Protein Synthesis Review Sheet

Name____________________________ Block______ Protein Synthesis Review Sheet 1. Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of DNA 2. Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of NUCLEOTIDES 3. Watson and Crick built models of DNA that demonstrated the double helix is held together by H bonds. 4. Each nucleotide triplet of mRNA is called a CODON 5. The enzyme HELICASE unzips the DNA helix while the enzyme DNA POLYMERASE builds new DNA molecules. 6. Molecules of mRNA carry the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome. 7. During translation the ANTICODON region of the tRNA binds to the complementary codon of mRNA. 8. Amino Acids are attached to each other during translation by PEPTIDE BONDS. 9. Name the type of bond strings nucleotides together COVALENT BONDS. 10. Name the type of bond which bonds complementary bases together HYDROGEN BONDS. 11. The start codon is AUG and codes for the amino acid METHIONINE 12. Name the type of bond that strings amino acids together PEPTIDE BONDS (didn’t realize I put this on here twice-- #8 and #12) 13. What occurs after replication? MITOSIS or MEIOSIS 14. What occurs after transcription? TRANSLATION 15. How many nucleotides code for an Amino Acid? 3 Nucleotide= Codon 16. Where does transcription occur? Nucleus Where does translation occur? Cytoplasm on a Ribosome Where does replication occur? Nucleus 17. How many stop codons are there? 3 stop codons 18. What the 3 parts of a nucleotide? Sugar, Nitrogen Base, Phosphate Group 19. List 3 ways RNA differs from DNA? 1. Single Stranded 2. Ribose= Sugar 3. Uracil instead of Thymine 4. RNA can leave the nucleus 20. What is the function of rRNA? To make ribosome (structural) 21. What is the function of tRNA? To transport Amino Acids from the cytoplasm to the Ribosome 22. What is the function of mRNA? Transmit the message of DNA to the Ribosome 23. What occurs during transcription? DNA is transcribed to mRNA 24. What are the 2 enzymes involved in transcription and what are their functions: 1. Helicase- Breaks apart the hydrogen bonds holding the DNA molecule together. This exposes the bases on the gene, which contains the directions to build the specific protein. 2. RNA Polymerase- Begins at the promoter and will add the RNA nucleotides building the mRNA. It will stop the transcription process once it gets to the terminator. 25. What occurs during translation? mRNA, rRNA and tRNA function together to bring Amino Acids together to make proteins. 26. What occurs during Replication: Occurs during Interphase of the cell cycle. 1 molecule of DNA is synthesized into two identical copies if DNA. This prepares the cell for Mitosis or Meiosis. 27. What are the 4 enzymes involved in transcription and what are their functions: 1. Helicase- Breaks apart the hydrogen bonds holding the DNA molecule together. 2. Primase- lays down a sequence of RNA nucleotids which will signal to DNA Polymerase to begin replicating DNA. 3. DNA Polymerase- Adds DNA nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ directions. 4. Ligase- Glues the fragments of DNA together on the lagging strand. 28. tRNA: UGA UCC AGC Write the amino acid sequence: mRNA: ACU AGG UCG Amino Acids: Threonine- Arginine- Serine 29. Translate the following Template DNA: TAC CGT GAT TAA mRNA strand: AUG- GCA- CUA- AUU Methionine- Alanine- Leucine- Isoleucine 30. mRNA: AUG CAC UAC UGA Write the amino acid sequence Methionine- Histidine- Tyrosine- Stop 31. DNA complementary strand: ACA GGG CAT TAA Write the amino acid sequence: Template strand: TGT- CCC- GTA- ATT mRNA strand: ACA- GGG- CAU- UAA Amino Acid: Threonine- Glycine- Histidine- Stop 32. Describe the function of a Promoter: The promotor is a sequence of nucleotides on DNA which signals to RNA Polymerase to begin transcribing mRNA from DNA. Describe the function of a Terminator. The terminator is a sequence on the DNA which signals to RNA Polymerase to stop transcribing mRNA from DNA. 33. Why is it important to have multiple Replications of Origin on a single DNA molecule? To make DNA replication or RNA transcription occur faster