Review Guide Macromolecules Key

Name: ___________ Date: ___________ Review of Biochemistry An organic compound contains the element Carbon How many bonds must each of the following elements form: Carbon 4 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen 2 Nitrogen 3 What is the difference between monomer and polymer? Monomer is basic unit which when bonding several together, creates a polymer For the following questions (4-18), match the correct macromolecule to the descriptions listed. a. Carbohydrate b. Protein c. Lipid d. Nucleic Acids The monomer is a monosaccharide a   Contains a hydroxyl group a Contains the elements C, H, O, and N b The monomer is an amino acid b Types of this macromolecule include triglycerides c Functions to transmit information from parent to child d   Contains the elements C, H, O, N, and P d Folding is a critical part of the formation of this molecule b Monomers are held together by peptide bonds b Function as a source of energy a Contains the elements C, H, and O a, c   Include starch and glycogen a Contain a carboxyl group a, c Component of a cell membrane c Function as the structural component to living things a, b Contains a carbonyl group a Two molecules of glucose can bond together when water is removed. This process is known as dehydration syn. The bond between them can break by adding a molecule of water, which is known as hydrolysis. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all isomers of each other. They have the same chemical (structural/chemical) formula but different structural (structural/chemical) formula. What part of an amino acid makes it unique from other amino acids? R group What are the four levels of organization in proteins? primary: bonding of amino acids secondary: folding and pleats of a.a. chains tertiary: 3-D shape of folded chains quaternary: several 3-D globules bound together. Proteins carry out reactions at very specific conditions. What types of conditions can cause a protein to be unable to function? What happens to the protein during these 1 changes? Conditions of temp. or pH change... These changes cause the shape of protein to change and thus it won't work!!   1. www.cbsd.org www.cbsd.org Define enzyme and state what it does to a reaction. Be specific. An enzyme is a biological catalyst which lowers activation energy and allows the reaction to happen faster. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? Sat. has (no) double bonds and no space for more hydrogen. Unsat. has double bonds and thus space for H. What are two types of nucleic acids? RNA and DNA What is the function of nucleic acids (2)? 1) Nucleic acids transmit genetic info to the next generation and also determine 2) cell processes of the body What two things are considered to be the building blocks of lipids? glycerol and fatty acids Name two polymers of lipid that look similar. What are their building blocks? phospholipids, triglycerides Explain why carbon is so special. 4 bonds, triple, double, single bonds, bonds with self. Water and pH Concepts A. Matching Match each term with its appropriate description. Write the letter of the correct term on the lines provided. A term may be used more than once.   a. polarity b. acidic c. basic   a 1. unequal sharing of electrons b 2. lemon juice, pH 1.5 c 3. lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water c 4. ammonia, pH 11.5 a 5. a slight negative charge at one end of a molecule, a slight positive charge at the other end b 6. pH values that are below 7 c 7. alkaline solutions B. Short Answer On the lines provided, answer the following questions. What causes polarity in a water molecule? An unequal distribution of charge over a molecule caused by different electronegativities of atoms. What determines whether a solution is acidic or basic? The relationship between H+ and OH- ions... When these are equal, a solution is neutral. What is the relationship between cohesion and capillary action? As water climbs in a tube, against gravity, it is cohesion between H₂O molecules that keeps the chain going up. Name two types of mixtures and describe how they are different. Suspension - physically mixed but not dissolved Solution - physically mixed and dissolved