Speech Final Exam

Chapter 1 Preparation: give ample thought to ideas you have - makes notes, and practice Delivery: show up and have authentic convo Conversational speaking: natural flow, form and vocabulary of everyday speech Why does it matter? 1. The ear does not effectively process written language - Puts people to sleep if sentences are too long → difficult to hear sentences and 2. 3. 4. 5. understand them (hypnotic effect on ear) - There's no replay button Conversational style allows for flexibility - Messages go back and forth between sender & receiver - Good speakers adjust and adapt accordingly to signals received from audience - Prewritten text “dead” | spontaneous language “live” Listeners prefer plain language - Plain, clear concrete everyday language - Valuable clear and memorable message over big vocabulary - Aim to speak to audience at level of 6 grader Delivery effects audience memory and recall - Semantic vs perceptual - If a memory is encoded in more than one form, it will be easier to recall because there are more associations with it - Abstract words = much harder to recall - Speak to your audience so that they can actively visualize your ideas - ex. Take action at end of presentation Conversational speaking promotes connection with audience - Modes of speaking: - Extemporaneous mode - Conversational speaking using keyword notes (notes serve as triggers or reminders to elaborate on idea) - Will never be the same twice - Core idea will remain unchanged - Speaker notes must facilitate not prevent conversational delivery - Manuscript mode - Read prewritten word for word text to audience - Hard to hold audience attention because eyes are glued to script - Can be effective sometimes but rarely necessary - Use to deliver precise and important data like politicians or legislators - Memorized mode - Based on a prewritten manuscript - - - If the speaker is memorizing and forgetting something they change to conversational style. Might lack congruence in speaking style resulting in audience noticing and loss of speaker credibility Impromptu Mode - Speaking with no prior prep - Never choose impromptu when u have the chance to prepare Conversation takes a 3 part form: - Ask, comment & share - Can help create natural flow of idea when don't know what to say or know someone Chapter 2 Overcoming fear of public speaking 1. Change in mindset 2. Change in habit Change in mindset - Fear is a mental habit - Tell yourself you're a confident speaker (shift in mindset) - Fear of a lack of control (in reality its fear of inability to handle something) - Biggest concern with control is fear physiology - Fight, flight or freeze responses - To dismiss negative thoughts use fly technique - Thought lands just flick it away like a fly and distract yourself with something that makes you concentrate - Don't replace negative thought with positive thought if u dont think its true Change habits - Replace old habits with new ones - Breath like a navy seal - Box breathing → breathe like 4 sides of box (hold for 4 seconds each) - - breath in, hold, breath out and hold again Anchoring - Move out of comfort zone will help u grow quickly - Anchor is a point which is still in your comfort zone but closest to your goal - Identify the anchor, start speaking in your anchor and take a small step into the discomfort zone. With practice, discomfort zone will become new anchor Steepling - - Hand position can help be more confident (fingertips together for 30 seconds) send message to brain tricking it into thinking that confidence is our current state’ Body is relaxed, mind alert, so focused we lose track of time and place = flow state Chapter 3 You have 7 seconds to make a first impression (as soon as audience sees you) They're looking for 2 qualities - Competence and warmth Competence: - Need to believe that speaker has something to offer beyond what we already know (knowledge and expert in field) - Impressions of competence are not based on content but based on non-verbals (appearance, dress, body language) - Mostly body language (stance, gesture, movement and facial expression) - Stance: - Determines how you'll be perceived - Can show confidence or nervousness - Movement: - Avoid moving constantly or not moving at all | move when there's a purpose - Keep still when delivering important idea as movement can distract or lessen the impact of strong idea - Hands: - Can make or break credibility - Steepling and hands at waist level away from body = high confidence & authority = Circle of Power where hands don't go above your eyes or below your waist - Can't trust someone if you can’t see their hands - Hands in front of body/chest shows blocking/uninviting - Gestures: - Don't plan gestures, should be natural Warmth: - Friendliness, likeability and trustworthiness - Genuine smile and form eye contact - Smile: - - - Real smile must come from our thoughts Gracious Host Technique: imagine the audience as guests helps the speaker focus on them rather than themselves. This can help with nerves Eye Contact: - Best technique is One Thought One Person - Mimics conversational speaking - Make eye contact with one person and deliver one complete idea Delivery Skills: - Energy: - use low, diaphragmatic breathing to energize cells and muscles and supporting your voice - Tonicity: body uses a degree of energy that you’d use to play a sport. - Sustained physical energy is draining that's why you may feel exhausted after speech - Volume: - Project your voice - Articulation: - Articulate words carefully and don’t mumble - If you miss last word of sentence you missed the entire point - Rate: - Slow down, don't rush. audience is new to the info so they need time to process it - Don’t be monotone change your levels - Pause: - Audience needs time to process new info - Gives time for speaker to breath and regroup - Can be used for dramatic effect - Emphasis: - All ideas are not equal - Be deliberate about the important ideas - Pause before important idea and then when peaking change rate change volume and pitch - Listeners recall 7-30% of your content Chapter 4 Goals: Attention, Comprehension and