The Growth of America’s Clean Energy

NOW HIRING: THE GROWTH OF AMERICA’S CLEAN ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY JOBS A merica’s transition into an environmentally sustainable economy has been accelerated by investments in workforce development made by corporations, philanthropic foundations, and non-profit organizations. EDF Climate Corps is one of the leading initiatives working to connect, empower, and inspire leaders who will enable this transition to a more sustainable economy. EDF Climate Corps connects talented graduate students with various public, private and non-profit organizations in the U.S. to drive forward innovative energy and sustainability initiatives. Since 2008, EDF has recruited and placed more than 700 EDF Climate Corps fellows in over 400 organizations. In 2017 alone, more than 1,000 graduate students applied for just over 100 spots. Through a 10-week fellowship, students design customized solutions to real-world challenges in energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy management and sustainability strategy. To date, fellows have identified over $1.5 billion in energy savings for their host organizations and supported a wide range of strategic energy management initiatives. EDF Climate Corps allows young professionals to launch or accelerate sustainability careers and draws top talent into a growing market. Fellows go on to play leading roles in the sustainability economy. For example, as of 2016, almost 70% of EDF Climate Corps alumni work in sustainability.1 Alumni and host organizations also stay connected and engaged with the EDF Climate Corps network throughout their careers. EDF Climate Corps fellow Lillian Mirviss helped Gap Inc. implement on-site solar installations at three of its distribution centers. Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 2 CONTENTS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENSE FUND Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) is one of the world’s largest environmental nonprofit organizations, with more KEY HIGHLIGHTS: CLEAN ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY JOBS IN THE U.S. 4 INTRODUCTION 6 SECTOR PROFILE: RENEWABLE ENERGY 7 than two million members and a staff of over 500 scientists, economists, policy experts, and other professionals around the world. EDF finds practical and lasting solutions to the world’s most serious environmental problems. Working with leading businesses, scientists and academics, EDF What Do Renewable Energy Jobs Look Like? is taking a leading role in minimizing the environmental, Future Developments in the Renewable Energy Sector 9 10 economic and human health risks associated with rising greenhouse gas emissions. EDF Climate Corps is an EDF SECTOR PROFILE: ENERGY EFFICIENCY 12 initiative that empowers business professionals to advance Growth and Status of Energy Efficiency Jobs 12 climate solutions. What Do Energy Efficiency Jobs Look Like? 13 Future Developments in the Energy Efficiency Sector 15 OTHER GREEN GOODS AND SERVICES: TRANSPORTATION, CORPORATIONS AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR 17 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Environmental Defense Fund and Meister Consultants Group (MCG) co-authored this report. Lead authors include Eskedar Gessesse, Nathan Grady, Kalee Whitehouse, and Jon Crowe at MCG, as well as Liz Delaney, Kate Hanley, Alex Marchyshyn, and Natalie McKeon at EDF. The report was edited by Rebecca Coombs (MCG) and designed by William Sloan (MCG). Advanced Vehicles and Transportation 18 Public Sector 19 Corporate Sustainability 20 CONCLUSION 22 Cover image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 3 KEY HIGHLIGHTS: CLEAN ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY JOBS IN THE U.S. Sustainability jobs represent a large and growing portion of the U.S. workforce across multiple sectors. These jobs span energy efficiency and renewable energy, as well as waste reduction, natural resources conservation and environmental education.2 This report estimates that sustainability now collectively represents 4-4.5 million jobs in the U.S., up from 3.4 million in 2011.3, 4 Due to the on-site nature of many renewable and energy efficiency jobs, these jobs cannot be outsourced and can pay above average wages. Many jobs in the solar and energy efficiency space are in installation, maintenance 4 MILLION JOBS Advanced Vehicles 174,000 Renewable Energy 769,000 Public Sector 890,000 and construction, making them inherently local and contributing to the growth of local economies. Average wages for energy efficiency jobs are almost $5,000 above the national median, and wages for solar workers are above the national median of $17.04 per hour.5 Clean energy and sustainability jobs are present in every state in America. Energy Efficiency 2.2 Million The benefits are not limited to one region. Workers in all states across the country have access to some type of clean energy or sustainability job opportunity. Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 4 RENEWABLE ENERGY ENERGY EFFICIENCY The renewable energy sector has seen rapid growth, driven The energy efficiency sector has seen substantial growth due in largely by significant reductions in manufacturing and installation costs. part to rising investments from building developers and owners that have In 2015, renewable energy jobs in the U.S. reached 769,000, the result been fueled by state and local building efficiency policies and incentives. of a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 6% since 2012. 6 There are approximately 2.2 million energy efficiency workers Job creation in this sector has outstripped the fossil fuel industry: For nationwide, the majority of which are in small businesses working on the example, jobs in fossil fuel extraction and support services slumped, with construction and installation of energy efficient systems.10 Studies have also a -4.25% CAGR over the same period.7 Solar and wind jobs have shown that energy efficiency investments create more jobs than those in grown at rates of about 20% annually in recent years and fossil fuel industries, estimated at approximately 8 jobs (direct and indirect) are each creating jobs at a rate 12 times faster than that of per $1M invested compared to about 3 jobs in fossil fuels.11 the rest of the U.S. economy.8, 9 TRANSPORTATION CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY PUBLIC SECTOR Advancements in clean vehicle Government agencies not only Consumers are increasingly demanding manufacturing and rising consumer demand develop policies and programs that accelerate more sustainable goods and services as well have helped accelerate the automotive industry’s the growth of sustainability job markets, they as transition toward alternative fuel vehicles in recent also directly employ a significant number of responsibility. years. Clean vehicles employed more sustainability-focused staff. Past estimates companies than 174,000 workers in 2016, up 48% of “green jobs” in government total sustainability. For example, a 2016 GreenBiz survey from 2015. nearly 890,000 with the majority (76%) at found that three quarters of firms now have especially rapid growth and now represent more the local and state level. There is reason to dedicated sustainability budgets and 40% than 70% of these jobs. Continued progress in believe that the increased focus on energy, had grown these budgets over the previous two this sector is expected, fueled by rising adoption, climate, clean transport and other sustainability years. In addition, 46% of large firms have hired expanded charging infrastructure, as well as state issues is further growing the public sector’s additional sustainability staff in the last two years.14 and local government incentives and regulations. green workforce requirements. As companies continue to imbed sustainability 12 Hybrid vehicles have experienced 13 corporate commitments There are is to strong increasing environmental evidence investments that in throughout their organizations, job opportunities are likely to grow. Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 5 INTRODUCTION O ver the past several decades, the United States has been transitioning into a more environmentally sustainable and energy efficient economy. New business models and goods and services, such as energy efficiency and renewable energy, have emerged, while traditional businesses and institutions have made significant efforts to reduce the environmental footprint of their operations. This report highlights the role of this transition in boosting the American economy and creating millions Clean energy is used in this report to refer collectively to renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and markets. of sustainability jobs across the nation. Sustainability jobs are wide-ranging and reflect one or more of the following functions: • Jobs in sectors that produce goods and services that benefit the environment; • Jobs in which employees focus on making processes more environmentally friendly and resource efficient;15 and • Jobs focused on improving and communicating an organization’s environmental and social impacts. This report discusses the current status, key trends and potential future developments in renewable energy and energy efficiency, and summarizes some of the major advances in other sectors such as local/state government, transportation and the private sector. In many cases, these sectors are vastly outpacing the rest of the U.S. economy in growth and job creation and are generating more jobs per dollar invested. Many of these jobs have higher than average wages, create local economic benefits and are widely available in markets across the U.S. Throughout this report, sustainability professionals from the EDF Climate Corps network are profiled to help highlight the diverse skills and expertise of those working in sustainability. Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs EDF Climate Corps fellow Affuembey Enow Affuembey examines equipment at Southern University. 