratory infections by improving immune function, reduce anxiety and mental stress, and relieve mild and moderate depression 5. What are some physiological responses to physical activity? The magnitude of physiological strain imposed by exercise-environmental stress depends on the individual's metabolic rate and capacity for heat exchange with the environment. Muscular exercise increases metabolism by 5 to 15 times the resting rate to provide energy for skeletal muscle contraction Chapter 12 – Becoming a Physical Activity Professional 1. List three ways in which professional work differs from nonprofessional work. ● Master complex skills, Perform services for others, Meet expectations and standards 2. List three differences that you might observe between a community sport program leader who adheres to a mechanical, market-driven professionalism and one who adheres to a social trustee, civic professionalism. (Understand what these terms mean!). ● Mechanical-driven professionalism: will lose sight of their clients’ needs ● Market-driven professionalism: They tend to ignore their clients have other components in their lives such as work, school, church, etc. They will dismiss these problems as “someone else’s responsibility” · ● Civic Professionalism: they like to enhance their status & compete with other professionals in their profession even if they must sacrifice the quality of their service 3. What evidence would you—as an employer—use to determine an applicant’s general suitability for a professional position? 4. What would be the ideal work history of a kinesiology graduate seeking to enter the athletic training field? Being around vigorous, healthy, active people. o The health-fitness field? o The sport management field? Desk job in business casual and working 9 to 5. Chapter 13 – Careers in Health and Fitness 1. Identify program objectives, and target markets, for each of the following health and fitness settings: (a) worksite, (b) commercial, (c) community, and (d) clinical. ● a) worksite: help reduce health care costs, increase productivity and morale, decrease absenteeism and improve corporate image. ● b) commercial: generating a profit ● c) community:target a specific community group to fill a specific need. ● d) clinical: help patients manage medical conditions and keep the subscribers of health insurance partners and programs healthy to avoid future procedure. 2. Compare and contrast sales-based and retention-based commercial health and fitness business models. ● Sales based: no limit on number of memberships and long term memberships ● Retention based: focus on delivering high-quality programs and services so current members will continue to renew their membership month to month. depend on referrals. max limit on memberships sold 3. Describe and compare/contrast typical job duties for the following health and fitness positions: (a) group exercise instructor, (b) fitness instructor, (c) health and fitness specialist, (d) wellness coach, (e) personal trainer, and (f) health and fitness director. ● lead aerobic exercise, serve a broad population and provide instruction on a variety of activities ● group setting with primarily healthy adults, orienting clients to equipment leading groups through basic exercise conducting fitness and functional assessments and designing individualized programs ● d) Wellness Coach: :the art and science of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health ● Personal Trainer: same services as health and fitness professionals and wellness coaches but at higher fee-for-service rate. work independently. ● responsible for managing the health and fitness services and programs in a facility. hiring, training, and providing support for a diverse staff of group exercise instructors, fitness instructors, health and fitness specialists, wellness coaches, personal trainers, specialty positions, and equipment maintenance professionals. ● 4. List the knowledge, skills, and abilities that you need to obtain to be competitive in the health and fitness job market. ● Seek a degree in kinesiology and health with additional courses from wide ranges of areas such as teaching, psychology, and health. Maximize your educational experience while in college. Obtain skills focused on the job you are applying for ● Chapter 14 – Careers in Therapeutic Exercise 1. Describe how therapeutic exercise promotes healthy lifestyles. Exercise therapists design & implement movement experiences to restore or improve motor function to a level that enables people to reach personal or career goals unencumbered by physical limitations. Therapeutic exercise is programmed physical activity aimed at improving or restoring the quality of life. 2. Discuss the similarities and differences between habilitation and rehabilitation. ● · the processes & treatments leading to the acquisition of skills & functions that are normal & expected for an individual of a particular age & status ● Describes processes & treatments that restore skills or functions that were previously acquired but have been lost due to injury, disease, or voluntary inactivity 3. Identify the common overlaps among the therapeutic exercise professions described in this chapter. Both focus on developing the body’s systems so people are less likely to become injured or diseased. 4. What skills or attributes are unique to the professions presented in this chapter? Must adhere to professional ethical standards, client privacy practices, requires higher education 5. Why do people obtain multiple credentials or specializations? People obtain multiple credentials and specializations to make themselves more marketable. Chapter 15 – Careers in Teaching Physical Education 1. How can you develop expertise in one or more of the content areas of physical education? 2. To reduce management time, what routines are most important for students to learn? Which routines would you emphasize? 3. Understand learned helplessness. 4. Understand the pitfalls of the teacher–coach role conflict. 5. Understand recommendations for amount of engaged time in the classroom. What is engaged time? How do you construct an effective class to teach students important physical activity skills? Jeopardy questions: 1. What is a common task or duty of sports instructors & coaches ? Meeting with parents 2. Who would help injured or ill individuals reach their maximum levels of independence by emphasizing the acquisition and retention of functional skills and help them overcome environmental obstacles? Occupational therapist 3. What nutrient makes up 55 to 60 percent of the human body? 4. What is the optimal arousal level for an individual’s performance ? it varies 5. What type of muscle fibers uses anaerobic energy systems most exclusively? Fast Glycolytic Fibers 6. What other duty besides coaching is a head coach at a high school MOST likely to have? Teaching at that school 7. The type of performance experience engaged in for the express purpose of refining motor control function to improve skill is known as what ? Practice 8. What are all of the most common forces acting upon human performer? Friction, Gravity, Ground Reaction, Forces, Air resistance, Water resistance 9. What professional works with clients to maximize physical performance, reduce the frequency of injury, and decrease the possibility of cardiovascular disease by designing programs for the specific needs of individuals (sports & activity specific)? Strength & Conditioning Specialist 10. Knowledge of results focuses on _______, wherease knowledge of performance focuses on ____? Outcome; process of movement 11. Coaches and instructors working in community programs are usually guided by which value system ? Social Trustee, Civic Professional Orientation 12. What is a system for monitoring and recording the electrical activity in muscles? Electromyography 13. Hospitals and outpatient medical facilities are examples of what kind of work setting in health and fitness ? Clinical settings