The Presidencies of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, & Jimmy Carter 1968-1980

Name ______________________________ Date ____________________ Pd ______ The Presidencies of Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, & Jimmy Carter: 1968-1980 I. The Presidency of Richard Nixon A. By the late 1960s, citizens had seen enough _______________ in U.S. foreign & domestic affairs: 1. The ___________________________________ of the 1950s & 1960s was starting to come to an end 2. American prestige in the world was damaged by the failure in _____________________ 3. Anti-war protests, “________________” culture, & ________________ gov’t programs led many citizens to believe that America was headed for moral decay & economic collapse B. The Election of Richard Nixon 1. In the 1968, Americans elected ______________________________ Republican Richard Nixon 2. Nixon’s victory in 1968 was due to the turnout of a “____________________ majority” who wanted a more conservative gov’t C. Richard Nixon & Domestic Policy 1. As a conservative, Nixon believed in a _________________________________________ for the national gov’t 2. He tried to __________________ or __________________ many Great Society programs 3. He gave _________________ more control over how money for __________________ programs was spent 4. Conservatives in the Sunbelt a. By the late 1960s, the _______________ was becoming more ___________________________ due to new military bases & corporate headquarters, the relocation of retirees, & frustration by whites over civil rights b. Nixon seized the opportunity to attract Southerners to the _____________________________________ Party by opposing new civil rights policies & cutting government ______________________ D. President Nixon successfully changed U.S. foreign policy 1. Instead of using _________________________________ to fight Communism & increase Cold War tensions, Nixon created a policy of _____________________ (to ease tensions) with America’s Cold War enemies 2. President Nixon & aide Henry Kissinger used a strategy called ___________________________________________________ to improve America’s role in the world a. Nixon’s foreign policy included “______________________________________” in Vietnam i. Nixon discussed plans for “__________________________________” but secretly bombed Cambodia & Laos in 1970 ii. In 1973, Nixon negotiated a _______________________________, withdrew U.S. troops, & ended the Vietnam War b. Nixon’s foreign policy included better relations with China i. In 1972, Nixon became the 1st president to ______________ & _____________________ China ii. Nixon’s visit allowed for the possibility of U.S. _______________________________________________ iii. Nixon’s visit to China was also meant to exploit a growing __________________ between USSR & China; Now the USSR had to cooperate with the U.S. c. Nixon’s détente policy was aimed at __________________________________ Cold War tensions with the ____________ i. By visiting China, Nixon pressured Soviet leader Brezhnev to ___________________________ with the United States ii. In 1972, Nixon became the 1st president to visit ____________________; His visit led to the Strategic ____________ Limitation Talks (SALT) to limit ________________ E. Nixon was a _________________ president by the end of his 1st term 1. His domestic policies reduced _____________________________ & revitalized middle-class, conservative, & Southern voters 2. His foreign policies led to the end of an unpopular war in Vietnam & __________________________________________ with America’s two biggest Cold War rivals 3. In ____________, Nixon won one of the biggest landslide victories in presidential history F. But after Nixon’s re-election in 1972, the ________________________ scandal broke; President Nixon ______________________ in 1974 rather than face impeachment II. The Watergate Scandal (see (see (see #6 activity) III. America from 1974 to 1980 A. In the late 70s, the U.S. was “__________________________________” 1. Americans __________________ their government as a result of Vietnam & ______________________ 2. The economy had entered a ________________________ with high unemployment & inflation 3. A decline in America’s __________________ in the world 4. A series of presidents (Ford & Carter) that _______________ to inspire a sense of ____________ among the American people B. President Gerald Ford 1. When Nixon ______________________ in 1974, VP Gerald Ford became president a. Ford was seen as an “_____________ man” & hoped to move America past the Watergate _____________________ b. But, Ford was unable to move forward due to constant questions about a potential ________________________ of Nixon c. In September 1974, Ford _______________________ Nixon of any crimes related to Watergate; Ford lost popular support 2. Another issue during Ford’s presidency was a growing economic recession a. Since the early 1970s, the economy had grown ______________________________ with few new jobs or business profits b. _____________________, interest rates, & _________________________________ were all on the rise c. Together, a stagnant economy & high inflation are known as: ___________________________________ 3. Making the economic situation worse was the ________________________ of the 1970s a. Since “________________________” of the 1950s, U.S. use of oil was on the rise b. In 1960, the oil rich nations in Middle East & Latin America formed the Org of Petroleum Exporting Countries (_________) c. In retaliation for American support of ______________________, OPEC _______________________ to the U.S. in 1973 d. As a result, gas prices soared & shortages led to ___________________________ for gasoline C. President Jimmy Carter 1. The Election of 1976 a. Ford had no answer for ____________________ or the gas crisis & was challenged by ____________________ Democrat Jimmy Carter in the 1796 election b. Carter ran as an “____________________” who played no part in Vietnam, _______________________, or the recession c. In the 1976 election, Carter _____________ Ford 2. Carter & Domestic Policy a. As president, Carter tried to attack the ______________________________ stagflation, & the recession b. ______________ of his efforts worked: ____________________ hit 14%, interest rates neared 20%, & a new __________ embargo in 1979 increased gas prices 3. Carter entered office committed to making “_________________________________” the basis of U.S. foreign policy a. Carter stopped supporting foreign governments that _______________________ human rights b. In 1977, Carter agreed that the U.S. would return the ________________________________________ in December 1999 c. Carter hoped to gain _____________ in the Middle East between ___________________________ & the Muslim nations d. The Camp David Accords, 1977 i. Since its creation in 1947, Israel was _____________________ by its Muslim neighbors in the 1940s, 1960s, & 1970s ii. By the 1970s, __________ appeared ready to recognize Israel in exchange for the return of land in the Sinai Peninsula iii. Carter brought ______________________ leader Anwar el-Sadat & ___________________ leader Menachem Begin to the U.S. for the ________________________________ Accords in 1977 4. The Iranian Revolution & Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979 a. But, the situation in the Middle East got worse in 1979 when fundamental ________________ cleric Ayatollah Khomeini led the __________________________________________ b. Iranians seized the U.S. _______________ & captured 52 American _______________________ (Iranian Hostage Crisis) i. Carter tried negotiation, economic threats, & a rescue mission to return the hostages but all efforts ________________ ii. The 52 hostages were held for _____________ days 5. Carter & the Cold War a. To make matters worse, the Soviet Union invaded _____________________ in 1979 to defeat an anti-communist uprising b. The invasion signaled an end to Nixon’s _____________ with the USSR as the United States sent aid to the Afghan rebels 6. The Election of 1980 a. By 1980, Carter had been unable to end ___________________________, free the U.S. hostages in _________________, or restore America’s place in the world b. In the election of 1980, Americans in search of answers elected _____________________________________ as president IV. Conclusions: By 1980, the USA seemed to be losing its place as the top nation in the world: A. The 1970s presented _________________________ in the Cold War & new problems in the Middle East B. The social protests & counter culture seemed to divide ____________________ & ______________________________ C. Stagflation & the economic recession were growing ____________________, not better D. The failures of Johnson, Nixon, Ford, & Carter left citizens in search of ______________, strong leadership, & conservative policies