6 SECTOR PROFILE: RENEWABLE ENERGY Growth and Status of Renewable Energy Jobs R enewable energy deployment has risen dramatically in the U.S. in recent years and now makes up the largest share (64%) of new electricity generation capacity the U.S. each year. 16 installed in Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind have been leading this growth, driven by significant reductions in manufacturing and installation costs. For example, solar PV panel production costs dropped 72% between 2010 and 2015,17 making solar PV costcompetitive with fossil-fuel-generated power in many markets. This has driven a tenfold expansion in solar deployment since 2010, from 876 to 10,727 megawatts installed annually.18 Wind power also continues to see year-on-year growth and has more than doubled total installed capacity to 74 GW between 2009 and 2015.19 Renewable energy now makes up 64% of new electricity generation capacity installed in the U.S. each year. Image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 7 Fig. 1 RENEWABLE ENERGY JOBS BREAKDOWN BY GENERATION TECHNOLOGY (2015) Concurrent with this growth in generation capacity, employment in renewable energy has been growing rapidly. Solar employment opportunities are currently growing at a rate 12 times faster than the rest of the U.S. economy20 and wind turbine technician is currently the fastest growing profession in the U.S.21 Overall, renewable 35,000 energy jobs in the U.S. have grown at a compound annual growth 8,000 rate (CAGR) of 6% since 2012, rising to 769,000 in 2015 (see Figure 1).22, 23 This stands in stark contrast to the boom and bust cycles that characterize employment in fossil fuel extraction industries. Over the past 5 years, annual growth rates in oil and gas extraction, coal mining and processing jobs have ranged from 9% to -22%, and jobs 88,000 429,000 in these sectors have seen an overall decline (CAGR of -4.25%).24 Solar employment opportunities are currently growing at a rate 12 times faster than the rest of the U.S. economy. 208,000 Not only is the renewable energy economy creating jobs faster than the fossil fuel industry, it also creates more jobs per dollar invested. For example, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst estimate that investments in renewable energy generate roughly three times more direct and indirect jobs than comparable investments in fossil fuels.25 Bioenergy Solar Wind Geothermal Small Hydropower Source: IRENA, 2016 Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 8 What do Renewable Energy Jobs Look Like? The renewable energy economy spans a wide variety of job types and is distributed throughout all 50 states. In the solar energy sector, 80% of jobs are demand-side services (e.g. installation, sales, etc.), most of which are inherently local jobs that cannot be outsourced. 26 Wind industry jobs are divided more evenly among three primary activities—manufacturing (21,000 jobs); project development, transportation and installation (38,000 jobs); and operations and maintenance (29,000 jobs). 27 While wind and solar resources and policy environments vary across the U.S., most states boast a strong job market for at least one of these leading technologies (see Figure 2 and 3 below). SOLAR JOBS DISTRIBUTION BY STATE Source: The Solar Foundation, 2015 WIND JOBS DISTRIBUTION BY STATE 00 24 ,0 00 -2 ,0 -8 1 00 7, 1 00 4, 5, 00 00 -7 ,0 -4 1 00 -1 0 1, ,0 00 -7 01 ,0 15 ,0 00 00 0 0 Fig. 3 5, 00 -1 1 00 5, 3, 00 1 -5 5, ,0 ,0 1, 00 1 -3 00 ,0 -1 0 00 00 0 Fig. 2 Source: The Wind Energy Association, 2015 Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 9 In contrast to wind and solar, bioenergy jobs are primarily focused on the production of raw agricultural materials, sourcing and transport of waste materials, refining, processing, and distribution.28 The majority of the U.S. biorefineries are in the Midwest, particularly Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, Minnesota, Kansas, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Renewable energy jobs include: • Component manufacturing • Engineering • Project development • Sales and distribution • Construction and installation • Systems analysis • Financing • Operations and maintenance Future Developments in the Renewable Energy Sector Looking ahead, wind and solar are both projected to see significant growth in the coming decades, due largely to continued cost reductions. Bloomberg New Energy Finance estimates that wind and solar will account for 64% of new power generating capacity added globally between now and 2040.29 Solar in particular is predicted to emerge as the least-cost generation technology in most countries by 2030 and account for over $3 trillion in new investment. In the U.S., the 2015 congressional extension of the investment tax credit (ITC) is expected to result in an additional 220,000 solar jobs between now and 2023.30 Growth estimates for biomass and biofuels show that U.S. production in those industries could expand even more rapidly than the renewable sector overall, at around 86% by 2030.31 Bioenergy industry growth would drive similar