Retention - Dopamine: - Pleasure chemical and anticipation of pleasure chemical Norepinephrine or noradrenaline: - Danger chemical - bodies response to stress or threat - When the two chemical coexist, attention is at its highest point Boss has 100$ to give away to the first 3 people. You are anticipating a possible reward (dopamine) and have a potential threat of losing from another colleague (norepinephrine or noradrenaline). - Retaining Attention - Novelty: - Unique, unexpected and unfamiliar - Sitting in a coffee shop with a friend, your attention is on her. Someone with weird clothing walks by, your attention is now drawn towards him. His presence is novel and unexpected (raising dopamine) threat antenna could heighten incase you think he poses a danger (raising norepinephrine) Pattern Interrupts: - When someone is expecting you to say something particular, mix it up and surprise them. - Incorporate pattern interrupts and then right after include important data that you want the audience to recall Audience Engagement: - Engage actively rather than passively - Don't give dry boring facts, ask questions so they can mentally and actively think which can help recall - - Chapter 5 Cognitive Load Theory - Our brains can only handle a limited amount of information at once. Avoid overloading the brain with too much information at once. - Short term memory can only hold about 7 things at once, anymore and it starts to forget or mix them up - Extraneous Load: - Mental noise that gets in the way of learning (worries, thoughts, plans, stress, visual distractions like fonts, colours on slides) - Using 30% - 90% of brain space thinking about other stuff - Don't have full attention for your message even before speaker starts talking - Intrinsic Load: - New data received by the listener (facts, stories, stats) - Data can be divided into soft and hard data - Soft Data - - Stories, anecdotes, examples, questions, humor - Hard Data - Facts, numerical data, visual media - 7x more brain glucose to process hard data than soft data - Hard data back to back is exhausting for listeners so u have to be intentional about information management - Information Management: - Average person can process approximately 7 mins worth of continuous hard data before reaching mental exhaustion - Use 4:1 soft : hard - For every piece of hard data use 4 pieces of soft data - Brain only needs 30 second break to relax and allow brain glucose to replenish to be ready for another 7 mins of hard data - Reframing the data: Turn hard data into soft data Germane Load: - Part of brain that helps you understand and remember something - Its where learning and memory happen - Brains storage room (schema formed; file) - For that to work, your brain needs: - Enough space (not already full from stress or distractions) - Time to think about the new information - Don't throw too much hard data at once. Mix with soft data. Spread the hard stuff out so your listener does not get tired or overloaded. - Give people time to think. Pause after giving new info - This lets their brain connect the new info to something they already know - It gets stored in a mental drawer they can open later - If you give people time and don't overload them then they can file away what they've learned and actually remember it later Cognitive Processing: Dual Process Theory - Two distinct processes of thought: - Central or consciously cognitive process - Someone listening carefully and thinking about what the message means - Unconscious or peripheral route - Someone pays more attention to things like the speakers looks or tone instead of the actual message Chapter 6 Attention Theory - Focuses on how your brain manages attention when doing tasks - Can’t deeply focus on 2 hard things at the same time - - Instead brain keeps switching back and forth between listening and reading - Back and forth makes it hard to focus so we end up doing neither very well = split attention effect Perceptual Grouping: - If what we see and hear at the same time match up our brain can group them together and understand better - We can't handle two complex things (system 2) at the same time Chapter 8 How to forge connections 1. Eye contact: - Speakers who do not make eye contact or perceived as less prepared uneasy and insincere 2. Drawing people “out” - Show genuine interest in the person speaking to forge connection - When u disagree with someone try playing the curiosity card - High self monitors: those who regularly adapt their behaviour by matching the tone, energy, volume or physical actions or speaker or situation - DOVE PASS - Draw them out - One person one thought - Vulnerability - Empathetic listening - Proximity Adversity Similarity Synchronicity Chapter 9 - In the space between hearing a question and responding to it we need processing time (10 seconds) - MAGIC 10 Chapter 10 The 5 template questions for effective message design - BLUE PENTAGON - A tool for preparing content and a framework for delivery - Used to develop any informative message, brief or extended Preparation: 1. Action 2. insights/beliefs 3. Necessary data 4. Core message 5. Relevance Flip for delivery ^ Chapter 12 Persuasion does not happen when an audience decides to accept your idea persuasion happens when an audience discovers your idea for themselves - - - Question Framing: - More effective to ask a neutral question rather than starting with a strong opinion or conclusion - Start with non leading question so it doesn’t reveal what side you're on Social Justice Theory and the Latitude of Noncommitment: - Best to choose a question or perspective within the audience's latitude of noncommitment ( perspective on which the audience does not have a position or something they haven’t considered yet.) Fire Pentagon - Emergence - Reason with best data - Impose boundary questions - First non-leading question - Affective experience Flip for delivery ^ Chapter 14 Swag - Something fun. A joke, a memorable idea or a great story or something physical (gift) Purple Pentagon - Swag - Showmanship - Engage with audience - Transport audience - Theme or throughline Flip for delivery ^