investments in new jobs due to the high laborintensity of operations and maintenance. Image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 10 SECTOR PROFILE: ENERGY EFFICIENCY Growth and Status of Energy Efficiency Jobs E nergy efficiency is a significant and growing segment of the U.S. economy. Increased investments in building energy efficiency—fueled in part by state and local efficiency policies and incentives—have made substantial contributions to the rapid growth of this sector. There are almost 2.2 MILLION people working in energy efficiency Energy efficiency investments go far beyond reducing utility bills for companies nationwide, a and consumers and contribute significantly to local economic development and from 2015. job creation. There are currently almost 2.2 million people working in energy 7% overall growth efficiency nationwide, a 7% increase from 2015.33 About 1.4 million work in construction and installation, more than double the number of workers in fossil fuel mining, extraction and electric power generation combined.34 JOBS CREATED PER $1 MILLION INVESTED* Building Retrofit and Industrial Efficiency: Fossil Fuels: 8 3 *Jobs include direct and indirect jobs; source: Garrett-Peltier, 2016 Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 12 What do Energy Efficiency Jobs Look Like? Energy efficiency jobs span product design and manufacturing, to equipment installation and building retrofit. Most of the construction and installation jobs are local due to the on-site nature of efficiency work.35 About 63% of energy efficiency employees work in construction firms installing building control equipment (another 18% work in professional and business services). 36 Employment in this sector is driven by various energy efficiency sub-technologies, including advanced and recycled building materials, efficiency lighting and renewable heating and cooling, with 25% in ENERGY STAR appliances including high efficiency heating, ventilation and air conditioning (see Figure 4). 37 Fig. 4 ENERGY EFFICIENCY EMPLOYMENT BY SUB-TECHNOLOGY (2016) 116,445 217,759 ENERGY STAR Appliances, Including High Efficiency HVAC 552,147 Traditional HVAC Advanced and Recycled Building Materials 327,792 LED, CFL and Other Efficient Lighting 446,796 520,572 Other Renewable Heating and Cooling Source: Department of Energy, 2017 Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 13 Furthermore, energy efficiency jobs generally pay higher than average wages and are available to workers without college or advanced degrees. Nearly half of energy efficiency jobs are currently held by employees with a high school diploma, or less, and average wages are almost $5,000 above the national median.38 These jobs are also distributed throughout the U.S.—the majority of states have at About 70% of energy efficiency least 15,000 energy efficiency jobs and states like Ohio, Massachusetts and Illinois employees work for companies with each have more than 75,000 (see Figure 5). 39 The majority of energy efficiency employees in the U.S. work for small businesses, with about 70% working for 10 employees or less. companies with 10 employees or less.40 Fig. 5 ENERGY EFFICIENCY JOBS DISTRIBUTION BY STATE (2016) 107,001 - 322,000 53,001 - 107,000 28,001 - 53,000 15,001 - 28,000 0 - 15,000 Source: Environmental Entrepreneurs, 2016 Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 14 Future Developments in the Energy Efficiency Sector Energy intensity in the commercial sector is expected to decrease by an average of 0.5% per year from 2015-2040, due to continued investments in energy efficient lighting, heating, cooling, and ventilation systems, as well as increasingly stringent building codes and standards (based on projections from the Energy Information Administration).41 Reduced energy expenditures also drive job and economic growth by creating more productive economic impacts. Spending on non-energy goods and services has been shown to have a greater positive impact on the domestic economy than spending on energy. For example, one dollar of avoided utility bill expenditures spent elsewhere has a 2.24 times greater effect in terms of improving wages and increasing production of goods and services.42 In this way, energy bill savings can be spent as if it were additional income, stimulating non-energy sectors—which tend to be more labor intensive—and leading to net job increases throughout the whole economy.43 ONE DOLLAR of avoided utility bill spent in non-energy sectors has TIMES the 2.24 effect in terms of increasing wages and production of goods and services. Image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 15 OTHER GREEN GOODS AND SERVICES: TRANSPORTATION, CORPORATIONS AND THE PUBLIC SECTOR R enewable energy and energy efficiency together represent the largest segment of sustainability jobs, but other “green goods and services” sectors present significant and growing opportunities. Public and private sector entities are increasingly setting goals related to sustainability, such as cutting greenhouse gas emissions and providing products and services that reduce environmental impacts. Large corporations have been increasing investments in sustainability initiatives, which has led to new positions in the companies’ sustainability departments and the integration of sustainability functions across existing staff. The public sector has also been a stable employer of sustainability-focused staff at the local, state and federal level, with an estimated combined headcount of nearly 890,000 people in 2011.44 Image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 17 Advanced Vehicles and Transportation Alternative-fuel and advanced vehicles are another growing sector in the U.S. Significant technological developments in motor vehicle There are over workers advanced 174,000 employed vehicles in the sector across the nation. manufacturing combined with rising consumer demand have encouraged the automotive industry to invest in clean-fuel vehicles, such as hybrid-electric, plug-in hybrid, electric, and fuel cell vehicles. As of 2016, this sector employed over 174,000 workers across the nation.45 Generally, jobs in advanced vehicles range from electrical and mechanical engineers, to factory workers and assemblers, to automotive repair technicians. Many of these occupations are found in the electric vehicles industry which employs over 35,000 workers. Electric vehicle manufacturers have made great leaps in technology and consumer acceptance, which has provided additional employment opportunities in manufacturing.46 For example, Tesla Motors, the American electric vehicle and energy storage company, has been propelling job growth in this sector.47 In 2014, the company announced it will begin manufacturing electric motors and batteries in its Nevada-based Gigafactory for its Model 3 Sedan electric vehicle line and increase employment from 1,000 to 6,500 in the coming years.48 Continued progress in this sector—driven by further consumer adoption of advanced vehicles, expansion of fueling and charging infrastructure as well as state and local government regulations that push for clean-fuel vehicles—is expected to generate even more employment opportunities in the future. Image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 18 Public Sector Government plays a valuable supporting role in the growth of clean energy and sustainability markets by implementing policies and programs that create a strong enabling environment. The public sector also employs a significant number of sustainability-focused staff, contributing directly to building the sustainability workforce. Few sources of data exist on public sector green jobs, but a 2011 BLS study estimated that there were 424,201 green jobs at the local government level, 248,539 at the state level and 213,340 at the federal level.49 Sustainability commitments and activities at the city and state level in particular have been growing in recent years, including policies and targets related to climate adaptation, greenhouse gas emissions reductions, renewable energy, The nearly public sector 890,000 employs sustainability- sustainable transportation, water, solid waste management and market focused staff at the local, state and development.50 City participation in leading climate initiatives has also federal level. been rising: For example, global participation in the CDP Cities program rose from 48 in 2011 to over 570 cities in 2016, a fifth of which were in the U.S.51 More and more states are adopting renewable portfolio standards,52 with 28 states setting a standard and eight states setting goals related to the development of renewable energy.53 These are examples of growing public sector activity on a range of sustainability issues that directly translate to jobs in public agencies responsible for their development and implementation. Image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 19 Corporate Sustainability Private sector sustainability jobs generally focus on one of two broad areas: (1) meeting market demand for sustainable product and service offerings (“green goods and services”) and (2) improving the environmental and social performance of the company (“corporate sustainability”).54 While there are little data available on the number A 2016 GreenBiz survey found of employees responsible for management of corporate sustainability, that of there is evidence that companies are increasing investments in this dedicated area. For example, a 2016 GreenBiz survey of approximately 1,000 three quarters firms surveyed had sustainability budgets and 40% had increased these budgets over the previous two years. corporate sustainability executives found that three quarters of firms surveyed had dedicated sustainability budgets (up from only half in 2010) and 40% had grown these budgets over the previous two years.55 Large firms have also been increasing investments in their sustainability departments: 46% hired additional sustainability staff between 2014 and 2016. Furthermore, these growth rates may understate actual investments due to the fact that many firms are integrating sustainability functions across the company rather than isolating responsibilities in a separate department.56 Image source: Fotolia Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 20 CONCLUSION C lean energy and sustainability industries are wellestablished and growing steadily, creating jobs that are delivering a win-win for the economy and the environment. These jobs are local, pay above average wages, and cover a wide range of geographic locations, providing economic opportunities and stability to Americans across the country. And growing investments in clean energy and sustainability are translating to tangible economic impacts throughout the U.S. economy. Research shows that sustainability investments and energy savings create real economic upside: creating more jobs per dollar invested, keeping more energy spending in the domestic economy, and creating high-paying job opportunities that improve lives and stimulate local economies. Policy makers at the local, state, and federal level should recognize the positive economic impacts of this new job class and strongly support the policies and programs that encourage growth and investment in renewable energy, energy efficiency, green transportation and more. Efforts to roll back or weaken environmental and energy policies will negatively impact current and future U.S. jobs while slowing clean energy innovation. Environmental progress and economic growth can and must go hand-in-hand. EDF Climate Corps fellow Jennifer Cole worked with North Carolina Interfaith Power & Light to develop a framework for installing energy efficiency programs within congregations. Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 22 1. Resources include EDF Climate Corps program details; EDF Climate Corps alumni network; 2016 EDF Climate Corps Network Survey Results. 2. Green Goods and Services are defined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as falling into one or more of these five groups: “production of energy from renewable sources; (2) energy efficiency; (3) pollution reduction and removal, greenhouse gas reduction, and recycling and reuse; (4) natural resources conservation; and (5) environmental compliance, education and training, and public awareness.” 3. The 4 – 4.5 million clean energy and sustainability jobs estimate is based on aggregation of recent and/or best available job data from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, 2016), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS, 2013), and Department of Energy (DOE, 2017). The low end of the range (4 million) includes the following: 769,000 in renewable energy (RE) (IRENA), 2.2 million in energy efficiency (EE) (DOE), 890,000 in the public sector (BLS), and 174,000 in advanced vehicles (DOE), for a total of 4,029,000 jobs. The low end conservatively assumes no growth in public sector green jobs since 2011 and entirely excludes many industries included in the 2013 BLS study for which more current data is unavailable (termed “other green goods and services (GGS)” below). The higher end of the range (4.5 million) likewise assumes no public sector growth but adds an estimated 491,000 of current “other GGS” jobs, which was derived as follows: (1) 2011 RE and EE jobs were estimated by backcasting from IRENA 2012 and DOE 2015 data, conservatively assuming an annual growth rate of 6%; (2) “other GGS” for 2011 was estimated by subtracting the following from the BLS study’s 3.4 million total jobs estimate: public sector (890,000), transportation equipment manufacturing (45,367), and backcasted 2011 RE and EE data (600,396, and 1,483,423), for a net “other GGS” estimate of 384,734; and (3) 2016 “other GGS” was estimated by applying a 5% annual growth rate to the 2011 “other GGS” estimate of 384,734, for a 2016 total estimate of 491,029. This growth rate was consistent with the total GGS growth from 2010 to 2011 estimated by BLS (3.2-3.4M) and is consistent with (or conservative compared to) the growth of other green jobs sectors during this period, as discussed above and throughout this report. 4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. Employment in Green Goods and Services. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ggqcew.pdf 5. The Solar Foundation. 2016. State Solar Jobs Census. Retrieved from http://www.thesolarfoundation.org/solar-jobs-census/states/ 6. CAGR estimates based on annual renewable energy and jobs reports released by the International Renewable Energy Agency. Links for current and historical reports can be accessed here: http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?CatID=141&PriMenuID=36&SubcatID=2729&mnu=Subcat 7. CAGR estimates based on U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) datasets for NAICS codes 21, 211, 212, 2121, and 213112. Estimate of -4.25% is based on Oil and Gas Extraction and Coal Mining data, and support services. For raw BLS data and descriptions, see https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag21.htm. Coal-specific data can be found here: http://www.eia.gov/coal/annual/ 8. The Solar Foundation. 2015 National Solar Jobs Census. http://www.thesolarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2015-Census-Factsheet-FINAL.pdf 9. American Wind Energy Association. 2015. U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report. Retrieved from http://www.awea.org/MediaCenter/pressrelease.aspx?ItemNumber=8736 10. U.S. Department of Energy. 2017. U.S. Energy and Employment Report. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/2017%20US%20Energy%20and%20 Jobs%20Report_0.pdf 11. Garrett-Peltier, H. 2016. Green versus brown: Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fossil fuels using an input-output model. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026499931630709X 12. Employment in the advanced vehicle industry includes 35,794 workers in electric vehicles, 87,492 workers in hybrid electric vehicles, 35,121 workers in plug-in hybrid vehicles and 16,207 workers in fuel cell and hydrogen vehicles. The aggregate number of jobs in this industry does not include jobs in natural gas vehicles, which employs additional 16,709 workers or the number of workers related to component parts. Source: Department of Energy. 2017. U.S. Energy and Employment Report. Retrieved from https://energy. gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/2017%20US%20Energy%20and%20Jobs%20Report_0.pdf https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/03/f30/U.S.%20Energy%20and%20 Employment%20Report.pdf 13. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. Employment in Green Goods and Services. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ggqcew.pdf 14. The survey resulted in 998 responses from corporations, with 53% representing companies with over $1 billion in revenue, and 80% of responses from the United States. GreenBiz. 2016. State of the Profession.Retreived from https://www.greenbiz.com/report/state-profession-2016 15. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/green/green_definition.pdf 16. 52% of new capacity additions were renewable in 2014 and 64% in 2015. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2015. Renewable Energy Data Book. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/66591.pdf Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 23 17. Donald Chung, et al. 2015. U.S. Photovoltaic Prices and Cost Breakdowns for Residential, Commercial, and Utility Scale Systems. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Technical Report. 18. Ibid. 19. American Wind Energy Association. U.S. Wind Industry First Quarter 2016 Market Report. Retrieved from http://awea.files.cms-plus.com/FileDownloads/pdfs/1Q2016%20 AWEA%20Market%20Report%20Public%20Version.pdf 20. The Solar Foundation. 2015. National Solar Jobs Census. Retrieved from http://www.thesolarfoundation.org/national/ 21. American Wind Energy Association. 2015. U.S. Wind Industry Annual Market Report. Retrieved from http://www.awea.org/MediaCenter/pressrelease.aspx?ItemNumber=8736 22. International Renewable Energy Agency. 2016. Renewable Energy and jobs: Annual Review 2016. Retrieved from http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/IRENA_RE_Jobs_Annual_Review_2016.pdf 23. CAGR estimate is based on annual renewable energy and jobs report numbers released by the International Renewable Energy Agency. Current and historical reports can be accessed here: http://www.irena.org/menu/index.aspx?CatID=141&PriMenuID=36&SubcatID=2729&mnu=Subcat 24. CAGR estimate is based on U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) datasets for NAICS codes 21, 211, 212, 2121, and 213112. Estimate of -4.25% is based on Oil and Gas Extraction and Coal Mining data, and support services. For raw BLS data and descriptions, see https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag21.htm. Coal-specific data can be accessed here: http://www.eia.gov/coal/annual/ 25. Garrett-Peltier, H. 2016. Green versus brown: Comparing the employment impacts of energy efficiency, renewable energy, and fossil fuels using an input-output model. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026499931630709X 26. The Solar Foundation. 2015. National Solar Jobs Census. Retrieved from http://www.thesolarfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2015-Census-Factsheet-FINAL.pdf 27. International Renewable Energy Agency. Renewable Energy and jobs: Annual Review 2016. Retrieved from http://www.se4all.org/sites/default/files/IRENA_RE_Jobs_Annual_Review_2016.pdf 28. Pollin, R., Garrett-Peltier, H., Heintz, J., and Bracken Hendricks. 2014. Green Growth: A U.S. Program for Controlling Climate Change and Expanding Job Opportunities. Political Economy Research Institute, the Center for American Progress, University of Massachusetts. Retrieved from https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ PERI.pdf 29. Bloomberg New Energy Finance. 2016. New Energy Outlook: Long-term projections of the global energy sector. Retrieved from http://first.bloomberglp.com/documents/694813008_BNEF_NEO2016_ExecutiveSummary.pdf?elqTrackId=431b316cc3734996abdb55ddbbca0249&elq=07da292764ec4fe69c7a3adaf7981991&elqaid=3873&elqat=1&elqCampaignId 30. Environmental Entrepreneurs. 2016. Clean Jobs America. Retrieved from http://www.e2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CleanJobsAmerica_FINAL.pdf 31. Pollin, R., Garrett-Peltier, H., Heintz, J., and Bracken Hendricks. 2014. Green Growth: A U.S. Program for Controlling Climate Change and Expanding Job Opportunities. Political Economy Research Institute, the Center for American Progress, University of Massachusetts. Retrieved from https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ PERI.pdf 32. Meister Consultants Group. January, 2017. Interview with Doug Herling. 33. U.S. Department of Energy. 2017. U.S. Energy and Employment Report. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/2017%20US%20Energy%20and%20 Jobs%20Report_0.pdf 34. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there are a total of 600,348 workers in fossil fuel electric power generation, oil and gas extraction, coal mining and support activities. Source: https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag21.htm 35. ACEEE. N.d. Energy Efficiency and Economic Opportunity. Retrieved from http://aceee.org/files/pdf/fact-sheet/ee-economic-opportunity.pdf 36. U.S. Department of Energy. 2017. U.S. Energy and Employment Report. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/2017%20US%20Energy%20and%20 Jobs%20Report_0.pdf Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 24 37. Ibid. 38. ACEEE. N.d. Energy Efficiency and Economic Opportunity. Retrieved from http://aceee.org/files/pdf/fact-sheet/ee-economic-opportunity.pdf 39. Environmental Entrepreneurs. 2016. Energy Efficiency Jobs in America. Retrieved from http://www.e2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/EnergyEfficiencyJobsInAmerica_FINAL. pdf 40. Ibid 41. Energy Information Administration. 2016. Annual Energy Outlook. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/0383(2016).pdf 42. American Council for Energy-Efficiency Economy. N.d. Energy Efficiency and Economic Opportunity. Retrieved from http://aceee.org/files/pdf/fact-sheet/ee-economic-opportunity.pdf 43. American Council for Energy-Efficiency Economy. 2012. The Long-Term Energy Efficiency Potential: What the Evidence Suggests. Retrieved from http://aceee.org/sites/default/ files/publications/researchreports/e121.pdf 44. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. Employment in Green Goods and Services. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ggqcew.pdf 45. Employment in the advanced vehicle industry includes 35,794 workers in electric vehicles, 87,492 workers in hybrid electric vehicles, 35,121 workers in plug-in hybrid vehicles and 16,207 workers in fuel cell and hydrogen vehicles. The aggregate number of jobs in this industry does not include jobs in natural gas vehicles, which employs additional 16,709 workers or the number of workers related to component parts. Source: Department of Energy. 2017. U.S. Energy and Employment Report. Retrieved from https://energy. gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/2017%20US%20Energy%20and%20Jobs%20Report_0.pdf 46. Hamilton, J. 2011. Careers in Electric Vehicles. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/green/electric_vehicles/ 47. Environmental Entrepreneurs. 2016. Clean Jobs America. Retrieved from http://www.e2.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CleanJobsAmerica_FINAL.pdf 48. St. John, Jeff. 2014. The Local and Global Impact of Tesla’s Giga Factory. Green Tech Media. Retrieved from https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/The-Local-andGlobal-Impact-of-Teslas-Giga-Factory 49. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013. Employment in Green Goods and Services. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/ggqcew.pdf 50. C40 Cities. 2016. The Power of C40 Cities. Retrieved from http://www.c40.org/cities 51. CDP Cities 2016. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/SaraTelahoun/cdp-cities-how-to-participate-webinar 52. Renewable Portfolio Standard is a regulation that mandates a certain percentage of electricity to be generated from renewable sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, and other alternatives to fossil fuels. 53. National Conference of State Legislatures. 2016. State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals. Retrieved from http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx 54. Also referred to as “corporate environmental and social responsibility” or “corporate citizenship.” 55. The survey resulted in 998 responses from, with 53% representing companies with over $1 billion in revenue, and 80% of responses from the United States. Source: GreenBiz. 2016. State of the Profession. Retrieved from https://www.greenbiz.com/report/state-profession-2016 56. Data available for firms with annual revenues greater than $1B only. 57. Meister Consultants Group. December, 2016. Interview with Aaron Schreiber-Stainthorp Now Hiring: The Growth of America’s Clean Energy & Sustainability Jobs 25